2006 年伯克希尔完整年报
伯克希尔·哈撒韦股份有限公司
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
2006 年年报
2006 ANNUAL REPORT
目 录
TABLE OF CONTENTS
业务活动 封二
Business Activities........................................................Inside Front Cover
公司业绩 vs. 标普 500 指数 2
Corporate Performance vs. the S&P 500 ................................................ 2
董事长致股东的信* 3
Chairman’s Letter* ................................................................................. 3
收购标准 25
Acquisition Criteria ................................................................................ 25
独立注册公共会计师事务所报告 25
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm................... 25
合并财务报表 26
Consolidated Financial Statements ......................................................... 26
过去五年精选财务数据 53
Selected Financial Data For The Past Five Years .................................................................................. 53
管理层讨论 54
Management’s Discussion ...................................................................... 54
管理层关于财务报告内部控制的报告 73
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting ................................................................... 73
股东手册 74
Owner’s Manual ..................................................................................... 74
普通股数据与公司治理事项 79
Common Stock Data and Corporate Governance Matters...................... 79
运营公司 80
Operating Companies ............................................................................. 80
董事和高级管理人员公司名录 内封底
Directors and Officers of the Company .........................Inside Back Cover
*版权所有 © 2007 年,沃伦·E·巴菲特
保留所有权利
*Copyright © 2007 By Warren E. Buffett All Rights Reserved
经营活动
Business Activities
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司是一家控股公司,旗下子公司从事多种不同的业务活动,包括财产意外险及再保险、公用事业与能源、金融、制造、服务及零售。在承保财产意外险及再保险的子公司群体中,包括美国四大汽车保险公司之一的 GEICO,以及全球两家最大的再保险公司——通用再保险和伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团。其他承保财产意外险的子公司包括国民赔偿公司、医疗保护公司、应用承保人、美国责任保险公司、中央各州赔偿公司、堪萨斯银行家担保公司、赛普拉斯保险公司以及被称为“本州公司”的几家其他子公司。
中美能源控股公司(“MidAmerican”)是一家国际能源控股公司,拥有多家从事能源发电、输电和配电的运营公司。中美能源旗下的运营能源公司包括:北方和约克郡电力公司;中美能源公司;太平洋电力公司和落基山电力公司;以及科恩河天然气输送公司和北方天然气公司。此外,中美能源还拥有全美地产经纪公司 HomeServices of America。伯克希尔的金融及金融产品业务主要从事自有投资策略(BH Finance)、商业及消费者贷款(伯克希尔·哈撒韦信贷公司和克莱顿家园)以及运输设备和家具租赁(XTRA 和 CORT)。肖氏工业是全球最大的簇绒地毯制造商。麦克莱恩公司是一家向便利店、会员制仓储店、大型零售商、快餐店及其他客户批发杂货和非食品类商品的批发分销商。
众多业务活动通过伯克希尔的其他制造、服务和零售子公司开展。本杰明·摩尔研发、生产和零售建筑及工业涂料。约翰斯·曼维尔是保温材料和建筑产品的领先制造商。Acme Building Brands 生产饰面砖和混凝土砌块产品。MiTek Inc. 为建筑构件市场生产钢制连接件产品和工程软件。Fruit of the Loom、Russell、Garan、Fechheimer、H.H. Brown Shoe Group 和 Justin Brands 以多种品牌名称制造、授权和分销服装及鞋类。飞行安全国际为飞机及船舶操作人员提供培训。NetJets 为通用航空飞机提供分时所有权项目。内布拉斯加家具城、R.C. Willey 家居家具、明星家具和乔丹家具是家居用品零售商。博希姆珠宝、海茨伯格钻石商店和本布里奇珠宝商是精品珠宝零售商。
此外,其他制造、服务和零售业务包括:《布法罗新闻》,一家发行日报和周日版报纸的出版商;喜诗糖果,盒装巧克力及其他糖果产品的制造商和销售商;斯科特-费泽,一家多元化的商业和工业产品制造商和分销商,主要产品以 Kirby 和 Campbell Hausfeld 品牌销售;Albecca,高档画框产品的设计、制造和分销商;CTB International,家畜和农业设备制造商;国际冰雪皇后,向约 6000 家提供乳制甜品和食品的门店授权和提供服务的公司;The Pampered Chef,美国首屈一指的厨房工具直销商;森林河公司,美国领先的休闲车制造商;商业资讯公司,全球领先的企业新闻、多媒体及监管文件经销商;以及伊斯卡金属加工公司,金属切削工具行业的领导者。
各伯克希尔子公司的运营决策由其业务部门经理制定。伯克希尔及其子公司的投资决策和所有其他资本配置决策,由沃伦·E·巴菲特在咨询查尔斯·T·芒格后做出。巴菲特先生是董事会主席,芒格先生是伯克希尔董事会的副主席。
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is a holding company owning subsidiaries that engage in a number of diverse business activities including property and casualty insurance and reinsurance, utilities and energy, finance, manufacturing, services and retailing. Included in the group of subsidiaries that underwrite property and casualty insurance and reinsurance is GEICO, one of the four largest auto insurers in the United States and two of the largest reinsurers in the world, General Re and the Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group. Other subsidiaries that underwrite property and casualty insurance include National Indemnity Company, Medical Protective Company, Applied Underwriters, U.S. Liability Insurance Company, Central States Indemnity Company, Kansas Bankers Surety, Cypress Insurance Company and several other subsidiaries referred to as the “Homestate Companies.” MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) is an international energy holding company owning a wide variety of operating companies engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of energy. Among MidAmerican’s operating energy companies are Northern and Yorkshire Electric; MidAmerican Energy Company; Pacific Power and Rocky Mountain Power; and Kern River Gas Transmission Company and Northern Natural Gas. In addition, MidAmerican owns HomeServices of America, a real estate brokerage firm. Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses primarily engage in proprietary investing strategies (BH Finance), commercial and consumer lending (Berkshire Hathaway Credit Corporation and Clayton Homes) and transportation equipment and furniture leasing (XTRA and CORT). Shaw Industries is the world’s largest manufacturer of tufted broadloom carpet. McLane Company is a wholesale distributor of groceries and nonfood items to convenience stores, wholesale clubs, mass merchandisers, quick service restaurants and others. Numerous business activities are conducted through Berkshire’s other manufacturing, services and retailing subsidiaries. Benjamin Moore is a formulator, manufacturer and retailer of architectural and industrial coatings. Johns Manville is a leading manufacturer of insulation and building products. Acme Building Brands is a manufacturer of face brick and concrete masonry products. MiTek Inc. produces steel connector products and engineering software for the building components market. Fruit of the Loom, Russell, Garan, Fechheimer, H.H. Brown Shoe Group and Justin Brands manufacture, license and distribute apparel and footwear under a variety of brand names. FlightSafety International provides training of aircraft and ship operators. NetJets provides fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft. Nebraska Furniture Mart, R.C. Willey Home Furnishings, Star Furniture and Jordan’s Furniture are retailers of home furnishings. Borsheim’s, Helzberg Diamond Shops and Ben Bridge Jeweler are retailers of fine jewelry. In addition, other manufacturing, service and retail businesses include: Buffalo News, a publisher of a daily and Sunday newspaper; See’s Candies, a manufacturer and seller of boxed chocolates and other confectionery products; Scott Fetzer, a diversified manufacturer and distributor of commercial and industrial products, the principal products are sold under the Kirby and Campbell Hausfeld brand names; Albecca, a designer, manufacturer, and distributor of high- quality picture framing products; CTB International, a manufacturer of equipment for the livestock and agricultural industries; International Dairy Queen, a licensor and service provider to about 6,000 stores that offer prepared dairy treats and food; The Pampered Chef, the premier direct seller of kitchen tools in the U.S.; Forest River, a leading manufacturer of leisure vehicles in the U.S.; Business Wire, the leading global distributor of corporate news, multimedia and regulatory filings; and Iscar Metalworking Companies, an industry leader in the metal cutting tools business. Operating decisions for the various Berkshire businesses are made by managers of the business units. Investment decisions and all other capital allocation decisions are made for Berkshire and its subsidiaries by Warren E. Buffett, in consultation with Charles T. Munger. Mr. Buffett is Chairman and Mr. Munger is Vice Chairman of Berkshire’s Board of Directors.
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原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
注:下表出现在印刷版年报中致股东信前一页,本信正文中亦有引用。
伯克希尔业绩 vs. 标普 500 指数
每股账面价值年度百分比变化 | 含股息的标普 500 指数年度百分比变化 | 相对业绩
--- | --- | ---
年份 (1) | (2) | (1)-(2)
1965 | 23.8 | 10.0 | 13.8
1966 | 20.3 | (11.7) | 32.0
1967 | 11.0 | 30.9 | (19.9)
1968 | 19.0 | 11.0 | 8.0
1969 | 16.2 | (8.4) | 24.6
1970 | 12.0 | 3.9 | 8.1
1971 | 16.4 | 14.6 | 1.8
1972 | 21.7 | 18.9 | 2.8
1973 | 4.7 | (14.8) | 19.5
1974 | 5.5 | (26.4) | 31.9
1975 | 21.9 | 37.2 | (15.3)
1976 | 59.3 | 23.6 | 35.7
1977 | 31.9 | (7.4) | 39.3
1978 | 24.0 | 6.4 | 17.6
1979 | 35.7 | 18.2 | 17.5
1980 | 19.3 | 32.3 | (13.0)
1981 | 31.4 | (5.0) | 36.4
1982 | 40.0 | 21.4 | 18.6
1983 | 32.3 | 22.4 | 9.9
1984 | 13.6 | 6.1 | 7.5
1985 | 48.2 | 31.6 | 16.6
1986 | 26.1 | 18.6 | 7.5
1987 | 19.5 | 5.1 | 14.4
1988 | 20.1 | 16.6 | 3.5
1989 | 44.4 | 31.7 | 12.7
1990 | 7.4 | (3.1) | 10.5
1991 | 39.6 | 30.5 | 9.1
1992 | 20.3 | 7.6 | 12.7
1993 | 14.3 | 10.1 | 4.2
1994 | 13.9 | 1.3 | 12.6
1995 | 43.1 | 37.6 | 5.5
1996 | 31.8 | 23.0 | 8.8
1997 | 34.1 | 33.4 | .7
1998 | 48.3 | 28.6 | 19.7
1999 | .5 | 21.0 | (20.5)
2000 | 6.5 | (9.1) | 15.6
2001 | (6.2) | (11.9) | 5.7
2002 | 10.0 | (22.1) | 32.1
2003 | 21.0 | 28.7 | (7.7)
2004 | 10.5 | 10.9 | (.4)
2005 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 1.5
2006 | 18.4 | 15.8 | 2.6
Note: The following table appears in the printed Annual Report on the facing page of the Chairman's Letter and is referred to in that letter. Berkshire’s Corporate Performance vs. the S&P 500 Annual Percentage Change in Per-Share in S&P 500 Book Value of with Dividends Relative Berkshire Included Results Year (1) (2) (1)-(2) 1965 .................................................. 23.8 10.0 13.8 1966 .................................................. 20.3 (11.7) 32.0 1967 .................................................. 11.0 30.9 (19.9) 1968 .................................................. 19.0 11.0 8.0 1969 .................................................. 16.2 (8.4) 24.6 1970 .................................................. 12.0 3.9 8.1 1971 .................................................. 16.4 14.6 1.8 1972 .................................................. 21.7 18.9 2.8 1973 .................................................. 4.7 (14.8) 19.5 1974 .................................................. 5.5 (26.4) 31.9 1975 .................................................. 21.9 37.2 (15.3) 1976 .................................................. 59.3 23.6 35.7 1977 .................................................. 31.9 (7.4) 39.3 1978 .................................................. 24.0 6.4 17.6 1979 .................................................. 35.7 18.2 17.5 1980 .................................................. 19.3 32.3 (13.0) 1981 .................................................. 31.4 (5.0) 36.4 1982 .................................................. 40.0 21.4 18.6 1983 .................................................. 32.3 22.4 9.9 1984 .................................................. 13.6 6.1 7.5 1985 .................................................. 48.2 31.6 16.6 1986 .................................................. 26.1 18.6 7.5 1987 .................................................. 19.5 5.1 14.4 1988 .................................................. 20.1 16.6 3.5 1989 .................................................. 44.4 31.7 12.7 1990 .................................................. 7.4 (3.1) 10.5 1991 .................................................. 39.6 30.5 9.1 1992 .................................................. 20.3 7.6 12.7 1993 .................................................. 14.3 10.1 4.2 1994 .................................................. 13.9 1.3 12.6 1995 .................................................. 43.1 37.6 5.5 1996 .................................................. 31.8 23.0 8.8 1997 .................................................. 34.1 33.4 .7 1998 .................................................. 48.3 28.6 19.7 1999 .................................................. .5 21.0 (20.5) 2000 .................................................. 6.5 (9.1) 15.6 2001 .................................................. (6.2) (11.9) 5.7 2002 .................................................. 10.0 (22.1) 32.1 2003 .................................................. 21.0 28.7 (7.7) 2004 .................................................. 10.5 10.9 (.4) 2005 .................................................. 6.4 4.9 1.5 2006 .................................................. 18.4 15.8 2.6
年度复合收益率 – 1965-2006 年 21.4% 10.4% 11.0
整体收益率 – 1964-2006 年 361,156% 6,479%
备注:除以下例外情况外,数据均按日历年度统计:1965 年和 1966 年截至 9 月 30 日;1967 年截至 12 月 31 日的 15 个月。
自 1979 年起,会计准则要求保险公司按市价而非此前采用的成本与市价孰低法来计量其所持权益证券。在本表中,伯克希尔 1978 年之前的业绩已按变更后的规则重新列报。其他所有方面,业绩均按最初报告的数据计算。
标普 500 指数的数据为税前数据,而伯克希尔的数据为税后数据。如果像伯克希尔这样的公司只是单纯持有标普 500 指数并计提相应税款,那么在指数显示正收益的年份,其业绩将落后于标普 500 指数;但在指数显示负收益的年份,其业绩将超过标普 500 指数。总体而言,多年来的税收成本会导致累计落后的幅度相当大。
Compounded Annual Gain – 1965-2006 21.4% 10.4% 11.0 Overall Gain – 1964-2006 361,156% 6,479% Notes: Data are for calendar years with these exceptions: 1965 and 1966, year ended 9/30; 1967, 15 months ended 12/31. Starting in 1979, accounting rules required insurance companies to value the equity securities they hold at market rather than at the lower of cost or market, which was previously the requirement. In this table, Berkshire’s results through 1978 have been restated to conform to the changed rules. In all other respects, the results are calculated using the numbers originally reported. The S&P 500 numbers are pre-tax whereas the Berkshire numbers are after-tax. If a corporation such as Berkshire were simply to have owned the S&P 500 and accrued the appropriate taxes, its results would have lagged the S&P 500 in years when that index showed a positive return, but would have exceeded the S&P 500 in years when the index showed a negative return. Over the years, the tax costs would have caused the aggregate lag to be substantial. 2
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的股东们:
To the Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.:
我们 2006 年的净资产收益为 169 亿美元,这使得我们的 A 类股和 B 类股的每股账面价值都增长了 18.4%。过去 42 年(也就是现任管理层接手以来),账面价值从 19 美元增长到 70,281 美元,年复利增长率为 21.4%。*
Our gain in net worth during 2006 was $16.9 billion, which increased the per-share book value of both our Class A and Class B stock by 18.4%. Over the last 42 years (that is, since present management took over) book value has grown from $19 to $70,281, a rate of 21.4% compounded annually.*
我们相信,169 亿美元是净资产单项增幅的最高纪录——超过任何一家美国公司曾实现的数字,除去因并购(比如美国在线收购时代华纳)带来的虚增。当然,埃克森美孚和其他公司赚的钱远超伯克希尔,但它们的盈利大多用于股息和/或回购,而不是积累净资产。
We believe that $16.9 billion is a record for a one-year gain in net worth – more than has ever been booked by any American business, leaving aside boosts that have occurred because of mergers (e.g., AOL’s purchase of Time Warner). Of course, Exxon Mobil and other companies earn far more than Berkshire, but their earnings largely go to dividends and/or repurchases, rather than to building net worth.
话说回来,关于我们 2006 年的收益,有必要坦白一件事。我们最重要的业务——保险——沾了大运气的光:大自然母亲,愿她好心肠,休假去了。2004 年和 2005 年,她被飓风狠狠捶打我们——那些风暴让我们的巨灾再保险业务亏了一大笔——之后,她干脆消失了。去年,这项业务的赤字变成了黑字——非常黑。
All that said, a confession about our 2006 gain is in order. Our most important business, insurance, benefited from a large dose of luck: Mother Nature, bless her heart, went on vacation. After hammering us with hurricanes in 2004 and 2005 – storms that caused us to lose a bundle on super-cat insurance – she just vanished. Last year, the red ink from this activity turned black – very black.
此外,我们在 2006 年有 73 家企业的绝大多数都表现得极为出色。让我花点时间谈谈我们旗下规模最大的业务之一:GEICO。那里的管理层所取得的成就堪称非凡。
In addition, the great majority of our 73 businesses did outstandingly well in 2006. Let me focus for a moment on one of our largest operations, GEICO. What management accomplished there was simply extraordinary.
我跟你们说过,托尼·奈斯利,GEICO 的首席执行官,45 年前刚满 18 岁两个月就进了这家公司。1992 年他成为 CEO,从那以后公司开始爆发式增长。不仅如此,托尼近几年还带来了惊人的效率提升。从 2003 年底到 2006 年底,GEICO 的保单数量从 570 万份增加到 810 万份,增长了 42%。但在同一时期,公司的员工人数(按全职等效计算)反而下降了 3.5%。也就是说,效率提升了 47%。而 GEICO 原本就不是一家臃肿的公司。
As I’ve told you before, Tony Nicely, GEICO’s CEO, went to work at the company 45 years ago, two months after turning 18. He became CEO in 1992, and from then on the company’s growth exploded. In addition, Tony has delivered staggering productivity gains in recent years. Between yearend 2003 and yearend 2006, the number of GEICO policies increased from 5.7 million to 8.1 million, a jump of 42%. Yet during that same period, the company’s employees (measured on a fulltime-equivalent basis) fell 3.5%. So productivity grew 47%. And GEICO didn’t start fat.
这一卓越成就让 GEICO 得以维持其作为低成本生产商的至关重要地位,尽管其广告支出已大幅增加。去年 GEICO 在广告上花费了 6.31 亿美元,远高于 2003 年的 2.38 亿美元(也高于 1995 年伯克希尔控股时的 3100 万美元)。如今,GEICO 的广告投入远超任何竞争对手,即便是那些规模大得多的对手也不例外。我们会继续加码。
That remarkable gain has allowed GEICO to maintain its all-important position as a low-cost producer, even though it has dramatically increased advertising expenditures. Last year GEICO spent $631 million on ads, up from $238 million in 2003 (and up from $31 million in 1995, when Berkshire took control). Today, GEICO spends far more on ads than any of its competitors, even those much larger. We will continue to raise the bar.
去年我告诉你们,如果家里添了孙子或外孙,一定要给他取名托尼。但伯克希尔的董事唐·基奥最近有了更好的主意。在看完 GEICO 2006 年的表现后,他给我写信说:“别管新生婴儿了。告诉股东们,赶紧把自己现有的孩子名字改成托尼或者安托瓦内特吧。”唐在信上签了名:“托尼。”
查理·芒格——我的合伙人兼伯克希尔副董事长——和我运营着一家规模越来越大的企业,拥有 21.7 万名员工,年收入接近 1000 亿美元。这绝不是我们当初规划好的。查理一开始是律师,而我曾把自己看作一名证券分析师。坐在那个位置上,我们俩对任何大型机构良好运转的能力都抱有怀疑。规模似乎让很多组织变得思维迟钝、抗拒改变、自满。用丘吉尔的话说:“我们塑造了建筑,之后建筑又塑造了我们。”一个很说明问题的事实是:1965 年市值最大的十家非石油公司——像通用汽车、西尔斯、杜邦、伊士曼柯达这些巨头——只有一家留在了 2006 年的名单上。
Last year I told you that if you had a new son or grandson to be sure to name him Tony. But Don Keough, a Berkshire director, recently had a better idea. After reviewing GEICO’s performance in 2006, he wrote me, “Forget births. Tell the shareholders to immediately change the names of their present children to Tony or Antoinette.” Don signed his letter “Tony.”
Charlie Munger – my partner and Berkshire’s vice chairman – and I run what has turned out to be a big business, one with 217,000 employees and annual revenues approaching $100 billion. We certainly didn’t plan it that way. Charlie began as a lawyer, and I thought of myself as a security analyst. Sitting in those seats, we both grew skeptical about the ability of big entities of any type to function well. Size seems to make many organizations slow-thinking, resistant to change and smug. In Churchill’s words: “We shape our buildings, and afterwards our buildings shape us.” Here’s a telling fact: Of the ten non-oil companies having the largest market capitalization in 1965 – titans such as General Motors, Sears, DuPont and Eastman Kodak – only one made the 2006 list.
本报告中的所有每股数据均针对伯克希尔的 A 类股。B 类股的数据为 A 类股所示数据的 1/30。
*All per-share figures used in this report apply to Berkshire’s A shares. Figures for the B shares are 1/30th of those shown for the A.
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平心而论,我们也见过不少成功案例,有些确实极为出色。有许多大公司管理者令我极为钦佩——美国运通的肯·陈纳德、通用电气的杰夫·伊梅尔特、富国银行的迪克·科瓦切维奇,这些都是我马上想到的名字。但我不认为自己能胜任他们所做的那份管理工作。而且我知道,他们职位带来的许多职责——会议、演讲、出国旅行、慈善活动、政府关系——我一点也不想干。对我来说,罗纳德·里根说得对:“努力工作从未害死过任何人,这大概是真话——但何必冒那个险呢?”
In fairness, we’ve seen plenty of successes as well, some truly outstanding. There are many giant- company managers whom I greatly admire; Ken Chenault of American Express, Jeff Immelt of G.E. and Dick Kovacevich of Wells Fargo come quickly to mind. But I don’t think I could do the management job they do. And I know I wouldn’t enjoy many of the duties that come with their positions – meetings, speeches, foreign travel, the charity circuit and governmental relations. For me, Ronald Reagan had it right: “It’s probably true that hard work never killed anyone – but why take the chance?”
所以我选了条轻松的路,只管坐享其成,跟那些各自独当一面的优秀经理人合作。我唯一要做的,就是为他们加油鼓劲,塑造并巩固我们的企业文化,以及做出重大的资本配置决策。而我们的经理人也用勤奋和高效的工作回报了这份信任。
So I’ve taken the easy route, just sitting back and working through great managers who run their own shows. My only tasks are to cheer them on, sculpt and harden our corporate culture, and make major capital-allocation decisions. Our managers have returned this trust by working hard and effectively.
他们过去 42 年的表现——尤其是 2006 年——让我和查理深表感谢。
For their performance over the last 42 years – and particularly for 2006 – Charlie and I thank them.
衡量标准
Yardsticks
查理和我通过多种方式来衡量伯克希尔的进展,评估它的内在价值。没有哪一项单一标准能有效完成这些工作,哪怕堆积如山的统计数据也捕捉不到某些重要因素。例如,我们必须有比我年轻得多的经理人能够接替我。伯克希尔在这方面从未像现在这样处于更有利的位置——但我没办法用数字向你证明这一点。
Charlie and I measure Berkshire’s progress and evaluate its intrinsic value in a number of ways. No single criterion is effective in doing these jobs, and even an avalanche of statistics will not capture some factors that are important. For example, it’s essential that we have managers much younger than I available to succeed me. Berkshire has never been in better shape in this regard – but I can’t prove it to you with numbers.
不过,有两项数据确实至关重要。第一项是我们以每股为基础持有的投资额(包括现金及现金等价物)。在计算这一数字时,我们剔除了金融业务中持有的投资,因为这些投资大部分已被借款所抵消。以下是现任管理层取得伯克希尔控制权以来的记录:
There are two statistics, however, that are of real importance. The first is the amount of investments (including cash and cash-equivalents) that we own on a per-share basis. Arriving at this figure, we exclude investments held in our finance operation because these are largely offset by borrowings. Here’s the record since present management acquired control of Berkshire:
年份 每股投资额*
Year Per-Share Investments*
1965 4 美元
1975 159 美元
1985 2,407 美元
1995 21,817 美元
2006 80,636 美元
1965-2006 年复合增长率 27.5%
1995-2006 年复合增长率 12.6%
*扣除少数股东权益后
1965 ..................................................................... $ 4 1975 ..................................................................... 159 1985 ..................................................................... 2,407 1995 ..................................................................... 21,817 2006 ..................................................................... $80,636 Compound Growth Rate 1965-2006.................... 27.5% Compound Growth Rate 1995-2006.................... 12.6% *Net of minority interests
早年,我们把大部分留存收益和保险浮存金投到了有价证券上。正因为这个侧重,加上我们买入的证券普遍表现不错,很长一段时间里投资增速相当高。
In our early years we put most of our retained earnings and insurance float into investments in marketable securities. Because of this emphasis, and because the securities we purchased generally did well, our growth rate in investments was for a long time quite high.
然而,多年来,我们越来越专注于收购经营性企业。将资金用于这些收购,既减缓了我们投资组合的增长,也加速了非保险业务的税前利润增长——这是我们使用的第二个衡量标准。以下是这些利润的历史表现:
Over the years, however, we have focused more and more on the acquisition of operating businesses. Using our funds for these purchases has both slowed our growth in investments and accelerated our gains in pre-tax earnings from non-insurance businesses, the second yardstick we use. Here’s how those earnings have looked:
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年份 每股税前收益*
Year Pre-Tax Earnings Per Share*
1965 4 美元
1975 4 美元
1985 52 美元
1995 175 美元
2006 3,625 美元
1965-2006 年复合增长率 17.9%
1995-2006 年复合增长率 31.7%
*未计入购买法会计调整,且已扣除少数股东权益
1965 ..................................................................... $ 4 1975 ..................................................................... 4 1985 ..................................................................... 52 1995 ..................................................................... 175 2006 ..................................................................... $3,625 Compound Growth Rate 1965-2006 .................... 17.9% Compound Growth Rate 1995-2006 .................... 31.7% *Excluding purchase-accounting adjustments and net of minority interests
去年,我们的非保险业务盈利实现了不错的增长——38%。不过,今后要想再有大的收获,只能靠我们做出重大且明智的收购。这并不容易。然而,我们确实有一个优势:伯克希尔正越来越成为企业主和管理层眼中“首选的买家”。起初,这种看法只在美国国内流行(更多时候还仅限于私营公司)。尽管如此,我们长久以来一直希望将伯克希尔的吸引力拓展到美国之外。去年,我们的全球之旅终于启动了。
Last year we had a good increase in non-insurance earnings – 38%. Large gains from here on in, though, will come only if we are able to make major, and sensible, acquisitions. That will not be easy. We do, however, have one advantage: More and more, Berkshire has become “the buyer of choice” for business owners and managers. Initially, we were viewed that way only in the U.S. (and more often than not by private companies). We’ve long wanted, nonetheless, to extend Berkshire’s appeal beyond U.S. borders. And last year, our globe-trotting finally got underway.
收购
Acquisitions
2006 年伊始,我们完成了年底尚在进行的 3 笔收购,斥资约 60 亿美元买下太平洋电力、商业通讯与应用承保公司。这三家业务都表现极佳。
We began 2006 by completing the three acquisitions pending at yearend 2005, spending about $6 billion for PacifiCorp, Business Wire and Applied Underwriters. All are performing very well.
不过,今年最亮眼的事,是 7 月 5 日我们收购了以色列公司 ISCAR 的大部分股权,并与该公司董事长伊坦·韦特海默和首席执行官雅各布·哈帕兹建立了新合作关系。故事要从 2005 年 10 月 25 日说起,那天我收到伊坦一封一页半的来信,当时我对他一无所知。信的开头写道:“我写信是想向您介绍 ISCAR”,接着描述了一家在 61 个国家开展业务的刀具公司。然后伊坦写道:“我们思考家族企业常见的代际传承和所有权问题已有段时间,对 ISCAR 的未来也考虑了很多。我们的结论是,伯克希尔·哈撒韦会是 ISCAR 的理想归宿。我们相信,ISCAR 作为您业务组合的一部分,将继续蓬勃发展。”
The highlight of the year, however, was our July 5th acquisition of most of ISCAR, an Israeli company, and our new association with its chairman, Eitan Wertheimer, and CEO, Jacob Harpaz. The story here began on October 25, 2005, when I received a 1¼-page letter from Eitan, of whom I then knew nothing. The letter began, “I am writing to introduce you to ISCAR,” and proceeded to describe a cutting- tool business carried on in 61 countries. Then Eitan wrote, “We have for some time considered the issues of generational transfer and ownership that are typical for large family enterprises, and have given much thought to ISCAR’s future. Our conclusion is that Berkshire Hathaway would be the ideal home for ISCAR. We believe that ISCAR would continue to thrive as a part of your portfolio of businesses.”
整体来看,伊坦的信让这家公司的品质和管理层的品格跃然纸上。这也让我想了解更多,于是 11 月,伊坦、雅各布和 ISCAR 的首席财务官丹尼·戈德曼来到奥马哈。与他们相处几个小时后,我确信,如果我们能做成这笔交易,我们将会与一群才华横溢的经理人联手,他们在出售后依然能以过往展现的全部精力和奉献精神来经营公司,值得信赖。不过,由于我从未在美国以外收购过企业(虽然我买过不少外国股票),我需要在税务和司法管辖权方面做些功课。完成这些工作后,伯克希尔以 40 亿美元买下了 ISCAR 80% 的股份。剩下的 20% 仍由韦特海默家族持有,他们成了我们宝贵的合作伙伴。
Overall, Eitan’s letter made the quality of the company and the character of its management leap off the page. It also made me want to learn more, and in November, Eitan, Jacob and ISCAR’s CFO, Danny Goldman, came to Omaha. A few hours with them convinced me that if we were to make a deal, we would be teaming up with extraordinarily talented managers who could be trusted to run the business after a sale with all of the energy and dedication that they had exhibited previously. However, having never bought a business based outside of the U.S. (though I had bought a number of foreign stocks), I needed to get educated on some tax and jurisdictional matters. With that task completed, Berkshire purchased 80% of ISCAR for $4 billion. The remaining 20% stays in the hands of the Wertheimer family, making it our valued partner.
ISCAR 的产品是小型、耗材型的切削刀具,与大型昂贵的机床配合使用。这个行业本身没什么魔力,真正的魔力来自经营它的人。但伊坦、雅各布和他们的同事们是名副其实的管理魔术师,他们不断开发刀具,让客户的机器效率更高。结果就是:ISCAR 能赚钱,是因为它帮助客户赚了更多钱。没有比这更好的持续成功秘诀了。
ISCAR’s products are small, consumable cutting tools that are used in conjunction with large and expensive machine tools. It’s a business without magic except for that imparted by the people who run it. But Eitan, Jacob and their associates are true managerial magicians who constantly develop tools that make their customers’ machines more productive. The result: ISCAR makes money because it enables its customers to make more money. There is no better recipe for continued success.
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9 月,查理和我,还有 5 位伯克希尔的同事,一起去了以色列的 ISCAR 参观。我们——我指的是我们每一个人——对任何一家企业都从未留下过如此深刻的印象。在 ISCAR,就像在整个以色列一样,才智和活力随处可见。能与伊坦、雅各布、丹尼以及他们才华横溢的同事携手,伯克希尔的股东们非常幸运。
几个月后,伯克希尔再次成为“首选买家”,这笔交易是我在沃斯堡的朋友约翰·罗奇带来的。约翰,你们很多人还记得,曾是贾斯汀工业的董事长,我们在 2000 年收购了这家公司。当时,约翰正在帮助病危的约翰·贾斯汀为他的公司寻找一个永久的归宿。我们收购贾斯汀工业后不久,约翰·贾斯汀就去世了,但自那以后,公司的运营完全按照我们向他承诺的方式进行。
In September, Charlie and I, along with five Berkshire associates, visited ISCAR in Israel. We – and I mean every one of us – have never been more impressed with any operation. At ISCAR, as throughout Israel, brains and energy are ubiquitous. Berkshire shareholders are lucky to have joined with Eitan, Jacob, Danny and their talented associates.
A few months later, Berkshire again became “the buyer of choice” in a deal brought to us by my friend, John Roach, of Fort Worth. John, many of you will remember, was Chairman of Justin Industries, which we bought in 2000. At that time John was helping John Justin, who was terminally ill, find a permanent home for his company. John Justin died soon after we bought Justin Industries, but it has since been run exactly as we promised him it would be.
11 月,约翰·罗奇来访时带上了小保罗·安德鲁斯,他持有 TTI 约 80% 的股份。TTI 是一家沃斯堡的电子元器件分销商。在 35 年的时间里,保罗把 TTI 的销售额从 11.2 万美元做到了 13 亿美元。他是一位杰出的企业家和经营者。
Visiting me in November, John Roach brought along Paul Andrews, Jr., owner of about 80% of TTI, a Fort Worth distributor of electronic components. Over a 35-year period, Paul built TTI from $112,000 of sales to $1.3 billion. He is a remarkable entrepreneur and operator.
64 岁的保罗热爱经营自己的企业。但不久前,他亲眼目睹了创始人去世会给私营公司的员工和老板家人带来多大的混乱。更糟糕的是,这种混乱往往会演变成毁灭性的破坏。因此,大约一年前,保罗开始考虑出售 TTI。他的目标是让企业落到他精心挑选的老板手中,而不是在他去世后任由信托专员或律师来搞一场拍卖。
Paul, 64, loves running his business. But not long ago he happened to witness how disruptive the death of a founder can be both to a private company’s employees and the owner’s family. What starts out as disruptive, furthermore, often evolves into destructive. About a year ago, therefore, Paul began to think about selling TTI. His goal was to put his business in the hands of an owner he had carefully chosen, rather than allowing a trust officer or lawyer to conduct an auction after his death.
保罗否决了“战略买家”的想法,他知道这类买家为了追求“协同效应”,很可能会拆掉他苦心经营多年的一切——此举会让数百名同事失去根基(还可能在这个过程中伤及 TTI 的业务)。他也排除了私募股权公司,这类公司极有可能让公司背上债务,然后尽快转手。
Paul rejected the idea of a “strategic” buyer, knowing that in the pursuit of “synergies,” an owner of that type would be apt to dismantle what he had so carefully built, a move that would uproot hundreds of his associates (and perhaps wound TTI’s business in the process). He also ruled out a private equity firm, which would very likely load the company with debt and then flip it as soon as possible.
那就只剩下伯克希尔了。保罗和我在 11 月 15 日上午见了面,午饭前就敲定了交易。后来他给我写信说:“我们见面后,我确信伯克希尔是 TTI 的合适东家……我为我们的过去感到自豪,也对未来充满期待。”查理和我也是同样的感受。
我们在 2006 年还做了几笔“补强”收购,涉及的公司包括 Fruit of the Loom(简称“Fruit”)、MiTek、CTB、Shaw 和 Clayton。Fruit 的收购规模最大。它先是收购了 Russell Corp.——一家领先的运动服装和制服生产商,价格约 12 亿美元(含承担的债务);12 月又同意收购 VF Corp. 的内衣业务。这两笔收购合计将为 Fruit 增加约 22 亿美元的销售额,并带来约 2.3 万名员工。
That left Berkshire. Paul and I met on the morning of November 15th and made a deal before lunch. Later he wrote me: “After our meeting, I am confident that Berkshire is the right owner for TTI . . . I am proud of our past and excited about our future.” And so are Charlie and I.
We also made some “tuck-in” acquisitions during 2006 at Fruit of the Loom (“Fruit”), MiTek, CTB, Shaw and Clayton. Fruit made the largest purchases. First, it bought Russell Corp., a leading producer of athletic apparel and uniforms for about $1.2 billion (including assumed debt) and in December it agreed to buy the intimate apparel business of VF Corp. Together, these acquisitions add about $2.2 billion to Fruit’s sales and bring with them about 23,000 employees.
查理和我特别喜欢收购那些可以托付给已在伯克希尔证明过自己的经理人的企业,比如负责 Fruit 的约翰·霍兰德。以 MiTek 为例,自 2001 年我们买下它以来,它先后完成了 14 次收购,吉恩·图姆斯通过这些交易取得的成果远超他当初的预期。实际上,我们正是借助这类“补强式收购”来放大手中现成管理人才的潜能。我们今后还会进行更多此类收购。
然而,我们仍然需要“大象”级别的收购,才能消化伯克希尔源源不断涌入的现金。因此,查理和我必须把追逐老鼠的事放在一边,将收购精力集中在更大的猎物上。
Charlie and I love it when we can acquire businesses that can be placed under managers, such as John Holland at Fruit, who have already shown their stuff at Berkshire. MiTek, for example, has made 14 acquisitions since we purchased it in 2001, and Gene Toombs has delivered results from these deals far in excess of what he had predicted. In effect, we leverage the managerial talent already with us by these tuck- in deals. We will make many more.
We continue, however, to need “elephants” in order for us to use Berkshire’s flood of incoming cash. Charlie and I must therefore ignore the pursuit of mice and focus our acquisition efforts on much bigger game.
我们的榜样如下:一位年长男士在超市购物时,购物车撞上了一位年轻小伙的购物车。他抱歉地解释说,他找不到自己的妻子了,正心不在焉地寻找。这位刚认识的小伙说,巧了,他的妻子也走丢了,并提议两人一起找,这样效率更高。年长者同意了,问新伙伴他的妻子长什么样。“她是个金发美女,”那人答道,“身材好到能让主教穿过彩色玻璃窗,穿着紧身白色短裤。您太太呢?”年长者二话不说:“别管她了,我们去找你家的。”
Our exemplar is the older man who crashed his grocery cart into that of a much younger fellow while both were shopping. The elderly man explained apologetically that he had lost track of his wife and was preoccupied searching for her. His new acquaintance said that by coincidence his wife had also wandered off and suggested that it might be more efficient if they jointly looked for the two women. Agreeing, the older man asked his new companion what his wife looked like. “She’s a gorgeous blonde,” the fellow answered, “with a body that would cause a bishop to go through a stained glass window, and she’s wearing tight white shorts. How about yours?” The senior citizen wasted no words: “Forget her, we’ll look for yours.”
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我们寻找的目标详述在第 25 页。如果您有符合要求的收购对象,请给我打电话——白天晚上都可以。然后您就能看到我砸碎一扇彩色玻璃窗。
现在,我们来审视伯克希尔的四大经营板块。把它们的财务数据混为一谈会妨碍分析。因此,我们将它们视为四家独立的企业来考察,首先从至关重要的保险集团开始。
What we are looking for is described on page 25. If you have an acquisition candidate that fits, call me – day or night. And then watch me shatter a stained glass window.
Now, let’s examine the four major operating sectors of Berkshire. Lumping their financial figures together impedes analysis. So we’ll look at them as four separate businesses, starting with the all– important insurance group.
保险
Insurance
下个月就是我们进入保险业 40 周年。1967 年 3 月 9 日,伯克希尔以 860 万美元从杰克·林沃特手中收购了国民赔偿公司及其姊妹公司国民火险与海事保险公司。
Next month marks the 40th anniversary of our entrance into the insurance business. It was on March 9, 1967, that Berkshire purchased National Indemnity and its companion company, National Fire & Marine, from Jack Ringwalt for $8.6 million.
杰克是我的老朋友,也是一位极其出色但有点古怪的商人。每年他大概会有十分钟的时间突然想要卖掉自己的公司。但那种冲动——可能是与监管机构发生口角,或是陪审团做出不利判决引发的——很快便会消散。
Jack was a long-time friend of mine and an excellent, but somewhat eccentric, businessman. For about ten minutes every year he would get the urge to sell his company. But those moods – perhaps brought on by a tiff with regulators or an unfavorable jury verdict – quickly vanished.
上世纪 60 年代中期,我请投资银行家查理·海德——他也是我和杰克的共同好友——在下一次杰克“心急想谈生意”时通知我。查理的电话一来,我立刻赶去和杰克见面。几分钟内我们就谈妥了交易,我主动放弃了审计、“尽职调查”或任何可能让杰克重新考虑的机会。我们只是握了握手,事情就这么定了。
In the mid-1960s, I asked investment banker Charlie Heider, a mutual friend of mine and Jack’s, to alert me the next time Jack was “in heat.” When Charlie’s call came, I sped to meet Jack. We made a deal in a few minutes, with me waiving an audit, “due diligence” or anything else that would give Jack an opportunity to reconsider. We just shook hands, and that was that.
按照约定,我们该在查理的办公室完成收购交割,杰克却迟到了。他最后赶到时解释说,他刚才一直开车兜圈子,想找一个停车计时器上还有剩余时间的车位。那一刻对我来说颇为神奇——我当时就知道,杰克将是我喜欢的那类经理人。
When we were due to close the purchase at Charlie’s office, Jack was late. Finally arriving, he explained that he had been driving around looking for a parking meter with some unexpired time. That was a magic moment for me. I knew then that Jack was going to be my kind of manager.
伯克希尔买下杰克的这两家保险公司时,它们拥有的“浮存金”为 1700 万美元。我们在之前的年报中时常会对浮存金做长篇解释,你可以在我们的网站上查阅。简而言之,浮存金是我们持有的、不属于我们但可供我们投资的资金。
When Berkshire purchased Jack’s two insurers, they had “float” of $17 million. We’ve regularly offered a long explanation of float in earlier reports, which you can read on our website. Simply put, float is money we hold that is not ours but which we get to invest.
截至 2006 年底,我们的浮存金已增长至 509 亿美元。此后,我们又与 Equitas 签署了一份大规模追溯再保险合同——这部分内容将在下一节详述——使浮存金再增加 70 亿美元。这些浮存金的大部分增长来自对其他保险公司的收购,但内在增长同样出色,尤其是阿吉特·贾恩运营的令人惊叹的再保险业务。当然,1967 年的我完全无法想象浮存金会发展到今天这个地步。所以说,每天踏踏实实走好每一步,这个道理真值得好好品味。
At the end of 2006, our float had grown to $50.9 billion, and we have since written a huge retroactive reinsurance contract with Equitas – which I will describe in the next section – that boosts float by another $7 billion. Much of the gain we’ve made has come through our acquisition of other insurers, but we’ve also had outstanding internal growth, particularly at Ajit Jain’s amazing reinsurance operation. Naturally, I had no notion in 1967 that our float would develop as it has. There’s much to be said for just putting one foot in front of the other every day.
我们持有的众多追溯再保险合同,其浮存金会随着时间的推移自然减少。因此,除非我们在保险领域进行新的收购,否则将来很难增加浮存金的规模。不过,无论规模大小,最重要的是,伯克希尔浮存金的长期成本很可能远低于行业水平,甚至可能降至负值。请注意“长期”这个词。某些年份会不时出现亏损。这一点你完全可以肯定。
The float from retroactive reinsurance contracts, of which we have many, automatically drifts down over time. Therefore, it will be difficult for us to increase float in the future unless we make new acquisitions in the insurance field. Whatever its size, however, the all-important cost of Berkshire’s float over time is likely to be significantly below that of the industry, perhaps even falling to less than zero. Note the words “over time.” There will be bad years periodically. You can be sure of that.
不过,2006 年保险业务万事顺遂——确实极为顺遂。我们的经理人——托尼·奈斯利(GEICO)、阿吉特·贾恩(伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险)、乔·布兰登和泰德·蒙楚斯(通用再保险)、唐·沃斯特(国民赔偿公司主险业务)、汤姆·纳尼(美国责任险公司)、蒂姆·凯内西(医疗保护险公司)、罗德·埃尔德里奇(同乡保险公司及赛普拉斯公司)、西德·费伦茨和史蒂夫·门齐斯(应用承保人公司)、约翰·凯泽(中央州保险公司)以及唐·托尔(堪萨斯银行担保公司)——简直大放异彩。当我念出这些名字时,感觉自己仿佛置身于库珀斯敦,正在宣读棒球名人堂的名单。当然,整个保险行业在 2006 年也迎来了一个丰收年。但我们的经理人所交出的成绩单,总体上优于各自的竞争对手。
In 2006, though, everything went right in insurance – really right. Our managers – Tony Nicely (GEICO), Ajit Jain (B-H Reinsurance), Joe Brandon and Tad Montross (General Re), Don Wurster (National Indemnity Primary), Tom Nerney (U.S. Liability), Tim Kenesey (Medical Protective), Rod Eldred (Homestate Companies and Cypress), Sid Ferenc and Steve Menzies (Applied Underwriters), John Kizer (Central States) and Don Towle (Kansas Bankers Surety) – simply shot the lights out. When I recite their names, I feel as if I’m at Cooperstown, reading from the Hall of Fame roster. Of course, the overall insurance industry also had a terrific year in 2006. But our managers delivered results generally superior to those of their competitors.
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以下是我们在各主要保险板块的承保和浮存金数据汇总。好好欣赏吧,因为你不会很快再看到这样的景象。
Below is the tally on our underwriting and float for each major sector of insurance. Enjoy the view, because you won’t soon see another like it.
(单位:百万美元)
承保利润(亏损) 年末浮存金
保险业务 2006 2005 2006 2005
通用再保险 526 (334) 22,827 22,920
B-H 再保险 1,658 (1,069) 16,860 16,233
GEICO 1,314 1,221 7,171 6,692
其他主险 340** 235* 4,029 3,442
总计 3,838 53 50,887 49,287
- 包含 2005 年 6 月 30 日起的 MedPro 公司。
** 包含 2006 年 5 月 19 日起的应用承保公司。
2007 年,我们的常规保险业务线业绩会下滑,不过我认为它们仍将令人满意。最大的不确定因素是巨灾再保险。2004-05 年的可怕飓风季是异常现象吗?抑或是我们这个星球发出的首个预警,表明 21 世纪的气候将与过去截然不同?如果第二个问题的答案是肯定的,那么 2006 年很快就会被视为一系列毁灭性风暴来临前一段具有误导性的平静期。这些风暴可能震撼整个保险业。认为卡特里娜飓风已接近最坏情形,那就太天真了。
(in $ millions) Underwriting Profit (Loss) Yearend Float Insurance Operations 2006 2005 2006 2005 General Re ....................... $ 526 $( 334) $22,827 $22,920 B-H Reinsurance .............. 1,658 (1,069) 16,860 16,233 GEICO ............................. 1,314 1,221 7,171 6,692 Other Primary................... 340** 235* 4,029 3,442 Total ................................. $3,838 $ 53 $50,887 $49,287
- Includes MedPro from June 30, 2005.
** Includes Applied Underwriters from May 19, 2006.
In 2007, our results from the bread-and-butter lines of insurance will deteriorate, though I think they will remain satisfactory. The big unknown is super-cat insurance. Were the terrible hurricane seasons of 2004-05 aberrations? Or were they our planet’s first warning that the climate of the 21st Century will differ materially from what we’ve seen in the past? If the answer to the second question is yes, 2006 will soon be perceived as a misleading period of calm preceding a series of devastating storms. These could rock the insurance industry. It’s naïve to think of Katrina as anything close to a worst-case event.
管理我们巨灾再保险业务的阿吉特·贾恩,和我一样,都不知道未来会怎样。但我们清楚一点:如果赌不断变化的大气条件对保险公司的影响是温和的,那将是一个巨大的错误。
Neither Ajit Jain, who manages our super-cat operation, nor I know what lies ahead. We do know that it would be a huge mistake to bet that evolving atmospheric changes are benign in their implications for insurers.
不过,别以为我们失去了对风险的胃口。我们仍然准备在单次事件中承担 60 亿美元的损失,前提是我们因承担这一风险而得到了相应的报酬。但我们不愿意,哪怕风险敞口非常小,只要价格没有反映我们对损失概率的评估,我们也不愿承保。合适的价格并不能保证任何一年都盈利,但不合适的价格几乎必然导致最终亏损。最近,由于大量资金涌入巨灾再保险领域,费率已经下降。我们因此大幅削减了飓风风险敞口。我们在这方面的做法,与我们在金融市场中的做法如出一辙:别人贪婪时恐惧,别人恐惧时贪婪。
Don’t think, however, that we have lost our taste for risk. We remain prepared to lose $6 billion in a single event, if we have been paid appropriately for assuming that risk. We are not willing, though, to take on even very small exposures at prices that don’t reflect our evaluation of loss probabilities. Appropriate prices don’t guarantee profits in any given year, but inappropriate prices most certainly guarantee eventual losses. Rates have recently fallen because a flood of capital has entered the super-cat field. We have therefore sharply reduced our wind exposures. Our behavior here parallels that which we employ in financial markets: Be fearful when others are greedy, and be greedy when others are fearful.
劳合社、Equitas 与追溯再保险
Lloyd’s, Equitas and Retroactive Reinsurance
去年——我们现在说到 Equitas 了——伯克希尔同意签署一份规模巨大的追溯再保险合同。这种保单承保的是保险公司已经发生但成本尚未确定的损失。稍后我会告诉你们协议的细节。不过,我们先顺着通往这笔交易的路,走一遍保险业的历史。
Last year – we are getting now to Equitas – Berkshire agreed to enter into a huge retroactive reinsurance contract, a policy that protects an insurer against losses that have already happened, but whose cost is not yet known. I’ll give you details of the agreement shortly. But let’s first take a journey through insurance history, following the route that led to our deal.
我们的故事要从大约 1688 年讲起。那年,爱德华·劳埃德在伦敦开了一家小咖啡馆。虽说比不上星巴克,但他的店注定要名扬天下——因为光顾的客人是船主、商人和富有冒险精神的英国资本家。这些人一边喝着爱德华煮的咖啡,一边开始起草合同,把船只和货物在海上遭遇灾难的风险,从船主和货主身上转移给那些押注某次航行能平安完成的资本家。这些资本家后来就有了个名号:“劳合社承保人”。
Our tale begins around 1688, when Edward Lloyd opened a small coffee house in London. Though no Starbucks, his shop was destined to achieve worldwide fame because of the commercial activities of its clientele – shipowners, merchants and venturesome British capitalists. As these parties sipped Edward’s brew, they began to write contracts transferring the risk of a disaster at sea from the owners of ships and their cargo to the capitalists, who wagered that a given voyage would be completed without incident. These capitalists eventually became known as “underwriters at Lloyd’s.”
虽然许多人以为劳合社是一家保险公司,但事实并非如此。它是一个众多会员承保人进行交易的地方,就像几个世纪前那样。
Though many people believe Lloyd’s to be an insurance company, that is not the case. It is instead a place where many member-insurers transact business, just as they did centuries ago.
随着时间的推移,承保人开始招募被动投资者加入辛迪加。此外,保险业务也从海上风险扩展到你能想象到的每一种保险,包括一些稀奇古怪的险种——正是这些险种让劳合社的名声传遍四方。承保人搬出了咖啡馆,找到了更气派的办公场所,并正式制定了一些协会规则。那些被动支持承保人的人,后来被称为“记名成员”。
Over time, the underwriters solicited passive investors to join in syndicates. Additionally, the business broadened beyond marine risks into every imaginable form of insurance, including exotic coverages that spread the fame of Lloyd’s far and wide. The underwriters left the coffee house, found grander quarters and formalized some rules of association. And those persons who passively backed the underwriters became known as “names.”
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最终,记名成员扩大到来自全球各地的成千上万人。他们加入进来,是指望不费什么力气、不冒什么严重风险就能赚点外快。确实,潜在记名成员总是被郑重告知:他们将对所在辛迪加的承保后果承担无限且永久的责任——用那句老派的表述来说,“赔到最后一枚袖扣为止”。但这样的警告渐渐被看作是走过场。三百年袖扣都保住了这一事实,对那些正准备签约的记名成员而言,是一剂强有力的镇静剂。
Eventually, the names came to include many thousands of people from around the world, who joined expecting to pick up some extra change without effort or serious risk. True, prospective names were always solemnly told that they would have unlimited and everlasting liability for the consequences of their syndicate’s underwriting – “down to the last cufflink,” as the quaint description went. But that warning came to be viewed as perfunctory. Three hundred years of retained cufflinks acted as a powerful sedative to the names poised to sign up.
接着石棉来了。当它预期的损失加上 80 年代涌现的潮水般的环保和产品索赔时,劳合社开始瓦解。几十年前承保的——基本上已被遗忘的——保单产生了巨额亏损。没人能明智地估算出总额,但可以肯定高达数百亿美元。无休止且无限损失的幽灵让现有会员胆寒,也吓跑了潜在会员。许多会员选择破产,有些人甚至选择了自杀。
Then came asbestos. When its prospective costs were added to the tidal wave of environmental and product claims that surfaced in the 1980s, Lloyd’s began to implode. Policies written decades earlier – and largely forgotten about – were developing huge losses. No one could intelligently estimate their total, but it was certain to be many tens of billions of dollars. The specter of unending and unlimited losses terrified existing names and scared away prospects. Many names opted for bankruptcy; some even chose suicide.
从这片废墟中,劳合社拼尽全力试图自救。1996 年,该机构的当权者拨出 111 亿英镑给一家新公司 Equitas,由它负责支付 1993 年之前签发的所有保单的理赔金。实际上,这个计划就是把多个陷入困境的辛迪加的苦果集中到一起。当然,拨出的这笔钱可能不够——如果真的不够,那些会员仍然要承担差额。
From these shambles, there came a desperate effort to resuscitate Lloyd’s. In 1996, the powers that be at the institution allotted £11.1 billion to a new company, Equitas, and made it responsible for paying all claims on policies written before 1993. In effect, this plan pooled the misery of the many syndicates in trouble. Of course, the money allotted could prove to be insufficient – and if that happened, the names remained liable for the shortfall.
但新计划将所有负债集中到一处,其优势在于消除了辛迪加之间许多代价高昂的内斗。此外,集中管理使得理赔评估、谈判和诉讼都能比以往处理得更有条理。Equitas 践行了本·富兰克林的理念:“我们必须抱在一起,否则必定一个个被吊死。”
But the new plan, by concentrating all of the liabilities in one place, had the advantage of eliminating much of the costly intramural squabbling that went on among syndicates. Moreover, the pooling allowed claims evaluation, negotiation and litigation to be handled more intelligently than had been the case previously. Equitas embraced Ben Franklin’s thinking: “We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall hang separately.”
从一开始,很多人就预言 Equitas 最终会失败。但到了 2006 年春天——也就是最后一份风险敞口保单签发 13 年后、支付了 113 亿英镑赔款之后——阿吉特和我重新审阅了事实,得出的结论是:这个病人大概率能活下来。于是我们决定,向 Equitas 提供一份巨额的再保险保单。
From the start, many people predicted Equitas would eventually fail. But as Ajit and I reviewed the facts in the spring of 2006 – 13 years after the last exposed policy had been written and after the payment of £11.3 billion in claims – we concluded that the patient was likely to survive. And so we decided to offer a huge reinsurance policy to Equitas.
由于仍有大量难以估量的因素存在,伯克希尔无法向 Equitas 及其 27,972 名记名成员提供无限度的保障。但我们表示——我在这里简化一下——如果 Equitas 给我们 71.2 亿美元的现金和证券(这就是我前面说的浮存金),我们将支付其未来所有的理赔和费用,上限为 139 亿美元。这一金额比 Equitas 近期估算的最终净负债高出 57 亿美元。因此,记名成员获得了数额巨大的——而且几乎可以肯定足够充分的——未来保障,足以应对不测。事实上,这一保障金额如此之大,以至于 Equitas 计划向其数千名记名成员支付现金,这样的事在以前几乎没人敢想。
Because plenty of imponderables continue to exist, Berkshire could not provide Equitas, and its 27,972 names, unlimited protection. But we said – and I’m simplifying – that if Equitas would give us $7.12 billion in cash and securities (this is the float I spoke about), we would pay all of its future claims and expenses up to $13.9 billion. That amount was $5.7 billion above what Equitas had recently guessed its ultimate liabilities to be. Thus the names received a huge – and almost certainly sufficient – amount of future protection against unpleasant surprises. Indeed the protection is so large that Equitas plans a cash payment to its thousands of names, an event few of them had ever dreamed possible.
那伯克希尔表现如何?这取决于:已知的理赔最终会让我们付出多少代价、还会冒出多少尚未提出的理赔以及各自成本、理赔款需多久支付、以及我们在支付前用收到的现金能赚取多少收益。阿吉特和我认为胜算在我们这边。万一我们判断错了,伯克希尔也扛得住。
And how will Berkshire fare? That depends on how much “known” claims will end up costing us, how many yet-to-be-presented claims will surface and what they will cost, how soon claim payments will be made and how much we earn on the cash we receive before it must be paid out. Ajit and I think the odds are in our favor. And should we be wrong, Berkshire can handle it.
Equitas 的首席执行官斯科特·莫泽很精辟地总结了这笔交易:“记名成员希望晚上能睡个安稳觉,而我们觉得刚给他们买到了全世界最好的床垫。”
预警:该吃西兰花了——我现在要谈谈会计问题。这是我欠那些喜欢钻研借贷记账法的伯克希尔股东的一份心意,希望你们二位觉得这个讨论有帮助。其他人可以跳过这一节,反正不考试。
Scott Moser, the CEO of Equitas, summarized the transaction neatly: “Names wanted to sleep easy at night, and we think we’ve just bought them the world’s best mattress.”
Warning: It’s time to eat your broccoli – I am now going to talk about accounting matters. I owe this to those Berkshire shareholders who love reading about debits and credits. I hope both of you find this discussion helpful. All others can skip this section; there will be no quiz.
伯克希尔做过大量追溯交易——无论笔数还是金额,都是其他任何保险公司所签此类保单的数倍之多。我们之所以成为这类险种的首选再保险人,是因为转移给我们的义务——例如需要终身支付给工伤员工的赔偿金和医疗费——可能要等 50 年甚至更久才能完全履行完毕。没有其他公司能提供这种确定性,
Berkshire has done many retroactive transactions – in both number and amount a multiple of such policies entered into by any other insurer. We are the reinsurer of choice for these coverages because the obligations that are transferred to us – for example, lifetime indemnity and medical payments to be made to injured workers – may not be fully satisfied for 50 years or more. No other company can offer the certainty
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即伯克希尔能够确保这些义务得到完整、公平的履行。这一事实对原保险公司、保单持有人和监管机构都至关重要。
that Berkshire can, in terms of guaranteeing the full and fair settlement of these obligations. This fact is important to the original insurer, policyholders and regulators.
追溯交易的会计处理既不出名,也不直观。因此,对股东来说,最好的理解方式,就是我们直接把借方和贷方列出来。查理和我倒是希望这种做法能更常见些。我们有时读到一些重大交易的会计附注,看得一头雾水,事后总怀疑报告公司是故意要让人看不懂。(举个例子,就算你已经知道安然那部电影的结局,再去看它老 10-K 里“描述”的交易,照样理解不了。)
The accounting procedure for retroactive transactions is neither well known nor intuitive. The best way for shareholders to understand it, therefore, is for us to simply lay out the debits and credits. Charlie and I would like to see this done more often. We sometimes encounter accounting footnotes about important transactions that leave us baffled, and we go away suspicious that the reporting company wished it that way. (For example, try comprehending transactions “described” in the old 10-Ks of Enron, even after you know how the movie ended.)
那么,我们来总结一下我们对 Equitas 这笔交易的会计处理。主要借方科目为:现金及投资、再保险摊回款、以及分入再保险递延费用(DCRA)。主要贷方科目为:损失及损失调整费用准备金。交易初始不确认任何损益,但此后每年随着 DCRA 资产摊销,会持续产生承保亏损。每年摊销金额的大小,主要取决于我们在年末对未来损失赔付时间和金额的估算,与年初时的估算相比发生了多大变化。最终,当最后一笔理赔支付完毕,DCRA 账户将归零。那一天还要等 50 年甚至更久。
So let us summarize our accounting for the Equitas transaction. The major debits will be to Cash and Investments, Reinsurance Recoverable, and Deferred Charges for Reinsurance Assumed (“DCRA”). The major credit will be to Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expense. No profit or loss will be recorded at the inception of the transaction, but underwriting losses will thereafter be incurred annually as the DCRA asset is amortized downward. The amount of the annual amortization charge will be primarily determined by how our end-of-the-year estimates as to the timing and amount of future loss payments compare to the estimates made at the beginning of the year. Eventually, when the last claim has been paid, the DCRA account will be reduced to zero. That day is 50 years or more away.
需要记住的重点是,追溯保险合同总是会给我们带来承保亏损。这些亏损值不值得承受,取决于我们收到的现金能否产生超过亏损的投资收益。最近几年,我们的 DCRA 摊销每年带来 3 亿美元左右的承保亏损,但我们运用所收保费现金实现的收益,已足以覆盖这些亏损。如果没有新的追溯合同,每年的摊销费用通常会随时间推移而下降。然而,在 Equitas 交易之后,DCRA 的年度成本初期将增至每年约 4.5 亿美元。这意味着,我们的其他保险业务必须至少产生等额的承保利润,才能使我们的整体浮存金成本为零。这个门槛相当高,但我相信,即便不是所有年份,在大多数年份里我们能够跨过去。
What’s important to remember is that retroactive insurance contracts always produce underwriting losses for us. Whether these losses are worth experiencing depends on whether the cash we have received produces investment income that exceeds the losses. Recently our DCRA charges have annually delivered $300 million or so of underwriting losses, which have been more than offset by the income we have realized through use of the cash we received as a premium. Absent new retroactive contracts, the amount of the annual charge would normally decline over time. After the Equitas transaction, however, the annual DCRA cost will initially increase to about $450 million a year. This means that our other insurance operations must generate at least that much underwriting gain for our overall float to be cost-free. That amount is quite a hurdle but one that I believe we will clear in many, if not most, years.
怎么样,幸好我保证过不考试吧?
Aren’t you glad that I promised you there would be no quiz?
制造、服务和零售业务
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing Operations
伯克希尔在这块的业务无所不包。不过,我们还是先看看整个集团的总括资产负债表和利润表。
Our activities in this part of Berkshire cover the waterfront. Let’s look, though, at a summary balance sheet and earnings statement for the entire group.
资产负债表 2006 年 12 月 31 日 (单位:百万美元)
Balance Sheet 12/31/06 (in millions)
资产 负债与权益
现金及现金等价物 $ 1,543 应付票据 $ 1,468
应收账款及应收票据 3,793 其他流动负债 6,635
存货 5,257 流动负债合计 8,103
其他流动资产 363
流动资产合计 10,956
Assets Liabilities and Equity Cash and equivalents .............................. $ 1,543 Notes payable ............................ $ 1,468 Accounts and notes receivable ............... 3,793 Other current liabilities.............. 6,635 Inventory ................................................ 5,257 Total current liabilities .............. 8,103 Other current assets ................................ 363 Total current assets ................................. 10,956
商誉及其他无形资产 13,314 递延所得税 540
固定资产 8,934 定期债务及其他负债 3,014
其他资产 1,168 权益 22,715
34,372 34,372
Goodwill and other intangibles............... 13,314 Deferred taxes............................ 540 Fixed assets............................................. 8,934 Term debt and other liabilities... 3,014 Other assets............................................. 1,168 Equity ........................................ 22,715 $34,372 $34,372
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收益表(单位:百万美元)
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 营业收入 | $52,660 | $46,896 | $44,142 |
| 营业费用(含折旧:2006 年 $823,2005 年 $699,2004 年 $676) | 49,002 | 44,190 | 41,604 |
| 利息费用 | 132 | 83 | 57 |
| 税前利润 | $ 3,526* | $ 2,623* | $ 2,481* |
| 所得税及少数股东权益 | 1,395 | 977 | 941 |
| 净利润 | $ 2,131 | $ 1,646 | $ 1,540 |
*未包含购买法会计调整。
Earnings Statement (in millions) 2006 2005 2004 Revenues ................................................................................. $52,660 $46,896 $44,142 Operating expenses (including depreciation of $823 in 2006, $699 in 2005 and $676 in 2004)....................................... 49,002 44,190 41,604 Interest expense ....................................................................... 132 83 57 Pre-tax earnings....................................................................... 3,526* 2,623* 2,481* Income taxes and minority interests ........................................ 1,395 977 941 Net income .............................................................................. $ 2,131 $ 1,646 $ 1,540 *Does not include purchase-accounting adjustments.
这个五花八门的群体,卖的产品从棒棒糖到房车应有尽有,去年平均实现了 25% 的有形净资产收益率,相当喜人。同样值得注意的是,这些业务在取得这一回报时只用了很少的财务杠杆。显然,我们拥有一些相当出色的企业。不过,我们在收购其中许多家时,支付了远高于净资产的价格——这一点反映在资产负债表上的商誉项目中——这一事实将我们按平均账面价值计算的收益率拉低到了 10.8%。
This motley group, which sells products ranging from lollipops to motor homes, earned a pleasing 25% on average tangible net worth last year. It’s noteworthy also that these operations used only minor financial leverage in achieving that return. Clearly we own some terrific businesses. We purchased many of them, however, at large premiums to net worth – a point reflected in the goodwill item shown on the balance sheet – and that fact reduces the earnings on our average carrying value to 10.8%.
以下是该板块公司中几件值得一说的事:
Here are a few newsworthy items about companies in this sector:
• 鲍勃·肖是一位杰出的企业家,白手起家将肖氏工业打造成了全美最大的地毯生产商。去年,75 岁的他选择退休。鲍勃推荐了在肖氏工作 31 年的老将万斯·贝尔接替自己,一如既往,他做出了正确的决定。住房市场的疲软导致地毯业务放缓。但肖氏工业仍然是一台动力强劲的引擎,是伯克希尔利润的重要贡献者。
• Bob Shaw, a remarkable entrepreneur who from a standing start built Shaw Industries into the country’s largest carpet producer, elected last year, at age 75, to retire. To succeed him, Bob recommended Vance Bell, a 31-year veteran at Shaw, and Bob, as usual, made the right call. Weakness in housing has caused the carpet business to slow. Shaw, however, remains a powerhouse and a major contributor to Berkshire’s earnings.
• MiTek——我们在 2001 年收购它时,它还是一家屋顶桁架连接件的制造商——如今正发展成一个小型综合企业集团。按目前的增长速度来看,“小型”这个词也许很快就名不副实了。收购 MiTek 时,我们支付了 4.2 亿美元:向公司提供了 2 亿美元、利率 9% 的贷款,又以每股 1 万美元的价格购买了 1.98 亿美元的股票。此外,55 名员工也出资 2200 万美元购买了 2200 股。每位员工支付的单价与我们完全相同,而且大部分人是借钱买的。
• MiTek, a manufacturer of connectors for roof trusses at the time we purchased it in 2001, is developing into a mini-conglomerate. At the rate it is growing, in fact, “mini” may soon be inappropriate. In purchasing MiTek for $420 million, we lent the company $200 million at 9% and bought $198 million of stock, priced at $10,000 per share. Additionally, 55 employees bought 2,200 shares for $22 million. Each employee paid exactly the same price that we did, in most cases borrowing money to do so.
他们现在可庆幸当初做了这个决定!五年后,MiTek 的销售额增长了两倍,股价达到每股 71,699 美元。尽管公司进行了 14 次收购,耗资 2.91 亿美元,但 MiTek 不仅还清了欠伯克希尔的债务,还持有 3500 万美元现金。我们在七月办了场聚会,庆祝收购五周年。我跟大伙说,要是 MiTek 的股价涨到超过伯克希尔“A”股,那可就尴尬了。不过,就算真发生这种事,你们也别惊讶(尽管我和查理会努力让我们的股价成为一个移动目标)。
And are they ever glad they did! Five years later, MiTek’s sales have tripled and the stock is valued at $71,699 per share. Despite its making 14 acquisitions, at a cost of $291 million, MiTek has paid off its debt to Berkshire and holds $35 million of cash. We celebrated the fifth anniversary of our purchase with a party in July. I told the group that it would be embarrassing if MiTek’s stock price soared beyond that of Berkshire “A” shares. Don’t be surprised, however, if that happens (though Charlie and I will try to make our shares a moving target).
并非我们所有的企业都注定能增加利润。当一个行业的基本面正在崩塌时,才华横溢的管理层或许能减缓下滑的速度。但最终,不断恶化的基本面会压倒管理智慧。(正如一位睿智的朋友很久以前告诉我的:“如果你想获得优秀商人的声誉,一定要确保进入一门好生意。”)而报业的基本面确实正在恶化,这一趋势已导致我们《布法罗新闻》的利润下滑。这种下滑几乎肯定会持续下去。
• Not all of our businesses are destined to increase profits. When an industry’s underlying economics are crumbling, talented management may slow the rate of decline. Eventually, though, eroding fundamentals will overwhelm managerial brilliance. (As a wise friend told me long ago, “If you want to get a reputation as a good businessman, be sure to get into a good business.”) And fundamentals are definitely eroding in the newspaper industry, a trend that has caused the profits of our Buffalo News to decline. The skid will almost certainly continue.
我和查理年轻的时候,报业是美国最容易获取巨额回报的生意。正如一位不太聪明的出版商说过的一句“名言”:“我的财富归功于美国两大伟大制度:垄断和裙带关系。”在只有一家报纸的城市,无论产品质量多差、管理多无能,都挡不住利润滚滚而来。
When Charlie and I were young, the newspaper business was as easy a way to make huge returns as existed in America. As one not-too-bright publisher famously said, “I owe my fortune to two great American institutions: monopoly and nepotism.” No paper in a one-paper city, however bad the product or however inept the management, could avoid gushing profits.
这个行业曾经惊人的回报解释起来很简单。20 世纪的大部分时间里,报纸是美国公众获取信息的主要来源。无论话题是体育、金融还是政治,报纸都占据着至高无上的地位。同样重要的是,它们的广告是找工作或了解镇上超市食品价格最便捷的途径。
The industry’s staggering returns could be simply explained. For most of the 20th Century, newspapers were the primary source of information for the American public. Whether the subject was sports, finance, or politics, newspapers reigned supreme. Just as important, their ads were the easiest way to find job opportunities or to learn the price of groceries at your town’s supermarkets.
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因此,绝大多数家庭都觉得每天需要一份报纸,但可以理解的是,多数人并不想掏钱买两份。广告商青睐发行量最大的报纸,而读者也倾向于选择广告和新闻版面最多的那份。这种循环催生了报纸丛林法则:最肥者生存。
The great majority of families therefore felt the need for a paper every day, but understandably most didn’t wish to pay for two. Advertisers preferred the paper with the most circulation, and readers tended to want the paper with the most ads and news pages. This circularity led to a law of the newspaper jungle: Survival of the Fattest.
于是,当一座大城市存在两家或更多报纸时(一个世纪前这几乎是普遍情况),先跑出来的那家通常会成为笑到最后的唯一赢家。竞争消失后,报纸在广告和发行上的定价权便释放了出来。通常,广告商和读者的费率每年都会上调——利润随之滚滚而来。对老板们来说,这简直就是经济天堂。(有意思的是,虽然报纸经常——而且常常带着不认同的口吻——报道汽车或钢铁行业的盈利能力,但它们从未让读者了解自己那种点石成金般的处境。嗯……)
Thus, when two or more papers existed in a major city (which was almost universally the case a century ago), the one that pulled ahead usually emerged as the stand-alone winner. After competition disappeared, the paper’s pricing power in both advertising and circulation was unleashed. Typically, rates for both advertisers and readers would be raised annually – and the profits rolled in. For owners this was economic heaven. (Interestingly, though papers regularly – and often in a disapproving way – reported on the profitability of, say, the auto or steel industries, they never enlightened readers about their own Midas-like situation. Hmmm . . .)
然而,早在 1991 年的致股东信中,我就断言这个与世隔绝的世界正在发生改变,当时我写道:“媒体业务……将远不如我、整个行业或贷款机构在短短几年前所认为的那般美好。”一些出版商对我这番话以及随后发出的其他警告感到不悦。而且,报纸资产仍在以仿佛是坚不可摧的印钞机的价格被出售。事实上,许多经常记录和分析世界重大事件的聪明报业高管,要么对自己眼皮底下发生的事情视而不见,要么漠不关心。
As long ago as my 1991 letter to shareholders, I nonetheless asserted that this insulated world was changing, writing that “the media businesses . . . will prove considerably less marvelous than I, the industry, or lenders thought would be the case only a few years ago.” Some publishers took umbrage at both this remark and other warnings from me that followed. Newspaper properties, moreover, continued to sell as if they were indestructible slot machines. In fact, many intelligent newspaper executives who regularly chronicled and analyzed important worldwide events were either blind or indifferent to what was going on under their noses.
然而现在,几乎所有的报业老板都意识到,他们在争夺眼球的战役中正节节败退。说白了,如果有线电视、卫星广播和互联网先出现,我们现在所熟悉的报纸很可能根本就不会存在。
Now, however, almost all newspaper owners realize that they are constantly losing ground in the battle for eyeballs. Simply put, if cable and satellite broadcasting, as well as the internet, had come along first, newspapers as we know them probably would never have existed.
在伯克希尔的世界里,斯坦·利普西把《布法罗新闻》经营得非常出色,我对它的主编玛格丽特·沙利文也备感自豪。《布法罗新闻》的市场渗透率在全美大报中是最高的。尽管布法罗的人口和商业趋势并不乐观,我们的财务状况仍比大多数都市报纸要好。尽管如此,这项业务仍面临着持续不断的压力,将导致利润率不断下滑。
In Berkshire’s world, Stan Lipsey does a terrific job running the Buffalo News, and I am enormously proud of its editor, Margaret Sullivan. The News’ penetration of its market is the highest among that of this country’s large newspapers. We also do better financially than most metropolitan newspapers, even though Buffalo’s population and business trends are not good. Nevertheless, this operation faces unrelenting pressures that will cause profit margins to slide.
没错,我们在布法罗拥有领先的在线新闻业务,它还会继续吸引更多用户和广告。然而,考虑到有众多免费的信息与娱乐替代来源,只需一键点击即可获取,一家报纸网站的经济潜力,充其量不过是过去那种没有竞争的印刷报纸所拥有潜力的一小部分。
True, we have the leading online news operation in Buffalo, and it will continue to attract more viewers and ads. However, the economic potential of a newspaper internet site – given the many alternative sources of information and entertainment that are free and only a click away – is at best a small fraction of that existing in the past for a print newspaper facing no competition.
对当地人来说,拥有一座城市的报纸,就像拥有一支运动队,能立刻带来显赫地位。随之而来的通常是权力和影响力。这些都是令许多有钱人心动的附带光环。除此之外,热心公益的富豪可能会觉得,本地人持有对社区大有裨益。这就是 40 多年前彼得·基威特买下奥马哈报纸的原因。
For a local resident, ownership of a city’s paper, like ownership of a sports team, still produces instant prominence. With it typically comes power and influence. These are ruboffs that appeal to many people with money. Beyond that, civic-minded, wealthy individuals may feel that local ownership will serve their community well. That’s why Peter Kiewit bought the Omaha paper more than 40 years ago.
因此,我们很可能会看到非经济动机的个人买家收购报纸,就像我们看到这类买家收购大型体育特许经营权一样。不过,有志成为报业大亨的人要小心了:没有哪条法律规定报纸的收入不能低于支出、亏损不会像滚雪球一样急剧膨胀。报纸行业的固定成本很高,当单位发行量走低时,这就是个坏消息。此外,随着报纸的重要性减弱,拥有一家报纸带来的“心理”价值也会消退,而拥有一支体育俱乐部则很可能仍会保留其魅力。
We are likely therefore to see non-economic individual buyers of newspapers emerge, just as we have seen such buyers acquire major sports franchises. Aspiring press lords should be careful, however: There’s no rule that says a newspaper’s revenues can’t fall below its expenses and that losses can’t mushroom. Fixed costs are high in the newspaper business, and that’s bad news when unit volume heads south. As the importance of newspapers diminishes, moreover, the “psychic” value of possessing one will wane, whereas owning a sports franchise will likely retain its cachet.
除非我们面临不可逆转的现金流失,否则我们将坚守《布法罗新闻》,正如我们说过的那样。(请阅读第 76 页的经济原则第 11 条。)查理和我热爱报纸——我们每人每天读五份——并且相信,一个自由而充满活力的新闻界是维护伟大民主制度的关键要素。我们希望,印刷版和网络版的某种结合能为报纸带来商业上的免死金牌,我们会在布法罗努力开发一套可持续的商业模式。我认为我们会成功。但我们的报纸坐享丰厚利润的日子已经结束了。
Unless we face an irreversible cash drain, we will stick with the News, just as we’ve said that we would. (Read economic principle 11, on page 76.) Charlie and I love newspapers – we each read five a day – and believe that a free and energetic press is a key ingredient for maintaining a great democracy. We hope that some combination of print and online will ward off economic doomsday for newspapers, and we will work hard in Buffalo to develop a sustainable business model. I think we will be successful. But the days of lush profits from our newspaper are over.
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NetJets 的形势正在大幅好转,这家公司销售和管理部分所有权飞机。这家公司从来就不愁增长:自 1998 年我们收购以来,飞行运营收入增长了 596%。但利润一直很不稳定。
• A much improved situation is emerging at NetJets, which sells and manages fractionally-owned aircraft. This company has never had a problem growing: Revenues from flight operations have increased 596% since our purchase in 1998. But profits had been erratic.
我们进军欧洲市场始于 1996 年,代价尤为高昂。在那里经营五年后,只拿下了 80 个客户。到 2006 年年中,累计税前亏损已达 2.12 亿美元。但如今欧洲需求已呈井喷之势,2005 至 2006 年间净增了 589 个客户。在马克·布斯的出色领导下,NetJets 在欧洲已实现盈利运营,我们预计这一良好势头将持续下去。
Our move to Europe, which began in 1996, was particularly expensive. After five years of operation there, we had acquired only 80 customers. And by mid-year 2006 our cumulative pre- tax loss had risen to $212 million. But European demand has now exploded, with a net of 589 customers having been added in 2005-2006. Under Mark Booth’s brilliant leadership, NetJets is now operating profitably in Europe, and we expect the positive trend to continue.
2006 年,我们的美国业务也表现不错,这使得 NetJets 去年的全球税前利润达到了 1.43 亿美元。尽管我们在第一季度遭受了 1900 万美元的亏损,但还是实现了这一利润。
Our U.S. operation also had a good year in 2006, which led to worldwide pre-tax earnings of $143 million at NetJets last year. We made this profit even though we suffered a loss of $19 million in the first quarter.
这要归功于里奇·桑图利和马克,他们一起实现了这次扭转。和我们的许多经理人一样,里奇在经济上根本不需要工作,但你从他身上完全看不出这一点。他简直不知疲倦——监控运营、拓展销售、跑遍全球,以不断拉大 NetJets 在竞争对手面前已经极为可观的领先优势。如今,我们管理的机队价值,远超我们三大竞争对手管理规模的总和。
Credit Rich Santulli, along with Mark, for this turnaround. Rich, like many of our managers, has no financial need to work. But you’d never know it. He’s absolutely tireless – monitoring operations, making sales, and traveling the globe to constantly widen the already-enormous lead that NetJets enjoys over its competitors. Today, the value of the fleet we manage is far greater than that managed by our three largest competitors combined.
NetJets 能成为遥遥领先的行业龙头,是有原因的:它提供了极致的安全和服务。在伯克希尔以及我们的多家子公司,NetJets 的飞机是不可或缺的商务工具。我自己也与 NetJets 签了个人使用合同,我的家人和大部分伯克希尔董事也是如此(顺便说一句,我们谁都没有折扣)。一旦你乘坐过 NetJets 的飞机,再回到商业航班,就好比有过肌肤之亲后,又退回到只牵手的阶段。
There’s a reason NetJets is the runaway leader: It offers the ultimate in safety and service. At Berkshire, and at a number of our subsidiaries, NetJets aircraft are an indispensable business tool. I also have a contract for personal use with NetJets and so do members of my family and most Berkshire directors. (None of us, I should add, gets a discount.) Once you’ve flown NetJets, returning to commercial flights is like going back to holding hands.
受监管公用事业业务
Regulated Utility Business
伯克希尔持有中美能源控股公司 86.6%(完全摊薄后)的权益,该公司拥有多种多样的公用事业业务。其中最大的包括:(1)约克郡电力公司和北方电力公司,其 370 万电力用户使其成为英国第三大电力分销商;(2)中美能源公司,主要服务于爱荷华州的 70.6 万电力用户;(3)太平洋电力和落基山电力公司,服务于西部六个州的约 170 万电力用户;(4)克恩河和北方天然气管线,输送量约占美国天然气消费量的 8%。
Berkshire has an 86.6% (fully diluted) interest in MidAmerican Energy Holdings, which owns a wide variety of utility operations. The largest of these are (1) Yorkshire Electricity and Northern Electric, whose 3.7 million electric customers make it the third largest distributor of electricity in the U.K.; (2) MidAmerican Energy, which serves 706,000 electric customers, primarily in Iowa; (3) Pacific Power and Rocky Mountain Power, serving about 1.7 million electric customers in six western states; and (4) Kern River and Northern Natural pipelines, which carry about 8% of the natural gas consumed in the U.S.
我们在中美能源的股权合作伙伴是沃尔特·斯科特,以及它的两位出色管理者,戴夫·索科尔和格雷格·阿贝尔。每一方有多少投票权并不重要;我们只有全体一致认为某项重大举措是明智之举时,才会付诸行动。与戴夫、格雷格和沃尔特共事的这六年,一再印证了我最初的看法:伯克希尔找不到比他们更好的合伙人了。
Our partners in ownership of MidAmerican are Walter Scott, and its two terrific managers, Dave Sokol and Greg Abel. It’s unimportant how many votes each party has; we will make major moves only when we are unanimous in thinking them wise. Six years of working with Dave, Greg and Walter have underscored my original belief: Berkshire couldn’t have better partners.
有点不协调的是,中美能源旗下拥有全美第二大房地产经纪公司——美国房屋服务公司。这家公司通过 20 个地方性品牌运营,拥有 20300 名经纪人。尽管房屋服务公司去年收购了两项业务,但公司总体交易额还是下滑了 9%,降至 580 亿美元,利润则下跌了 50%。
Somewhat incongruously, MidAmerican owns the second largest real estate brokerage firm in the U.S., HomeServices of America. This company operates through 20 locally-branded firms with 20,300 agents. Despite HomeServices’ purchase of two operations last year, the company’s overall volume fell 9% to $58 billion, and profits fell 50%.
住宅房地产活动的放缓,部分源于近些年贷款操作的弱化。之前流行的“可选”合同和“诱惑利率”,让借款人在房贷初期只需支付远低于正常利息成本的金额。自然,当对借款人的要求几乎为零时,很少会发生违约。正如一位愤世嫉俗者所说:“贷款不停转,坏账不出现。”但没付的利息会滚入本金,那些早早就无力承担正常月供的借款人,之后会面临超额的月供压力。这就是斯嘉丽·奥哈拉的剧本:“我明天再想。”对许多房主来说,“明天”已经到来。结果,在房屋服务公司布局的几个市场上,出现了巨大的待售房源积压。
The slowdown in residential real estate activity stems in part from the weakened lending practices of recent years. The “optional” contracts and “teaser” rates that have been popular have allowed borrowers to make payments in the early years of their mortgages that fall far short of covering normal interest costs. Naturally, there are few defaults when virtually nothing is required of a borrower. As a cynic has said, “A rolling loan gathers no loss.” But payments not made add to principal, and borrowers who can’t afford normal monthly payments early on are hit later with above-normal monthly obligations. This is the Scarlett O’Hara scenario: “I’ll think about that tomorrow.” For many home owners, “tomorrow” has now arrived. Consequently there is a huge overhang of offerings in several of HomeServices’ markets.
不过,我们仍会寻求收购更多经纪业务。十年之后,HomeServices 的规模几乎肯定会大得多。
Nevertheless, we will be seeking to purchase additional brokerage operations. A decade from now, HomeServices will almost certainly be much larger.
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以下是中美能源运营的一些关键数据:
Here are some key figures on MidAmerican’s operations:
利润(单位:百万美元)
| 2006 | 2005 | |
|---|---|---|
| 英国公用事业 | 338 | 308 |
| 爱荷华公用事业 | 348 | 288 |
| 西部公用事业(2006 年 3 月 21 日收购) | 356 | 不适用 |
| 管道业务 | 376 | 309 |
| HomeServices | 74 | 148 |
| 其他(净额) | 226 | 115 |
| 未计公司利息和税项前利润 | 1,718 | 1,168 |
| 利息(伯克希尔以外) | (261) | (200) |
| 伯克希尔次级债务利息 | (134) | (157) |
| 所得税 | (407) | (248) |
| 净利润 | 916 | 563 |
| 归属于伯克希尔的利润* | 885 | 523 |
| 对外负债 | 16,946 | 10,296 |
| 欠伯克希尔的债务 | 1,055 | 1,289 |
Earnings (in $ millions) 2006 2005 U.K. utilities ....................................................................................................... $ 338 $ 308 Iowa utility ......................................................................................................... 348 288 Western utilities (acquired March 21, 2006) ..................................................... 356 N/A Pipelines ............................................................................................................. 376 309 HomeServices..................................................................................................... 74 148 Other (net) .......................................................................................................... 226 115 Earnings before corporate interest and taxes ...................................................... 1,718 1,168 Interest, other than to Berkshire ......................................................................... (261) (200) Interest on Berkshire junior debt ........................................................................ (134) (157) Income tax .......................................................................................................... (407) (248) Net earnings........................................................................................................ $ 916 $ 563 Earnings applicable to Berkshire* ...................................................................... $ 885 $ 523 Debt owed to others............................................................................................ 16,946 10,296 Debt owed to Berkshire ...................................................................................... 1,055 1,289
*包括伯克希尔赚取的利息(扣除相关所得税后),2006 年为 8700 万美元,2005 年为 1.02 亿美元。
*Includes interest earned by Berkshire (net of related income taxes) of $87 in 2006 and $102 in 2005.
金融及金融产品
Finance and Financial Products
你们会很高兴听到——而我更高兴——这将是我最后一次讨论通用再保险衍生品业务的亏损了。2002 年初我们开始清理这项业务时,共有 23,218 份未结合约。现在只剩 197 份。这项业务累计税前亏损达 4.09 亿美元,但 2006 年只发生了 500 万美元亏损。查理说,要是我们当初把 4.09 亿美元在 2001 年的资产负债表上正确归类,就应该标成“不到期不动用”。不管怎样,用一句稍加改动的莎士比亚名句给这个衍生品业务立墓碑倒挺合适:“结局好,就什么都好。”
You will be happy to hear – and I’m even happier – that this will be my last discussion of the losses at Gen Re’s derivative operation. When we started to wind this business down early in 2002, we had 23,218 contracts outstanding. Now we have 197. Our cumulative pre-tax loss from this operation totals $409 million, but only $5 million occurred in 2006. Charlie says that if we had properly classified the $409 million on our 2001 balance sheet, it would have been labeled “Good Until Reached For.” In any event, a Shakespearean thought – slightly modified – seems appropriate for the tombstone of this derivative business: “All’s well that ends.”
我们也结束了在 Value Capital 的投资。因此,这两项业务的收益或亏损,将最后一次出现在本部分每年展示的表格中。
We’ve also wound up our investment in Value Capital. So earnings or losses from these two lines of business are making their final appearance in the table that annually appears in this section.
克莱顿住宅仍然是活动房行业的异类——该行业去年录得了 1962 年以来的最低销量。事实上,全行业去年的销量仅为 1999 年的三分之一左右。除了克莱顿,我怀疑整个行业在 2006 年是否赚到了任何钱。
Clayton Homes remains an anomaly in the manufactured-housing industry, which last year recorded its lowest unit sales since 1962. Indeed, the industry’s volume last year was only about one-third that of 1999. Outside of Clayton, I doubt if the industry, overall, made any money in 2006.
即便如此,克莱顿仍取得了 5.13 亿美元的税前利润,并向伯克希尔额外支付了 8600 万美元的费用,作为我们为其 100 亿美元分期应收账款组合筹集资金的报酬。伯克希尔的财务实力显然对克莱顿起到了巨大帮助。但推动公司成功的核心动力是凯文·克莱顿。他对这项业务了如指掌,决策理性,而且与他共事非常愉快。通过收购,克莱顿目前雇有 14,787 名员工,而我们收购时这一数字为 6,661 人。
Yet Clayton earned $513 million pre-tax and paid Berkshire an additional $86 million as a fee for our obtaining the funds to finance Clayton’s $10 billion portfolio of installment receivables. Berkshire’s financial strength has clearly been of huge help to Clayton. But the driving force behind the company’s success is Kevin Clayton. Kevin knows the business forward and backward, is a rational decision-maker and a joy to work with. Because of acquisitions, Clayton now employs 14,787 people, compared to 6,661 at the time of our purchase.
我们有两项租赁业务:CORT(家具租赁),由保罗·阿诺德管理;以及 XTRA(拖车租赁),由比尔·弗朗茨负责。CORT 的利润去年大幅改善,XTRA 则维持在 2005 年达到的高位水平。我们仍在寻找可由保罗或比尔运营的补强型收购机会,同时也对新的租赁业务方向持开放态度。
We have two leasing operations: CORT (furniture), run by Paul Arnold, and XTRA (truck trailers), run by Bill Franz. CORT’s earnings improved significantly last year, and XTRA’s remained at the high level attained in 2005. We continue to look for tuck-in acquisitions to be run by Paul or Bill, and also are open to ideas for new leasing opportunities.
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以下是该行业的收益细目:
(单位:百万美元)
| 项目 | 税前收益 2006 | 税前收益 2005 | 计息负债 2006 | 计息负债 2005 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 交易 – 经营性收入 | 274 | 200 | 600 | 1,061 |
| 通用再证券(亏损) | (5) | (104) | 1,204* | 2,617* |
| 寿险与年金业务 | 29 | 11 | 2,459 | 2,461 |
| Value Capital(亏损) | 6 | (33) | 不适用 | 不适用 |
| 租赁业务 | 182 | 173 | 261 | 370 |
| 预制房屋融资(克莱顿) | 513 | 416 | 10,498 | 9,299 |
| 其他 | 158 | 159 | 不适用 | 不适用 |
| 资本收益前收入 | 1,157 | 822 | ||
| 交易 – 资本收益(亏损) | 938 | (234) | ||
| 合计 | 2,095 | 588 |
*包括所有负债
Here’s a breakdown of earnings in this sector: (in millions) Pre-Tax Earnings Interest-Bearing Liabilities 2006 2005 2006 2005 Trading – ordinary income ............................ $ 274 $ 200 $ 600 $1,061 Gen Re Securities (loss) ................................. (5) (104) 1,204* 2,617* Life and annuity operation ............................. 29 11 2,459 2,461 Value Capital (loss) ....................................... 6 (33) N/A N/A Leasing operations ......................................... 182 173 261 370 Manufactured-housing finance (Clayton)....... 513 416 10,498 9,299 Other............................................................... 158 159 N/A N/A Income before capital gains............................ 1,157 822 Trading – capital gains (losses) ..................... 938 (234) Total .............................................................. $ 2,095 $ 588 *Includes all liabilities
投资
Investments
下面列示的是我们的普通股投资。有两个例外,截至 2006 年末市值超过 7 亿美元的投资都已逐项列出。我们没有逐项列出提及的那两只证券,它们市值 19 亿美元,因为我们仍在继续买入。我当然可以告诉你们它们的名字。但那样的话,我就得杀了你们。
We show below our common stock investments. With two exceptions, those that had a market value of more than $700 million at the end of 2006 are itemized. We don’t itemize the two securities referred to, which have a market value of $1.9 billion, because we continue to buy them. I could, of course, tell you their names. But then I would have to kill you.
12/31/06
持股比例 公司 持股成本* 市值
(百万股)
12/31/06 Percentage of Shares Company Company Owned Cost* Market (in millions)
1.516107 亿股 美国运通 12.6% $ 12.87 亿 $ 91.98 亿
3641.74 万股 安海斯-布希公司 4.7% $ 17.61 亿 $ 17.92 亿
2 亿股 可口可乐公司 8.6% $ 12.99 亿 $ 96.50 亿
1793.81 万股 康菲石油 1.1% $ 10.66 亿 $ 12.91 亿
2133.49 万股 强生公司 0.7% $ 12.50 亿 $ 14.09 亿
670.876 万股 M&T 银行 6.1% $ 1.03 亿 $ 8.20 亿
4800 万股 穆迪公司 17.2% $ 4.99 亿 $ 33.15 亿
23.38961 亿股 中国石油“H”股(或等值股份) 1.3% $ 4.88 亿 $ 33.13 亿
348.6006 万股 浦项制铁 4.0% $ 5.72 亿 $ 11.58 亿
1 亿股 宝洁公司 3.2% $ 9.40 亿 $ 64.27 亿
2.29707 亿股 乐购 2.9% $ 13.40 亿 $ 18.20 亿
3103.38 万股 美国合众银行 1.8% $ 9.69 亿 $ 11.23 亿
1707.2192 万股 USG 公司 19.0% $ 5.36 亿 $ 9.36 亿
1994.43 万股 沃尔玛 0.5% $ 9.42 亿 $ 9.21 亿
172.7765 万股 《华盛顿邮报》公司 18.0% $ 1100 万 $ 12.88 亿
2.181693 亿股 富国银行 6.5% $ 36.97 亿 $ 77.58 亿
172.42 万股 白山保险集团 16.0% $ 3.69 亿 $ 9.99 亿
其他 $ 58.66 亿 $ 83.15 亿
普通股合计 $ 229.95 亿 $ 615.33 亿
151,610,700 American Express Company ................... 12.6 $ 1,287 $ 9,198 36,417,400 Anheuser-Busch Cos., Inc. ...................... 4.7 1,761 1,792 200,000,000 The Coca-Cola Company ........................ 8.6 1,299 9,650 17,938,100 Conoco Phillips ....................................... 1.1 1,066 1,291 21,334,900 Johnson & Johnson.................................. 0.7 1,250 1,409 6,708,760 M&T Bank Corporation .......................... 6.1 103 820 48,000,000 Moody’s Corporation .............................. 17.2 499 3,315 2,338,961,000 PetroChina “H” shares (or equivalents)... 1.3 488 3,313 3,486,006 POSCO .................................................... 4.0 572 1,158 100,000,000 The Procter & Gamble Company ............ 3.2 940 6,427 229,707,000 Tesco ....................................................... 2.9 1,340 1,820 31,033,800 US Bancorp ............................................. 1.8 969 1,123 17,072,192 USG Corp ................................................ 19.0 536 936 19,944,300 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. .............................. 0.5 942 921 1,727,765 The Washington Post Company .............. 18.0 11 1,288 218,169,300 Wells Fargo & Company......................... 6.5 3,697 7,758 1,724,200 White Mountains Insurance..................... 16.0 369 999 Others ...................................................... 5,866 8,315 Total Common Stocks ............................. $22,995 $61,533
*这是我们的实际买入价,也是我们的计税基础;由于一些情况下需要进行减值或升值调整,GAAP“成本”在少数几个案例中有所不同。
*This is our actual purchase price and also our tax basis; GAAP “cost” differs in a few cases because of write-ups or write-downs that have been required.
我们对伯克希尔几乎所有被投企业在 2006 年的经营业绩都感到满意。去年,我们曾告诉各位,预期这些公司整体每年盈利增长 6% 到 8%,大约每十年就能翻一番。2006 年,美国运通、
We are delighted by the 2006 business performance of virtually all of our investees. Last year, we told you that our expectation was that these companies, in aggregate, would increase their earnings by 6% to 8% annually, a rate that would double their earnings every ten years or so. In 2006 American Express,
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可口可乐、宝洁、富国银行——我们最大的几个持仓——每股收益分别增长了 18%、9%、8% 和 11%。这是极为出色的成绩,我们感谢这几家公司的首席执行官。
我们已基本清空直接持有的外汇头寸,2006 年从中实现约 1.86 亿美元的税前利润(该收益包含在之前展示的金融与金融产品业务表中)。这使得我们自 2002 年建立该头寸以来的总收益达到 22 亿美元。以下是按币种分类的明细:
Coca-Cola, Procter & Gamble and Wells Fargo, our largest holdings, increased per-share earnings by 18%, 9%, 8% and 11%. These are stellar results, and we thank their CEOs.
We’ve come close to eliminating our direct foreign-exchange position, from which we realized about $186 million in pre-tax profits in 2006 (earnings that were included in the Finance and Financial Products table shown earlier). That brought our total gain since inception of this position in 2002 to $2.2 billion. Here’s a breakdown by currency:
总收益(损失),单位:百万美元
Total Gain (Loss) in Millions
澳元 2.471 亿美元 墨西哥比索 1.061 亿美元
英镑 2.872 亿美元 新西兰元 1.026 亿美元
加元 3.983 亿美元 新加坡元 -260 万美元
人民币 -1270 万美元 韩元 2.613 亿美元
欧元 8.392 亿美元 瑞士法郎 960 万美元
港元 -250 万美元 新台币 -4530 万美元
日元 190 万美元 其他期权 2290 万美元
Australian dollar $247.1 Mexican peso $106.1 British pound 287.2 New Zealand dollar 102.6 Canadian dollar 398.3 Singapore dollar (2.6) Chinese yuan (12.7) South Korean won 261.3 Euro 839.2 Swiss franc 9.6 Hong Kong dollar (2.5) Taiwan dollar (45.3) Japanese yen 1.9 Miscellaneous options 22.9
我们在间接货币上也赚了可观的利润,不过我从未精确统计过具体数字。比如,2002 年到 2003 年间,我们花了大约 8200 万美元买入安然公司的债券——没错,就是安然——其中一部分以欧元计价。目前,我们已经从这些债券中获得 1.79 亿美元的分红,剩余持仓价值 1.73 亿美元。这意味着总收益是 2.7 亿美元,其中一部分来自买入债券后欧元的升值。
We’ve made large indirect currency profits as well, though I’ve never tallied the precise amount. For example, in 2002-2003 we spent about $82 million buying – of all things – Enron bonds, some of which were denominated in Euros. Already we’ve received distributions of $179 million from these bonds, and our remaining stake is worth $173 million. That means our overall gain is $270 million, part of which came from the appreciation of the Euro that took place after our bond purchase.
我们最初开始进行外汇购买时,美国与大多数国家之间的利率差异有利于直接持有外汇头寸。但到了 2005 年,这一利差转为负值。于是我们开始寻找其他方式获取外汇敞口,比如持有外国股票,或者持有海外盈利占比很高的美国股票。需要强调一点,汇率因素在我们选股时并非主导因素,只是众多考量之一。
When we first began making foreign exchange purchases, interest-rate differentials between the U.S. and most foreign countries favored a direct currency position. But that spread turned negative in 2005. We therefore looked for other ways to gain foreign-currency exposure, such as the ownership of foreign equities or of U.S. stocks with major earnings abroad. The currency factor, we should emphasize, is not dominant in our selection of equities, but is merely one of many considerations.
随着我们的贸易问题日益恶化,美元长期走弱的概率依然很高。我由衷信奉真实的贸易——贸易越多,对美国和世界越有利。2006 年,我们这种货真价实的贸易额大约是 1.44 万亿美元。但去年美国还有 7600 亿美元的伪贸易——这些进口我们没有用任何商品或服务去交换。(请想一想,如果我们的进口达到 7600 亿美元——整整占 GDP 的 6%——而我们却没有任何出口,评论员们会怎么描述这种局面?)进行这些没有相应销售作回报的采购时,美国必然会把其资产或借据的所有权转让给世界其他地方。就像一个极其富有但自我放纵的家庭,为了消费超出自己产出的部分,我们剥离了一部分自己拥有的东西。
As our U.S. trade problems worsen, the probability that the dollar will weaken over time continues to be high. I fervently believe in real trade – the more the better for both us and the world. We had about $1.44 trillion of this honest-to-God trade in 2006. But the U.S. also had $.76 trillion of pseudo-trade last year – imports for which we exchanged no goods or services. (Ponder, for a moment, how commentators would describe the situation if our imports were $.76 trillion – a full 6% of GDP – and we had no exports.) Making these purchases that weren’t reciprocated by sales, the U.S. necessarily transferred ownership of its assets or IOUs to the rest of the world. Like a very wealthy but self-indulgent family, we peeled off a bit of what we owned in order to consume more than we produced.
美国能做到这些,很大程度上是因为我们是个极其富裕的国家,而且过去一直负责任地行事。因此,全世界愿意接受我们的债券、房地产、股票和企业。而我们手中刚好有大量的这类资产可以交出。
The U.S. can do a lot of this because we are an extraordinarily rich country that has behaved responsibly in the past. The world is therefore willing to accept our bonds, real estate, stocks and businesses. And we have a vast store of these to hand over.
然而,这些转移将带来后果。去年我曾预言,我们的支出狂潮会引发一种副作用,如今这个预言已经成真:自 1915 年以来每年均为正数的美国“投资收益”账户,在 2006 年转为负数。如今,外国人在美国投资所赚的钱,已超过我们在海外投资的收益。实际上,我们已花光银行存款,转而刷起了信用卡。而且,就像所有欠债的人一样,美国现在将体验到“反向复利”——我们在利息之上支付着越来越多的利息。
These transfers will have consequences, however. Already the prediction I made last year about one fall-out from our spending binge has come true: The “investment income” account of our country – positive in every previous year since 1915 – turned negative in 2006. Foreigners now earn more on their U.S. investments than we do on our investments abroad. In effect, we’ve used up our bank account and turned to our credit card. And, like everyone who gets in hock, the U.S. will now experience “reverse compounding” as we pay ever-increasing amounts of interest on interest.
我要强调一点:尽管我们的做法不明智,美国人十年或二十年后的生活水平仍会比今天更高。人均财富将增加。但我们的公民每年也将被迫将当前生产的很大一部分运往海外,仅仅是为了偿还我们巨额债务头寸的利息。每天有一部分时间都在为过去的过度消费打工,这种滋味可不好受。
I want to emphasize that even though our course is unwise, Americans will live better ten or twenty years from now than they do today. Per-capita wealth will increase. But our citizens will also be forced every year to ship a significant portion of their current production abroad merely to service the cost of our huge debtor position. It won’t be pleasant to work part of each day to pay for the over-consumption
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你的祖先。我相信,在未来的某个节点,美国工人和选民会发现这份年度“贡品”如此沉重,以至于会引发强烈的政治反弹。这在市场上将如何演变无从预测——但期待“软着陆”似乎只是一厢情愿。
我应该提一下,我们实现的所有直接货币利润都来自远期合约(这是一种衍生品),同时我们也介入了其他类型的衍生品合约。这看起来可能有些奇怪,因为你知道我们在清理通用再保险的衍生品账簿时付出了昂贵的代价,也听我讲过衍生品使用量爆炸式增长可能引发的系统性风险。你或许会问,为什么我们还在玩弄这些潜在的有毒材料?
of your ancestors. I believe that at some point in the future U.S. workers and voters will find this annual “tribute” so onerous that there will be a severe political backlash. How that will play out in markets is impossible to predict – but to expect a “soft landing” seems like wishful thinking.
I should mention that all of the direct currency profits we have realized have come from forward contracts, which are derivatives, and that we have entered into other types of derivatives contracts as well. That may seem odd, since you know of our expensive experience in unwinding the derivatives book at Gen Re and also have heard me talk of the systemic problems that could result from the enormous growth in the use of derivatives. Why, you may wonder, are we fooling around with such potentially toxic material?
答案是:衍生品,就像股票和债券一样,有时会被严重错误定价。因此,多年以来,我们选择性地签下了一些衍生品合约——数量不多,但有时金额巨大。我们目前持有 62 份未平仓合约。这些合约由我亲自管理,并且不存在对手方信用风险。迄今为止,这些衍生品合约对我们来说效果不错,带来了数亿美元的税前利润(这还不算我之前列出的远期外汇合约收益)。尽管我们偶尔会遭遇亏损,但总体而言,我们很可能会继续从错误定价的衍生品中赚取可观的利润。
我曾告诉过你们,伯克希尔有三位杰出的候选人可以接替我的 CEO 职位,董事会也完全清楚,如果我今晚去世,谁应该接手。这三位候选人都比我年轻得多。董事们认为,我的继任者能够长期任职这一点非常重要。
The answer is that derivatives, just like stocks and bonds, are sometimes wildly mispriced. For many years, accordingly, we have selectively written derivative contracts – few in number but sometimes for large dollar amounts. We currently have 62 contracts outstanding. I manage them personally, and they are free of counterparty credit risk. So far, these derivative contracts have worked out well for us, producing pre-tax profits in the hundreds of millions of dollars (above and beyond the gains I’ve itemized from forward foreign-exchange contracts). Though we will experience losses from time to time, we are likely to continue to earn – overall – significant profits from mispriced derivatives.
I have told you that Berkshire has three outstanding candidates to replace me as CEO and that the Board knows exactly who should take over if I should die tonight. Each of the three is much younger than I. The directors believe it’s important that my successor have the prospect of a long tenure.
坦率地说,我们在投资业务方面并没有做好同样充分的准备。这背后有一段历史:曾经有一段时间,查理是我在投资方面的潜在接班人,而最近这些年,卢·辛普森接替了这个角色。卢是一流的投资人,他管理 GEICO 股票投资组合的长期业绩极为出色。但他只比我年轻六岁。如果我不久后去世,他能出色地顶上一段短时间。但长期来看,我们还需要另一个答案。
Frankly, we are not as well-prepared on the investment side of our business. There’s a history here: At one time, Charlie was my potential replacement for investing, and more recently Lou Simpson has filled that slot. Lou is a top-notch investor with an outstanding long-term record of managing GEICO’s equity portfolio. But he is only six years younger than I. If I were to die soon, he would fill in magnificently for a short period. For the long-term, though, we need a different answer.
在我们十月份的董事会上,我们充分讨论了这个问题。最终我们制定了一个计划,我将与查理和卢一起执行。
At our October board meeting, we discussed that subject fully. And we emerged with a plan, which I will carry out with the help of Charlie and Lou.
按照这个方案,我打算雇佣一位有潜力管理超大投资组合的年轻人,不论男女,我们希望等有朝一日需要有人接替我的时候,他能成为伯克希尔的首席投资官。在筛选过程中,我们实际上可能会同时考察多位候选人。
Under this plan, I intend to hire a younger man or woman with the potential to manage a very large portfolio, who we hope will succeed me as Berkshire’s chief investment officer when the need for someone to do that arises. As part of the selection process, we may in fact take on several candidates.
选对这个人(或几个人)不是一件容易事。当然,找到聪明人、找到投资业绩令人印象深刻的人并不难。但要实现成功的长期投资,光靠聪明才智和近期的亮眼表现还远远不够。
Picking the right person(s) will not be an easy task. It’s not hard, of course, to find smart people, among them individuals who have impressive investment records. But there is far more to successful long- term investing than brains and performance that has recently been good.
随着时间的推移,市场会做出一些极其异常、甚至荒诞的事情。一次重大的失误就可能抹掉一连串的成功。因此,我们需要一个基因里就编码好能识别和规避严重风险——包括那些从未遇到过的风险——的人。当今金融机构普遍使用的模型,无法发现投资策略中潜藏的某些危险。
Over time, markets will do extraordinary, even bizarre, things. A single, big mistake could wipe out a long string of successes. We therefore need someone genetically programmed to recognize and avoid serious risks, including those never before encountered. Certain perils that lurk in investment strategies cannot be spotted by use of the models commonly employed today by financial institutions.
性格也很重要。独立思考、情绪稳定,以及对人和机构行为的深刻洞察,对于长期投资成功至关重要。我见过不少极其聪明的人,却缺乏这些品质。
Temperament is also important. Independent thinking, emotional stability, and a keen understanding of both human and institutional behavior is vital to long-term investment success. I’ve seen a lot of very smart people who have lacked these virtues.
最后,我们有一个特殊问题要考虑:我们能否留住所雇用的人。能在简历上写上伯克希尔,会极大提升一位投资经理的市场身价。因此,我们需要确保能留住我们选中的人,即便他或她离开后能在别处赚到多得多的钱。
Finally, we have a special problem to consider: our ability to keep the person we hire. Being able to list Berkshire on a resume would materially enhance the marketability of an investment manager. We will need, therefore, to be sure we can retain our choice, even though he or she could leave and make much more money elsewhere.
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确实有符合我们需求的人,但可能很难把他们找出来。1979 年,杰克·伯恩和我都觉得在卢·辛普森身上找到了这样一个人。我们和他做了个安排:只要他持续跑赢大盘,就能获得丰厚报酬。根据这个协议,他赚得了大笔财富。但卢其实早就可以离开我们,去管理规模远超此处的资金,条件也更优厚。如果纯粹为了钱,他早就会那么做了。可卢从未考虑过这种选择。我们需要再找到一两个同样特质的年轻人。
好消息是:我 76 岁了,感觉棒极了,而且所有可衡量的指标都显示我身体非常健康。樱桃可乐和汉堡包能给一个人带来什么,真是不可思议。
There are surely people who fit what we need, but they may be hard to identify. In 1979, Jack Byrne and I felt we had found such a person in Lou Simpson. We then made an arrangement with him whereby he would be paid well for sustained overperformance. Under this deal, he has earned large amounts. Lou, however, could have left us long ago to manage far greater sums on more advantageous terms. If money alone had been the object, that’s exactly what he would have done. But Lou never considered such a move. We need to find a younger person or two made of the same stuff.
The good news: At 76, I feel terrific and, according to all measurable indicators, am in excellent health. It’s amazing what Cherry Coke and hamburgers will do for a fellow.
伯克希尔董事会的若干变动
Some Changes on Berkshire’s Board
今年春天,我们董事会的构成将发生两处变化。其一涉及蔡斯家族——这个家族与伯克希尔及其前身公司的渊源已超过一个世纪。1929 年,第一代马尔科姆·G·蔡斯在将新英格兰四家纺织企业合并为伯克希尔精细纺织联合公司的过程中发挥了重要作用。这家公司于 1955 年与哈撒韦制造公司合并,组成了伯克希尔·哈撒韦,而小马尔科姆·G·蔡斯则成为其董事长。
The composition of our board will change in two ways this spring. One change will involve the Chace family, which has been connected to Berkshire and its predecessor companies for more than a century. In 1929, the first Malcolm G. Chace played an important role in merging four New England textile operations into Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates. That company merged with Hathaway Manufacturing in 1955 to form Berkshire Hathaway, and Malcolm G. Chace, Jr. became its chairman.
1965 年初,马尔科姆安排巴菲特合伙有限公司买下伯克希尔的关键股权,并欢迎我们成为公司新的控股股东。马尔科姆继续担任非执行董事长,直至 1969 年。他既是位出色的绅士,也是位得力的合伙人。
Early in 1965, Malcolm arranged for Buffett Partnership Ltd. to buy a key block of Berkshire shares and welcomed us as the new controlling shareholder of the company. Malcolm continued as non- executive chairman until 1969. He was both a wonderful gentleman and helpful partner.
这段描述也适用于他的儿子马尔科姆·“金”·蔡斯,他于 1992 年接替父亲进入伯克希尔董事会。但去年,金——如今正积极且成功地管理着自己在 1996 年创立的一家社区银行——建议我们在董事会中找一位更年轻的人来接替他。我们照办了,金将在年度股东大会上辞去董事职务。我亏欠蔡斯一家很多,并希望感谢金多年来为伯克希尔所做的贡献。
That description also fits his son, Malcolm “Kim” Chace, who succeeded his father on Berkshire’s board in 1992. But last year Kim, now actively and successfully running a community bank that he founded in 1996, suggested that we find a younger person to replace him on our board. We have done so, and Kim will step down as a director at the annual meeting. I owe much to the Chaces and wish to thank Kim for his many years of service to Berkshire.
在挑选新董事时,我们遵循长期奉行的标准,即董事会成员必须股东导向、懂商业、有兴趣且名副其实的独立。我说“名副其实”,是因为很多被各种机构及观察家认定为独立的董事,其实远非如此——他们严重依赖董事酬金来维持生活水准。这些以多种形式发放的报酬,通常在每年 15 万到 25 万美元之间,这笔收入可能接近甚至超过这位“独立”董事的其他所有收入。而且,意料之中——近年董事薪酬大幅飙升,背后推手是美国企业界最青睐的咨询公司“棘轮、棘轮与宾果”提出的一系列建议。(这家公司的名字也许是虚构的,但它传达的做派可不是。)
In selecting a new director, we were guided by our long-standing criteria, which are that board members be owner-oriented, business-savvy, interested and truly independent. I say “truly” because many directors who are now deemed independent by various authorities and observers are far from that, relying heavily as they do on directors’ fees to maintain their standard of living. These payments, which come in many forms, often range between $150,000 and $250,000 annually, compensation that may approach or even exceed all other income of the “independent” director. And – surprise, surprise – director compensation has soared in recent years, pushed up by recommendations from corporate America’s favorite consultant, Ratchet, Ratchet and Bingo. (The name may be phony, but the action it conveys is not.)
查理和我的看法是,如果董事要履行好自己的职责——按照法律规定,他们的职责就是忠实地代表股东——那么我们的四条标准是必不可少的。然而,这些标准通常被忽略了。相反,在物色董事会人选时,顾问和 CEO 们常常会说:“我们想找一位女性,”或者“一位西语裔,”或者“一位外籍人士,”诸如此类。有时候听起来,这项任务像是在给诺亚方舟配齐动物。这些年来,我多次被问到关于潜在董事人选的问题,却从未听到有人问:“他思考问题的方式像一位聪明的所有者吗?”
Charlie and I believe our four criteria are essential if directors are to do their job – which, by law, is to faithfully represent owners. Yet these criteria are usually ignored. Instead, consultants and CEOs seeking board candidates will often say, “We’re looking for a woman,” or “a Hispanic,” or “someone from abroad,” or what have you. It sometimes sounds as if the mission is to stock Noah’s ark. Over the years I’ve been queried many times about potential directors and have yet to hear anyone ask, “Does he think like an intelligent owner?”
相反,我收到的问题,在给比如说一支橄榄球队、一个仲裁委员会或一个军事指挥部物色候选人时,听起来会十分荒唐。在那些情况下,选拔者要找的是具备特定才能和态度、能胜任专项工作的人。在伯克希尔,我们从事的专项活动是把企业管好,因此我们寻找的是商业判断力。
The questions I instead get would sound ridiculous to someone seeking candidates for, say, a football team, or an arbitration panel or a military command. In those cases, the selectors would look for people who had the specific talents and attitudes that were required for a specialized job. At Berkshire, we are in the specialized activity of running a business well, and therefore we seek business judgment.
我们在雅虎首席财务官苏珊·德克尔身上找到的正是这一点,她将在年度股东大会上加入我们的董事会。能请到她,我们很幸运:她在我们设定的四个标准上得分极高,而且,44 岁的她还很年轻——你可能也注意到了,这个特质你们的董事长已经缺失很久了。未来我们会继续寻找更年轻的董事,但绝不会以轻忽我们坚持的那四项品质为代价。
That’s exactly what we’ve found in Susan Decker, CFO of Yahoo!, who will join our board at the annual meeting. We are lucky to have her: She scores very high on our four criteria and additionally, at 44, is young – an attribute, as you may have noticed, that your Chairman has long lacked. We will seek more young directors in the future, but never by slighting the four qualities that we insist upon.
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凡此种种
This and That
伯克希尔将为 2006 年的盈利缴纳约 44 亿美元的联邦所得税。在上一财年,美国政府支出了 2.6 万亿美元,日均约 70 亿美元。也就是说,在超过半天的时间里,伯克希尔为所有联邦开支——从社会保障和医疗保险支付到军费——买了单。如果全美国有 600 个像伯克希尔这样的纳税人,其他美国人就再也不必缴纳任何联邦所得税或工资税了。
另外要提一句,我们去年提交的联邦纳税申报表长达 9386 页。为了处理这份申报、州税和外国税申报、大量美国证券交易委员会要求,以及运营伯克希尔涉及的所有其他事务,我们在全球总部总共配备了 19 名员工。
Berkshire will pay about $4.4 billion in federal income tax on its 2006 earnings. In its last fiscal year the U.S. Government spent $2.6 trillion, or about $7 billion per day. Thus, for more than half of one day, Berkshire picked up the tab for all federal expenditures, ranging from Social Security and Medicare payments to the cost of our armed services. Had there been only 600 taxpayers like Berkshire, no one else in America would have needed to pay any federal income or payroll taxes.
Our federal return last year, we should add, ran to 9,386 pages. To handle this filing, state and foreign tax returns, a myriad of SEC requirements, and all of the other matters involved in running Berkshire, we have gone all the way up to 19 employees at World Headquarters.
这个团队占据 9,708 平方英尺的空间,而查理——在洛杉矶的西海岸世界总部——另有 655 平方英尺。去年,我们总部的工资支出,包括福利、算上两个地点,合计 353.1978 万美元。花你们的钱时,我们很小心。
This crew occupies 9,708 square feet of space, and Charlie – at World Headquarters West in Los Angeles – uses another 655 square feet. Our home-office payroll, including benefits and counting both locations, totaled $3,531,978 last year. We’re careful when spending your money.
企业大佬们常常抱怨政府开支,指责那些官僚用纳税人的钱大手大脚,仿佛花的不是自己的钱。但有时候,高管们的财务行为也会因掏的是谁的钱包而有所不同。下面讲个我在所罗门兄弟时的故事。上世纪八十年代,公司有位叫吉米的理发师,每周来给高层领导免费理发,还配有一位美甲师随叫随到。后来,为了削减成本,公司要求大家自己掏钱。一位之前每周都找吉米的高管(不是 CEO)立刻改成了每三周理一次发。
我和查理偶尔会早早抓住一股潮流趋势,其中蕴含着巨大的商业潜力。举个例子,虽然美国航空(靠“里程”)和美国运通(靠信用卡积分)被认为是向客户提供“奖励”的开路先锋,但查理和我在洞察这个强大概念的吸引力方面远超前两者。受到这一洞见的鼓舞,我们俩早在 1970 年就跳进了奖励业务,通过收购一家交易印花券公司——蓝筹印花——获得了其控股权。那一年,蓝筹印花的销售额达到了 1.26 亿美元,它的印花遍布加州。
Corporate bigwigs often complain about government spending, criticizing bureaucrats who they say spend taxpayers’ money differently from how they would if it were their own. But sometimes the financial behavior of executives will also vary based on whose wallet is getting depleted. Here’s an illustrative tale from my days at Salomon. In the 1980s the company had a barber, Jimmy by name, who came in weekly to give free haircuts to the top brass. A manicurist was also on tap. Then, because of a cost-cutting drive, patrons were told to pay their own way. One top executive (not the CEO) who had previously visited Jimmy weekly went immediately to a once-every-three-weeks schedule.
Every now and then Charlie and I catch on early to a tide-like trend, one brimming over with commercial promise. For example, though American Airlines (with its “miles”) and American Express (with credit card points) are credited as being trailblazers in granting customers “rewards,” Charlie and I were far ahead of them in spotting the appeal of this powerful idea. Excited by our insight, the two of us jumped into the reward business way back in 1970 by buying control of a trading stamp operation, Blue Chip Stamps. In that year, Blue Chip had sales of $126 million, and its stamps papered California.
1970 年,确实有大约 600 亿张我们的印花被储户舔湿、贴进册子、拿到蓝筹印花兑换店去兑现。我们的奖品目录厚达 116 页,满是诱人的商品。有人告诉我,连某些妓院和殡仪馆都给顾客发印花时,我觉得我终于找到了一个稳赚不赔的买卖。
In 1970, indeed, about 60 billion of our stamps were licked by savers, pasted into books, and taken to Blue Chip redemption stores. Our catalog of rewards was 116 pages thick and chock full of tantalizing items. When I was told that even certain brothels and mortuaries gave stamps to their patrons, I felt I had finally found a sure thing.
不过,倒也并非完全如此。从查理和我接手蓝筹印花那天起,这家公司的业务就一路下滑。到 1980 年,销售额已降至 1940 万美元。到了 1990 年,销售额更是徘徊在 150 万美元左右。我没放弃,反而加倍努力投入管理。
Well, not quite. From the day Charlie and I stepped into the Blue Chip picture, the business went straight downhill. By 1980, sales had fallen to $19.4 million. And, by 1990, sales were bumping along at $1.5 million. No quitter, I redoubled my managerial efforts.
随后销售额又暴跌了 98%。去年,在伯克希尔 980 亿美元的收入中,区区 25920 美元(一个零都没少)来自蓝筹印花。但查理和我满怀希望,继续坚持。
去年我提到过,在我任职的 19 家公司董事会(不包括伯克希尔或其他控股公司)中,我一直是薪酬委员会的“伤寒玛丽”。只有一家公司让我加入了薪酬委员会,结果在我们面临的最关键决策上,我很快就被投票否决了。我的被排斥有点不寻常,毕竟在设定 CEO 薪酬方面,我绝非缺乏经验。在伯克希尔,我是由一个人组成的薪酬委员会,为大约 40 家重要运营公司的 CEO 制定薪酬和激励方案。
Sales then fell another 98%. Last year, in Berkshire’s $98 billion of revenues, all of $25,920 (no zeros omitted) came from Blue Chip. Ever hopeful, Charlie and I soldier on.
I mentioned last year that in my service on 19 corporate boards (not counting Berkshire or other controlled companies), I have been the Typhoid Mary of compensation committees. At only one company was I assigned to comp committee duty, and then I was promptly outvoted on the most crucial decision that we faced. My ostracism has been peculiar, considering that I certainly haven’t lacked experience in setting CEO pay. At Berkshire, after all, I am a one-man compensation committee who determines the salaries and incentives for the CEOs of around 40 significant operating businesses.
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我在工作里花多少时间处理这类事?几乎为零。42 年来,有多少 CEO 自愿离职,跑去干别的工作?一个都没有。
How much time does this aspect of my job take? Virtually none. How many CEOs have voluntarily left us for other jobs in our 42-year history? Precisely none.
伯克希尔采用多种不同的激励方案,其条款取决于 CEO 所管理业务的经济潜力或资本密集度等因素。不过,无论采用何种薪酬安排,我都力求让它既简单又公平。
Berkshire employs many different incentive arrangements, with their terms depending on such elements as the economic potential or capital intensity of a CEO’s business. Whatever the compensation arrangement, though, I try to keep it both simple and fair.
我们使用激励机制时——有时金额会很可观——这些机制始终与特定 CEO 所负责的经营业绩挂钩。我们不会发行与业务表现无关的彩票式奖励。如果一位 CEO 打出 .300 的打击率,他就会因自己是 .300 击球员而获得报酬,即使他无法控制的外部因素导致伯克希尔表现糟糕。而如果他的打击率只有 .150,他也不会因为其他人成功让伯克希尔大赚而拿到奖金。举个例子:伯克希尔现在持有价值 610 亿美元的股票,这些股票在一年内市值上下浮动 10% 很容易。无论这样的 60 亿美元波动对股东来说多么重要,我们经营层高管的薪酬凭什么要受其影响呢?
When we use incentives – and these can be large – they are always tied to the operating results for which a given CEO has authority. We issue no lottery tickets that carry payoffs unrelated to business performance. If a CEO bats .300, he gets paid for being a .300 hitter, even if circumstances outside of his control cause Berkshire to perform poorly. And if he bats .150, he doesn’t get a payoff just because the successes of others have enabled Berkshire to prosper mightily. An example: We now own $61 billion of equities at Berkshire, whose value can easily rise or fall by 10% in a given year. Why in the world should the pay of our operating executives be affected by such $6 billion swings, however important the gain or loss may be for shareholders?
你读过大量关于首席执行官因业绩平平却领取天文数字薪酬的报道。但远没那么广为人知的是,美国的首席执行官们通常也过着优渥的生活。需要强调的是,其中许多人能力出众,而且几乎所有人每周工作时间都远远超过 40 小时。但在此过程中,他们通常被当作皇室成员一样对待。(在伯克希尔,我们当然也会继续保持这种做派。虽然查理仍然偏爱粗布麻衣和灰烬苦行,但我更喜欢被宠得无法无天。伯克希尔旗下有家“被宠坏的厨师”公司;我们出色的办公团队则让我成了“被宠坏的首席”。)
You’ve read loads about CEOs who have received astronomical compensation for mediocre results. Much less well-advertised is the fact that America’s CEOs also generally live the good life. Many, it should be emphasized, are exceptionally able, and almost all work far more than 40 hours a week. But they are usually treated like royalty in the process. (And we’re certainly going to keep it that way at Berkshire. Though Charlie still favors sackcloth and ashes, I prefer to be spoiled rotten. Berkshire owns The Pampered Chef; our wonderful office group has made me The Pampered Chief.)
一家公司的 CEO 特殊待遇很快就会被其他公司效仿。“别的孩子都有这个”这种话在董事会上说出来似乎有点幼稚。但顾问们在向薪酬委员会提建议时,用的恰恰就是这个论据——当然,措辞会更优雅些。
CEO perks at one company are quickly copied elsewhere. “All the other kids have one” may seem a thought too juvenile to use as a rationale in the boardroom. But consultants employ precisely this argument, phrased more elegantly of course, when they make recommendations to comp committees.
不合理的、过度的薪酬操作,不会因为信息披露或有了“独立”薪酬委员会成员就发生实质性改变。事实上,我认为自己之所以被那么多薪酬委员会拒绝,很可能就是因为被视为过于独立。薪酬改革只有当最大的机构股东——哪怕只有几个——要求对整个体系进行重新审视时才会发生。眼下薪酬顾问们精挑细选“同行”公司与客户进行对标的做法,只会让现有的过度问题不断延续下去。
去年我安排将所持伯克希尔的大部分股票捐给了五家慈善基金会,以此部分践行我终身计划的一部分,即最终将所有股份用于慈善目的。这些承诺的细节及我做出该决定的理由,都发布在我们官网 www.berkshirehathaway.com 上。需要说明的是,税收与我的决定及时间安排毫无关系。我在 2006 年缴纳的联邦及州所得税,和我去年夏天没做首批捐赠时完全一样,2007 年的捐款也是如此。
Irrational and excessive comp practices will not be materially changed by disclosure or by “independent” comp committee members. Indeed, I think it’s likely that the reason I was rejected for service on so many comp committees was that I was regarded as too independent. Compensation reform will only occur if the largest institutional shareholders – it would only take a few – demand a fresh look at the whole system. The consultants’ present drill of deftly selecting “peer” companies to compare with their clients will only perpetuate present excesses.
Last year I arranged for the bulk of my Berkshire holdings to go to five charitable foundations, thus carrying out part of my lifelong plan to eventually use all of my shares for philanthropic purposes. Details of the commitments I made, as well as the rationale for them, are posted on our website, www.berkshirehathaway.com. Taxes, I should note, had nothing to do with my decision or its timing. My federal and state income taxes in 2006 were exactly what they would have been had I not made my first contributions last summer, and the same point will apply to my 2007 contributions.
在我的遗嘱中,我已规定我所持有的伯克希尔股票在我去世后的收益,需在我的遗产清算完成后十年内用于慈善目的。由于我的事务并不复杂,这一清算过程最多需要三年。将这段 13 年时间再加上我预期约 12 年的寿命(虽然,自然而言,我希望能活得更久),意味着我所有伯克希尔股票的收益大概会在未来 25 年左右用于社会公益。
In my will I’ve stipulated that the proceeds from all Berkshire shares I still own at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within ten years after my estate is closed. Because my affairs are not complicated, it should take three years at most for this closing to occur. Adding this 13-year period to my expected lifespan of about 12 years (though, naturally, I’m aiming for more) means that proceeds from all of my Berkshire shares will likely be distributed for societal purposes over the next 25 years or so.
我制定这个计划,是因为我希望这笔钱能由我了解的能干、有干劲、有动力的人相对较快地花掉。这些管理特质有时会随着机构——尤其是那些免受市场力量影响的机构——变老而衰减。如今,这五家基金会都由了不起的人掌管。那么,在我去世时,他们为什么不应该迅速行动,明智地花掉剩下的钱呢?
I’ve set this schedule because I want the money to be spent relatively promptly by people I know to be capable, vigorous and motivated. These managerial attributes sometimes wane as institutions – particularly those that are exempt from market forces – age. Today, there are terrific people in charge at the five foundations. So at my death, why should they not move with dispatch to judiciously spend the money that remains?
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支持永续基金会的人认为,未来必定会出现需要慈善事业应对的重大社会问题。这一点我同意。但到那时,也会有许多超级富有的个人和家族,财富规模将超过今天的美国人,慈善组织完全可以向他们募资。这些出资人将能亲身判断,哪些机构既有活力又有专注力,能最有效地解决当时存在的重大社会问题。如此一来,理念和成效便能接受市场的检验。有些机构会获得大力支持,另一些则早已功成身退。即便在世之人决策并不完美,他们配置资金也理应比长眠地下六英尺的人几十年前立下的遗嘱更理性。遗嘱当然可以随时重写,但我的想法发生实质性变化的可能性极低。
Those people favoring perpetual foundations argue that in the future there will most certainly be large and important societal problems that philanthropy will need to address. I agree. But there will then also be many super-rich individuals and families whose wealth will exceed that of today’s Americans and to whom philanthropic organizations can make their case for funding. These funders can then judge firsthand which operations have both the vitality and the focus to best address the major societal problems that then exist. In this way, a market test of ideas and effectiveness can be applied. Some organizations will deserve major support while others will have outlived their usefulness. Even if the people above ground make their decisions imperfectly, they should be able to allocate funds more rationally than a decedent six feet under will have ordained decades earlier. Wills, of course, can always be rewritten, but it’s very unlikely that my thinking will change in a material way.
有少数股东担心,接收我所捐赠股份的基金会出售伯克希尔股票会打压股价。这种担忧毫无根据。许多股票的年交易量超过其流通股总数的 100%,但它们的成交价通常仍接近内在价值。伯克希尔同样倾向于以合理价格成交,只是年交易量仅占流通股数的 15%。接收我股份的基金会出售股票,最多将让年交易量增加三个百分点,即便如此,伯克希尔的换手率仍将是全市场最低之一。
A few shareholders have expressed concern that sales of Berkshire by the foundations receiving shares will depress the stock. These fears are unwarranted. The annual trading volume of many stocks exceeds 100% of the outstanding shares, but nevertheless these stocks usually sell at prices approximating their intrinsic value. Berkshire also tends to sell at an appropriate price, but with annual volume that is only 15% of shares outstanding. At most, sales by the foundations receiving my shares will add three percentage points to annual trading volume, which will still leave Berkshire with a turnover ratio that is the lowest around.
总体而言,伯克希尔的经营表现将决定我们的股价,而大多数时候股价会在合理区间内运行。重要的是,基金会在定期卖出伯克希尔股票时能获得合理价格,同时,新买入的股东也不应支付过高溢价(见第 77 页经济原则第 14 条)。通过我们的政策和与股东的沟通,查理和我将尽最大努力,确保伯克希尔的股价既不出现大幅折价,也不出现大幅溢价。
Overall, Berkshire’s business performance will determine the price of our stock, and most of the time it will sell in a zone of reasonableness. It’s important that the foundations receive appropriate prices as they periodically sell Berkshire shares, but it’s also important that incoming shareholders don’t overpay. (See economic principle 14 on page 77.) By both our policies and shareholder communications, Charlie and I will do our best to ensure that Berkshire sells at neither a large discount nor large premium to intrinsic value.
基金会持股这一事实,绝不会影响我们董事会在分红、回购或发行新股方面的决策。我们将严格遵循过去一直指引我们的同一准则:怎样的行动,长远来看最有可能给股东带来最佳结果?
在去年的年报中,我通过寓言讲述了格特罗克斯家族的故事——这个家族拥有美国所有的企业,却事与愿违,试图通过向“帮手”支付越来越高的佣金和费用来提升投资回报。可悲的是,这个“家族”在 2006 年继续走着这条自我毁灭之路。
The existence of foundation ownership will in no way influence our board’s decisions about dividends, repurchases, or the issuance of shares. We will follow exactly the same rule that has guided us in the past: What action will be likely to deliver the best result for shareholders over time?
In last year’s report I allegorically described the Gotrocks family – a clan that owned all of America’s businesses and that counterproductively attempted to increase its investment returns by paying ever-greater commissions and fees to “helpers.” Sad to say, the “family” continued its self-destructive ways in 2006.
这个家族之所以执迷不悟,一部分原因在于他们对能获得的回报抱有极不切实际的预期。这种妄想有时是出于私利。譬如,私营养老金计划可以使用几乎无法实现的投资假设,暂时粉饰盈利;公共养老基金也借此推迟增税时点。精算师和审计师对这种手法听之任之,而恶果可能在几十年后才会显露(等到那时,当初误导世人的首席执行官或公职人员多半早已离任)。
In part the family persists in this folly because it harbors unrealistic expectations about obtainable returns. Sometimes these delusions are self-serving. For example, private pension plans can temporarily overstate their earnings, and public pension plans can defer the need for increased taxes, by using investment assumptions that are likely to be out of reach. Actuaries and auditors go along with these tactics, and it can be decades before the chickens come home to roost (at which point the CEO or public official who misled the world is apt to be gone).
与此同时,华尔街那些“业绩花衣魔笛手”还在不断助长这个家族徒劳的幻想。可怜的格特罗克斯家族一再被告知,他们个个都能取得超越平均水平的投资业绩——前提是不断支付更高昂的费用。这种承诺,不妨称之为成人版的“沃比冈湖”神话。
Meanwhile, Wall Street’s Pied Pipers of Performance will have encouraged the futile hopes of the family. The hapless Gotrocks will be assured that they all can achieve above-average investment performance – but only by paying ever-higher fees. Call this promise the adult version of Lake Woebegon.
2006 年,承诺费和业绩报酬双双创下新高。大量资金从机构投资者涌向“2-20”群体。对不熟悉这种安排的人,我来解释一下:这套体系严重失衡,无论经理人是否取得任何成绩——甚至让他亏了一大笔钱——每年你都要把本金的 2% 付给他;另外,如果他成功了,哪怕成功只是因为水涨船高,你还要付给他 20% 的利润。举例来说,一位经理人在某年创造了 10% 的总回报,他会拿走 3.6 个百分点——头两个点直接扣掉,再加上剩余 8 个点的 20%——留给投资者的只有 6.4 个百分点。在一只 30 亿美元的基金上,这 6.4% 的净“业绩”会给经理人带来足足 1.08 亿美元。他拿到这笔横财,而同一时期一只指数基金可能给投资者带来了 15% 的回报,收的却只是象征性的费用。
In 2006, promises and fees hit new highs. A flood of money went from institutional investors to the 2-and-20 crowd. For those innocent of this arrangement, let me explain: It’s a lopsided system whereby 2% of your principal is paid each year to the manager even if he accomplishes nothing – or, for that matter, loses you a bundle – and, additionally, 20% of your profit is paid to him if he succeeds, even if his success is due simply to a rising tide. For example, a manager who achieves a gross return of 10% in a year will keep 3.6 percentage points – two points off the top plus 20% of the residual 8 points – leaving only 6.4 percentage points for his investors. On a $3 billion fund, this 6.4% net “performance” will deliver the manager a cool $108 million. He will receive this bonanza even though an index fund might have returned 15% to investors in the same period and charged them only a token fee.
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这种畸形安排背后的无情数学,从长远来看,一定会让格特罗克家族变得比他们从未听说过这些“超级帮手”时更穷。即便如此,2% 管理费加 20% 业绩提成这种模式仍在蔓延。它的效果让人想起一句老话:当有经验的人向有钱人提议一桩交易时,太多时候,有钱人最后得到了经验,而有经验的人最后得到了钱。
让我用一个华尔街好人、我的老友沃尔特·施洛斯来结束这部分——他去年刚满 90 岁。从 1956 年到 2002 年,沃尔特管理着一个极为成功的投资合伙公司,除非他的投资者赚钱,否则他一分钱也不拿。应当指出,我对沃尔特的钦佩并非基于后见之明。整整五十年前,当圣路易斯的一个家庭要找一位诚实且能干的投资经理时,沃尔特是我唯一的推荐人选。
The inexorable math of this grotesque arrangement is certain to make the Gotrocks family poorer over time than it would have been had it never heard of these “hyper-helpers.” Even so, the 2-and-20 action spreads. Its effects bring to mind the old adage: When someone with experience proposes a deal to someone with money, too often the fellow with money ends up with the experience, and the fellow with experience ends up with the money.
Let me end this section by telling you about one of the good guys of Wall Street, my long-time friend Walter Schloss, who last year turned 90. From 1956 to 2002, Walter managed a remarkably successful investment partnership, from which he took not a dime unless his investors made money. My admiration for Walter, it should be noted, is not based on hindsight. A full fifty years ago, Walter was my sole recommendation to a St. Louis family who wanted an honest and able investment manager.
沃尔特没读过商学院,甚至没上过大学。1956 年,他的办公室只有一个文件柜;到 2002 年,增至四个。沃尔特没有秘书、文员或簿记员,唯一的搭档是他儿子埃德温(Edwin),一位北卡罗来纳艺术学院(North Carolina School of the Arts)的科班生。沃尔特和埃德温从未接触过内幕信息,甚至离“内幕”一英里远都没有。事实上,他们连“外部”信息也用得极少,选择股票一般依靠沃尔特当年在本·格雷厄姆手下工作时学到的一些简单统计方法。1989 年,《杰出投资者文摘》(Outstanding Investors Digest)问他们:“你们如何概括自己的投资方法?”埃德温答道:“我们尽量买便宜的股票。”现代投资组合理论、技术分析、宏观经济观点和那些复杂算法,可以休矣。
Walter did not go to business school, or for that matter, college. His office contained one file cabinet in 1956; the number mushroomed to four by 2002. Walter worked without a secretary, clerk or bookkeeper, his only associate being his son, Edwin, a graduate of the North Carolina School of the Arts. Walter and Edwin never came within a mile of inside information. Indeed, they used “outside” information only sparingly, generally selecting securities by certain simple statistical methods Walter learned while working for Ben Graham. When Walter and Edwin were asked in 1989 by Outstanding Investors Digest, “How would you summarize your approach?” Edwin replied, “We try to buy stocks cheap.” So much for Modern Portfolio Theory, technical analysis, macroeconomic thoughts and complex algorithms.
沃尔特所遵循的策略不含有真正的风险——这里指资本的永久损失——在他 47 年的合伙生涯中,取得了大幅超越标普 500 指数的业绩。尤其值得留意的是,这一纪录是在他投资了大约 1,000 只证券(其中大多是资质平平的股票)的基础上实现的。他的成功不是靠少数几个大赢家撑起来的。可以毫不夸张地说,就算有数百万名投资经理依如下方式操作:a) 从帽子里抽签选取股票;b) 在沃尔特买入时以相近金额买入这些股票;然后 c) 在沃尔特卖出时同步卖出,他们当中运气最好的人也远远无法比肩他的成绩。沃尔特在 47 年间取得的成就,绝无可能是靠运气。
Following a strategy that involved no real risk – defined as permanent loss of capital – Walter produced results over his 47 partnership years that dramatically surpassed those of the S&P 500. It’s particularly noteworthy that he built this record by investing in about 1,000 securities, mostly of a lackluster type. A few big winners did not account for his success. It’s safe to say that had millions of investment managers made trades by a) drawing stock names from a hat; b) purchasing these stocks in comparable amounts when Walter made a purchase; and then c) selling when Walter sold his pick, the luckiest of them would not have come close to equaling his record. There is simply no possibility that what Walter achieved over 47 years was due to chance.
我最早在 1984 年公开提及沃尔特这一非凡业绩。彼时,“有效市场理论”(EMT)在大多数主流商学院里被奉为投资教学的核心。当时最通行的教法认为,任何股票在任一时刻的价格都无法被证明是错定的,这就意味着,没有哪个投资者能指望只靠公开信息便持续优于市场平均(尽管少数人会因运气做到)。23 年前我讲到沃尔特时,他的业绩记录有力地驳斥了这条教条。
I first publicly discussed Walter’s remarkable record in 1984. At that time “efficient market theory” (EMT) was the centerpiece of investment instruction at most major business schools. This theory, as then most commonly taught, held that the price of any stock at any moment is not demonstrably mispriced, which means that no investor can be expected to overperform the stock market averages using only publicly-available information (though some will do so by luck). When I talked about Walter 23 years ago, his record forcefully contradicted this dogma.
那么,当这些学术界人士接触到这一重要新证据时,他们作何反应?不幸的是,他们的反应完全符合人之常情:不是敞开心扉,而是闭上了眼睛。据我所知,没有一家讲授有效市场理论的商学院去尝试研究沃尔特的表现,以及它对自己所珍视的理论意味着什么。
And what did members of the academic community do when they were exposed to this new and important evidence? Unfortunately, they reacted in all-too-human fashion: Rather than opening their minds, they closed their eyes. To my knowledge no business school teaching EMT made any attempt to study Walter’s performance and what it meant for the school’s cherished theory.
相反,各商学院的教职人员继续自得其乐地传授有效市场理论,仿佛它具有经文般不容置疑。一般而言,一位敢在金融学课堂上质疑有效市场理论的教师,其获得晋升的机会,大约相当于伽利略被选为教皇的概率。
Instead, the faculties of the schools went merrily on their way presenting EMT as having the certainty of scripture. Typically, a finance instructor who had the nerve to question EMT had about as much chance of major promotion as Galileo had of being named Pope.
因此,成千上万的学生带着这样的信念步入社会:每一天,每只股票的价格都是“正确”的(或者更准确地说,没有明显错误),试图评估企业——也就是股票——是徒劳的。与此同时,沃尔特继续跑赢市场,那些年轻人被灌输了错误的观念,反倒让他的工作更容易了。毕竟,如果你干的是航运生意,那么让所有潜在竞争对手都相信地球是平的,对你大有好处。
Tens of thousands of students were therefore sent out into life believing that on every day the price of every stock was “right” (or, more accurately, not demonstrably wrong) and that attempts to evaluate businesses – that is, stocks – were useless. Walter meanwhile went on overperforming, his job made easier by the misguided instructions that had been given to those young minds. After all, if you are in the shipping business, it’s helpful to have all of your potential competitors be taught that the earth is flat.
也许对沃尔特的投资者来说,他没上大学反倒是件好事。
Maybe it was a good thing for his investors that Walter didn’t go to college.
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股东大会
The Annual Meeting
我们今年的股东大会将在 5 月 5 日星期六举行。和往年一样,早上 7 点会场开门,8 点半会播放一部伯克希尔的新影片。9 点半我们直接进入问答环节,中间在 Qwest 中心的摊位区休息吃午饭,一直持续到下午 3 点。稍事休息后,查理和我在 3 点 15 分召开正式股东大会。如果你打算在当天的问答环节中途离场,请挑查理发言的时候走。
Our meeting this year will be held on Saturday, May 5th. As always, the doors will open at the Qwest Center at 7 a.m., and a new Berkshire movie will be shown at 8:30. At 9:30 we will go directly to the question-and-answer period, which (with a break for lunch at the Qwest’s stands) will last until 3:00. Then, after a short recess, Charlie and I will convene the annual meeting at 3:15. If you decide to leave during the day’s question periods, please do so while Charlie is talking.
当然,最好的离开理由就是去购物。我们会在紧邻会议区的 19.43 万平方英尺的大厅里,摆满伯克希尔子公司的产品,助您一臂之力。去年,来参加股东大会的 2.4 万人已经大显身手,几乎每个展位都创下了销售纪录。但记录就是用来打破的,我知道你们能做得更好。
The best reason to exit, of course is to shop. We will help you do that by filling the 194,300 square foot hall that adjoins the meeting area with the products of Berkshire subsidiaries. Last year, the 24,000 people who came to the meeting did their part, and almost every location racked up record sales. But records are made to be broken, and I know you can do better.
今年我们将再次展出一套克莱顿住宅(采用阿克米砖、肖氏地毯、约翰斯·曼维尔保温材料、迈泰克紧固件、无忧遮阳篷和内布拉斯加家具城的家具)。你会看到,这套定价 13.99 万美元的住宅性价比极高。去年,Qwest 中心的一名工作人员在我们对股东开放之前就买下了两套样板房中的一套。今年,在展览大厅里,克莱顿住宅旁边将停放一辆来自森林河公司的房车和一艘浮筒船。
This year we will again showcase a Clayton home (featuring Acme brick, Shaw carpet, Johns Manville insulation, MiTek fasteners, Carefree awnings and NFM furniture). You will find that the home, priced at $139,900, delivers excellent value. Last year, a helper at the Qwest bought one of two homes on display well before we opened the doors to shareholders. Flanking the Clayton home on the exhibition floor this year will be an RV and pontoon boat from Forest River.
GEICO 会在现场设一个展台,由来自全国各地的顶级客服顾问坐镇,随时准备为您提供车险报价。在大多数情况下,GEICO 能给您提供一项特殊的股东折扣(通常为 8%)。在我们开展业务的 50 个州中,有 45 个州允许这项特殊优惠。(补充一点:如果您已有资格享受其他折扣,比如针对某些群体的折扣,这项折扣不能叠加。)带上您现有保险的详细资料,来查查我们能否帮您省钱。我相信,对至少 50% 的股东来说,我们能做到。另外,顺便办一张 GEICO 的新信用卡。我现在用的就是这张卡(当然,用得不多)。
GEICO will have a booth staffed by a number of its top counselors from around the country, all of them ready to supply you with auto insurance quotes. In most cases, GEICO will be able to give you a special shareholder discount (usually 8%). This special offer is permitted by 45 of the 50 jurisdictions in which we operate. (One supplemental point: The discount is not additive if you qualify for another, such as that given certain groups.) Bring the details of your existing insurance and check out whether we can save you money. For at least 50% of you, I believe we can. And while you’re at it, sign up for the new GEICO credit card. It’s the one I now use (sparingly, of course).
周六,在奥马哈机场,NetJets 将照常展出多款飞机,欢迎你们前来参观。欢迎前往奎斯特中心的 NetJets 展位,了解如何观摩这些飞机。坐大巴来奥马哈,开你的新飞机回去。想带多少发胶上飞机,随你便。
On Saturday, at the Omaha airport, we will have the usual array of aircraft from NetJets available for your inspection. Stop by the NetJets booth at the Qwest to learn about viewing these planes. Come to Omaha by bus; leave in your new plane. And take all the hair gel that you wish on board with you.
在集市的书虫角,将摆放约 25 种图书和 DVD——全部打折——首推依旧是《穷查理宝典》。(去年有位倒霉的读者问查理,要是他不喜欢这本书该怎么办。查理用一句芒格式妙语回敬:“没问题——把它送给比你聪明的人就行。”)今年我们增添了几种新书,包括彼得·贝弗林所著的《寻求智慧:从达尔文到芒格》,作者是伯克希尔一位长期持股的瑞典股东;还有弗雷德·施韦德的经典之作《客户的游艇在哪里?》。这本书 1940 年首次出版,如今已是第四版。它是关于投资主题、有史以来最有趣的一本书,同时轻松传达了许多极为重要的真知灼见。
In the Bookworm’s corner of our bazaar, there will be about 25 books and DVDs – all discounted – led again by Poor Charlie’s Almanack. (One hapless soul last year asked Charlie what he should do if he didn’t enjoy the book. Back came a Mungerism: “No problem – just give it to someone more intelligent.”) We’ve added a few titles this year. Among them are Seeking Wisdom: From Darwin to Munger by Peter Bevelin, a long-time Swedish shareholder of Berkshire, and Fred Schwed’s classic, Where are the Customers’ Yachts? This book was first published in 1940 and is now in its 4th edition. The funniest book ever written about investing, it lightly delivers many truly important messages on the subject.
随本报告附上的代理委托材料中有一份附件,说明了如何获取参会凭证及参加其他活动所需的证件。至于机票、酒店和租车预订,我们再次与美国运通(800-799-6634)签约,为您提供专属协助。负责这些事宜的卡罗尔·佩德森每年都做得非常出色,我在此向她表示感谢。酒店房间可能不太好订,但只要和卡罗尔联系,您一定能订到。
An attachment to the proxy material that is enclosed with this report explains how you can obtain the credential you will need for admission to the meeting and other events. As for plane, hotel and car reservations, we have again signed up American Express (800-799-6634) to give you special help. Carol Pedersen, who handles these matters, does a terrific job for us each year, and I thank her for it. Hotel rooms can be hard to find, but work with Carol and you will get one.
内布拉斯加家具城位于 72 街、道奇街与太平洋街之间的 77 英亩地块上,届时我们将再次推出“伯克希尔周末”折扣价。这场特卖活动是十年前我们在 NFM 启动的,“周末”期间的销售额从 1997 年的 530 万美元增长到了 2006 年的 3000 万美元。一想到这个销量,我就激动得起鸡皮疙瘩。
At Nebraska Furniture Mart, located on a 77-acre site on 72nd Street between Dodge and Pacific, we will again be having “Berkshire Weekend” discount pricing. We initiated this special event at NFM ten years ago, and sales during the “Weekend” grew from $5.3 million in 1997 to $30 million in 2006. I get goose bumps just thinking about this volume.
要享受伯克希尔折扣,您必须在 5 月 3 日(周四)至 5 月 7 日(周一)(含首尾两天)期间购物,并出示参会凭证。这一期间的特别定价,甚至适用于几家知名制造商的产品——这些厂家通常有铁板钉钉的折扣禁令,但本着股东周末的精神,破例为您开了绿灯。我们感谢他们的配合。内布拉斯加家具城营业时间为周一至周六上午 10 点至晚上 9 点,周日上午 10 点至下午 6 点。
To obtain the Berkshire discount, you must make your purchases between Thursday, May 3rd and Monday, May 7th inclusive, and also present your meeting credential. The period’s special pricing will even apply to the products of several prestigious manufacturers that normally have ironclad rules against discounting but which, in the spirit of our shareholder weekend, have made an exception for you. We appreciate their cooperation. NFM is open from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Saturday, and 10 a.m.
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一直到周日傍晚 6 点。今年周六下午 5 点 30 分到 8 点,内布拉斯加家具城会为股东举办一场特别的野餐会,提供鸡肉和牛肉塔可(像我这样的传统主义者还有汉堡包)。
to 6 p.m. on Sunday. On Saturday this year, from 5:30 p.m. to 8 p.m., NFM is having a special shareholder picnic featuring chicken and beef tacos (and hamburgers for traditionalists like me).
在重新装修并扩建的波仙珠宝,我们将再次举办两场股东专场活动。第一场是 5 月 4 日(周五)晚上 6 点至 10 点的鸡尾酒招待会。第二场是主要庆祝活动,将于 5 月 6 日(周日)上午 9 点至下午 4 点举行。周六,我们将营业至下午 6 点。
At a remodeled and expanded Borsheim’s, we will again have two shareholder-only events. The first will be a cocktail reception from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. on Friday, May 4th. The second, the main gala, will be held on Sunday, May 6th, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. On Saturday, we will be open until 6 p.m.
整个周末,博尔斯海姆珠宝都会人潮涌动。因此为方便各位,股东优惠价从 4 月 30 日(周一)一直持续到 5 月 12 日(周六)。在此期间,出示您的股东大会凭证或证明您是伯克希尔股东的券商对账单,即可享受股东价。
We will have huge crowds at Borsheim’s throughout the weekend. For your convenience, therefore, shareholder prices will be available from Monday, April 30th through Saturday, May 12th. During that period, please identify yourself as a shareholder by presenting your meeting credentials or a brokerage statement that shows you are a Berkshire holder.
周日,在博尔斯海姆珠宝店外的帐篷里,两届全美国际象棋冠军帕特里克·沃尔夫将蒙上眼睛,与所有挑战者——他们会睁大双眼——以每六人一组的方式对弈。去年,我和帕特里克在他这样下棋时聊过天。旁边,来自达拉斯的杰出魔术师诺曼·贝克将让旁观者惊叹不已。此外,我们还有两位世界顶尖桥牌高手鲍勃·哈曼和莎朗·奥斯伯格,周日下午会来陪股东们打桥牌。
On Sunday, in a tent outside of Borsheim’s, a blindfolded Patrick Wolff, twice U.S. chess champion, will take on all comers – who will have their eyes wide open – in groups of six. Last year I carried on a conversation with Patrick while he played in this manner. Nearby, Norman Beck, a remarkable magician from Dallas, will bewilder onlookers. Additionally, we will have Bob Hamman and Sharon Osberg, two of the world’s top bridge experts, available to play bridge with our shareholders on Sunday afternoon.
为了给波仙珠宝的周日欢乐助兴,邢雅丽(Ariel Hsing)将从下午 1 点到 4 点打乒乓球(外行所谓“乒乓”),迎战任何有胆量与她对阵的人。雅丽虽年仅 11 岁,却已是美国 16 岁以下女子组排名第一(而且在 12 岁以下男女混合组同样排名第一)。在我满 75 岁那周,我和当时 9 岁、个头刚够看球台的雅丽打过一次,本想着让着她点,免得挫伤她幼小的心灵。结果是她把我虐了。自那以后,我设计了一个能有机会赢她的方案。周日下午 1 点,我会和雅丽先打一局 2 分制。如果我能侥幸拿下第一分,我就假装受伤,然后宣布胜利。等这场激烈交锋把雅丽累垮之后,我们的股东就可以去碰碰运气了。
To add to the Sunday fun at Borsheim’s, Ariel Hsing will play table tennis (ping-pong to the uninitiated) from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. against anyone brave enough to take her on. Ariel, though only 11, is ranked number one among girls under 16 in the U.S. (and number 1 among both boys and girls under 12). The week I turned 75 I played Ariel, then 9 and barely tall enough to see across the table, thinking I would take it easy on her so as not to crush her young spirit. Instead she crushed me. I’ve since devised a plan that will give me a chance against her. At 1 p.m. on Sunday, I will initiate play with a 2-point game against Ariel. If I somehow win the first point, I will then feign injury and claim victory. After this strenuous encounter wears Ariel down, our shareholders can then try their luck against her.
戈拉特餐厅将于 5 月 6 日(周日)再次专为伯克希尔股东开放,营业时间为下午 4 点至晚上 10 点。请记住,当天前往戈拉特餐厅,必须提前预订。预订请于 4 月 1 日(切勿提前)致电 402-551-3733。
Gorat’s will again be open exclusively for Berkshire shareholders on Sunday, May 6th, and will be serving from 4 p.m. until 10 p.m. Please remember that to come to Gorat’s on that day, you must have a reservation. To make one, call 402-551-3733 on April 1st (but not before).
2006-2007 学年,有 35 个大学班级——包括巴西 IBMEC 的一个班——会来奥马哈和我座谈。我几乎请所有学生(总计超过 2000 人)去戈拉特餐厅吃午餐。他们爱死了。想知道为什么?周日自己来体验一下吧。
In the 2006-2007 school year, 35 university classes, including one from IBMEC in Brazil, will come to Omaha for sessions with me. I take almost all – in aggregate, more than 2,000 students – to lunch at Gorat’s. And they love it. To learn why, come join us on Sunday.
我们将在周六下午 4 点再次为来自北美以外的股东举办招待会。每年我们的股东大会都会吸引世界各地的人们前来,查理和我希望能亲自问候那些远道而来的朋友。去年,我们很高兴见到了 400 多位来自数十个国家的股东。任何来自美国或加拿大以外的股东,都将获得参加此次招待会的特别凭证和说明。
查理和我极为幸运。我们生在美国;拥有出色的父母,他们确保我们接受了良好的教育;享受了美满的家庭和健康的身体;而且天生带有一种“商业”基因,让我们能够取得远超众人的成功——而这些人为社会福祉所作的贡献,与我们同等、甚至更多。此外,我们长久以来从事着自己热爱的工作,每天都有才华横溢、令人愉快的伙伴们以无数种方式协助我们。难怪我们每天跳着踢踏舞去上班。但对我们来说,没有什么比在伯克希尔股东大会上与我们的股东合伙人欢聚一堂更开心的事了。所以,请于 5 月 5 日来 Qwest 中心加入我们,参加一年一度的“资本家的伍德斯托克”盛会。我们届时见。
We will again have a reception at 4 p.m. on Saturday afternoon for shareholders who have come from outside of North America. Every year our meeting draws many people from around the globe, and Charlie and I want to be sure we personally greet those who have come so far. Last year we enjoyed meeting more than 400 of you from many dozens of countries. Any shareholder who comes from other than the U.S. or Canada will be given a special credential and instructions for attending this function.
Charlie and I are extraordinarily lucky. We were born in America; had terrific parents who saw that we got good educations; have enjoyed wonderful families and great health; and came equipped with a “business” gene that allows us to prosper in a manner hugely disproportionate to other people who contribute as much or more to our society’s well-being. Moreover, we have long had jobs that we love, in which we are helped every day in countless ways by talented and cheerful associates. No wonder we tap- dance to work. But nothing is more fun for us than getting together with our shareholder-partners at Berkshire’s annual meeting. So join us on May 5th at the Qwest for our annual Woodstock for Capitalists. We’ll see you there.
2007 年 2 月 28 日
沃伦·E·巴菲特
董事会主席
February 28, 2007 Warren E. Buffett Chairman of the Board
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伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
收购标准
我们乐于听取公司所有者或其代表介绍符合以下所有条件的企业:
(1)大额收购(税前利润至少 7500 万美元,除非该业务可并入我们现有部门),
(2)具备持续且经证实的盈利能力(我们对未来预测不感兴趣,对“扭亏为盈”的情况同样不感兴趣),
(3)在几乎不负债或负债很少的情况下,能获得良好的净资产收益率,
(4)管理层已到位(我们无法提供管理层),
(5)业务简单(如果涉及大量技术,我们就不懂了),
(6)有报价(我们不想在价格未知的情况下,哪怕只是初步讨论交易,浪费自己或卖家的时间)。
公司规模越大,我们的兴趣越大:我们希望能完成 50 亿至 200 亿美元区间的收购。不过,我们不希望收到关于我们在公开股票市场进行购买的建议。
我们不会参与恶意收购。我们可以承诺完全保密,并极快地给出答复——通常五分钟内就能判断是否有兴趣。我们倾向于用现金收购,但当我们收到的内在商业价值与所付出对等时,也会考虑发行股票。我们不参与拍卖。
查理和我经常收到一些远未达到以上标准的收购提议:我们发现,如果你公开表示想买柯利牧羊犬,很多人会打电话来,希望把自己的可卡犬卖给你。一首乡村歌曲的歌词恰如其分地表达了我们对新业务、扭亏为盈型或拍卖式出售的感受:“电话不响的时候,你就知道是我了。”
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. ACQUISITION CRITERIA We are eager to hear from principals or their representatives about businesses that meet all of the following criteria: (1) Large purchases (at least $75 million of pre-tax earnings unless the business will fit into one of our existing units), (2) Demonstrated consistent earning power (future projections are of no interest to us, nor are “turnaround” situations), (3) Businesses earning good returns on equity while employing little or no debt, (4) Management in place (we can’t supply it), (5) Simple businesses (if there’s lots of technology, we won’t understand it), (6) An offering price (we don’t want to waste our time or that of the seller by talking, even preliminarily, about a transaction when price is unknown). The larger the company, the greater will be our interest: We would like to make an acquisition in the $5-20 billion range. We are not interested, however, in receiving suggestions about purchases we might make in the general stock market. We will not engage in unfriendly takeovers. We can promise complete confidentiality and a very fast answer — customarily within five minutes — as to whether we’re interested. We prefer to buy for cash, but will consider issuing stock when we receive as much in intrinsic business value as we give. We don’t participate in auctions. Charlie and I frequently get approached about acquisitions that don’t come close to meeting our tests: We’ve found that if you advertise an interest in buying collies, a lot of people will call hoping to sell you their cocker spaniels. A line from a country song expresses our feeling about new ventures, turnarounds, or auction-like sales: “When the phone don’t ring, you’ll know it’s me.”
独立注册公共会计师事务所报告
致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司董事会及股东:
我们审计了伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司(“公司”)截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日的合并资产负债表,以及截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的三年期间内每个年度的相关合并收益表、现金流量表以及股东权益和综合收益变动表。这些财务报表是公司管理层的责任。我们的责任是基于我们的审计对此财务报表发表意见。
我们是按照美国公众公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的标准进行审计的。这些标准要求我们计划并执行审计,以对财务报表是否不存在重大错报获取合理保证。审计工作包括在测试基础上,检查支持财务报表中金额和披露的证据。审计工作还包括评估管理层所采用的会计原则和作出的重大估计,以及评价财务报表的整体列报。我们相信,我们的审计为我们的意见提供了合理基础。
我们认为,上述合并财务报表在所有重大方面公允地反映了伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日的财务状况,以及截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的三年期间内每个年度的经营成果和现金流量,符合美国公认会计准则。
如合并财务报表附注 18 所述,自 2006 年 12 月 31 日起,公司变更了养老金及其他退休后福利的会计处理方法,以遵循财务会计准则第 158 号公告《雇主对设定受益养老金和其他退休后计划的会计处理》,该准则是对 FASB 第 87、88、106 和 132(R)号公告的修订。
我们还按照美国公众公司会计监督委员会(PCAOB)的标准,依据特雷德韦委员会发起组织发布的《内部控制——整合框架》中确立的标准,审计了公司截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的财务报告内部控制的有效性,并于 2007 年 2 月 28 日出具报告,对管理层关于公司财务报告内部控制有效性的评估发表了无保留意见,并对公司财务报告内部控制的有效性发表了无保留意见。
德勤会计师事务所(Deloitte & Touche LLP)
内布拉斯加州,奥马哈
2007 年 2 月 28 日
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity and comprehensive income for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2006. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2006, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. As discussed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2006, the Company changed its accounting for pensions and other postretirement benefits to conform to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R). We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2007 expressed an unqualified opinion on management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Omaha, Nebraska February 28, 2007
前瞻性陈述
敬告投资者:本文件中的某些陈述,以及公司定期新闻稿中的部分声明、公司高管在介绍公司情况的演讲中所作的部分口头表述,均属于 1995 年《私人证券诉讼改革法案》(以下简称“该法案”)所界定的“前瞻性”陈述。前瞻性陈述包括具有预测性质的陈述,这些陈述依赖于或提及未来事件或状况,并包含诸如“预期”、“预计”、“打算”、“计划”、“相信”、“估计”等词语或类似表述。此外,管理层可能提供的任何关于未来财务业绩(包括未来营收、盈利或增长率)、持续经营战略或前景,以及公司可能的未来行动的声明,也属于该法案定义的前瞻性陈述。前瞻性陈述基于当前对未来事件的预期和预测,并受制于关于公司、经济和市场因素、公司所处行业等方面的风险、不确定性和假设。这些陈述并非未来业绩的保证,且公司并无具体意向去更新这些陈述。
由于诸多因素,实际事件和结果可能与前瞻性陈述中表述或预测的情况存在重大差异。可能导致公司实际业绩以及未来事件和行动与这些前瞻性陈述产生重大差异的主要重要风险因素包括但不限于:伯克希尔主要被投资公司证券市场价格的变动;发生一起或多起灾难性事件(如地震、飓风或恐怖主义行为)导致伯克希尔保险子公司承保的损失;保险法律或法规的变动;联邦所得税法的变动;以及影响证券价格或伯克希尔及其关联公司所处行业的一般经济及市场因素的变动。
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS Investors are cautioned that certain statements contained in this document, as well as some statements by the Company in periodic press releases and some oral statements of Company officials during presentations about the Company, are “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”). Forward-looking statements include statements which are predictive in nature, which depend upon or refer to future events or conditions, which include words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “estimates,” or similar expressions. In addition, any statements concerning future financial performance (including future revenues, earnings or growth rates), ongoing business strategies or prospects, and possible future Company actions, which may be provided by management are also forward-looking statements as defined by the Act. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and projections about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions about the Company, economic and market factors and the industries in which the Company does business, among other things. These statements are not guaranties of future performance and the Company has no specific intention to update these statements. Actual events and results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in forward-looking statements due to a number of factors. The principal important risk factors that could cause the Company’s actual performance and future events and actions to differ materially from such forward-looking statements, include, but are not limited to, changes in market prices of Berkshire’s significant equity investees, the occurrence of one or more catastrophic events, such as an earthquake, hurricane or an act of terrorism that causes losses insured by Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries, changes in insurance laws or regulations, changes in Federal income tax laws, and changes in general economic and market factors that affect the prices of securities or the industries in which Berkshire and its affiliates do business. 25
伯克希尔·哈撒韦
及其子公司
合并资产负债表
(单位:百万美元)
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in millions)
12 月 31 日,备考数据 *
2006 年 2005 年 2005 年
资产 (已审计) (未审计)
保险及其他业务:
现金及现金等价物 37,977 40,471 40,471
投资:
固定期限证券 25,300 27,420 27,420
权益证券 61,533 46,721 46,721
其他 905 1,003 1,003
应收款项 12,881 12,397 12,372
存货 5,257 4,143 4,143
不动产、厂房及设备 9,303 7,500 7,500
商誉 25,678 22,693 22,693
再保险假定递延费用 1,964 2,388 2,388
其他 6,538 4,937 4,937
187,336 169,673 169,648
December 31, Pro Forma * 2006 2005 2005 ASSETS (audited) (unaudited) Insurance and Other: Cash and cash equivalents ................................................................ $ 37,977 $ 40,471 $ 40,471 Investments: Fixed maturity securities ............................................................... 25,300 27,420 27,420 Equity securities............................................................................ 61,533 46,721 46,721 Other ............................................................................................. 905 1,003 1,003 Receivables....................................................................................... 12,881 12,397 12,372 Inventories ........................................................................................ 5,257 4,143 4,143 Property, plant and equipment.......................................................... 9,303 7,500 7,500 Goodwill ........................................................................................... 25,678 22,693 22,693 Deferred charges reinsurance assumed............................................. 1,964 2,388 2,388 Other ................................................................................................. 6,538 4,937 4,937 187,336 169,673 169,648
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
公用事业与能源:
现金及现金等价物 343 — 358
不动产、厂房及设备 24,039 — 11,915
商誉 5,548 — 4,156
其他 6,560 — 3,764
对中美能源控股公司的投资 — 4,125 —
36,490 4,125 20,193
Utilities and Energy: Cash and cash equivalents ................................................................ 343 — 358 Property, plant and equipment.......................................................... 24,039 — 11,915 Goodwill ........................................................................................... 5,548 — 4,156 Other ................................................................................................. 6,560 — 3,764 Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company ............... — 4,125 — 36,490 4,125 20,193
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
金融与金融产品:
现金及现金等价物 5,423 4,189 4,189
固定期限证券投资 3,012 3,435 3,435
贷款及融资应收款 11,498 11,087 11,087
商誉 1,012 951 951
其他 3,666 4,865 4,865
24,611 24,527 24,527
合计 248,437 198,325 214,368
Finance and Financial Products: Cash and cash equivalents ................................................................ 5,423 4,189 4,189 Investments in fixed maturity securities ........................................... 3,012 3,435 3,435 Loans and finance receivables .......................................................... 11,498 11,087 11,087 Goodwill ........................................................................................... 1,012 951 951 Other ................................................................................................. 3,666 4,865 4,865 24,611 24,527 24,527 $248,437 $198,325 $214,368
- 备考资产负债表反映了 2006 年 2 月 9 日中美能源控股公司(“MidAmerican”)的无投票权累积可转换优先股转换为中美能源有投票权普通股的影响,假设该转换发生于 2005 年 12 月 31 日。更多信息请参见合并财务报表附注 2。
- The Pro Forma Balance Sheet gives effect to the conversion on February 9, 2006 of MidAmerican Energy
Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) non-voting cumulative convertible preferred stock into MidAmerican voting common stock as if such conversion had occurred on December 31, 2005. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
见随附合并财务报表附注。
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
26
26
伯克希尔·哈撒韦
及其子公司
合并资产负债表
(单位:百万美元)
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (dollars in millions)
12 月 31 日,备考数据 *
2006 年 2005 年 2005 年
负债和股东权益 (已审计) (未审计)
保险及其他:
损失和损失调整费用 47,612 48,034 48,034
未赚保费 7,058 6,206 6,206
人寿和健康保险给付 3,600 3,202 3,202
其他保单持有人负债 3,938 3,769 3,769
应付账款、应计费用和其他负债 10,255 8,699 8,699
所得税,主要为递延 18,460 12,252 13,649
应付票据和其他借款 3,698 3,583 3,583
94,621 85,745 87,142
December 31, Pro Forma * 2006 2005 2005 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (audited) (unaudited) Insurance and Other: Losses and loss adjustment expenses................................................ $ 47,612 $ 48,034 $ 48,034 Unearned premiums.......................................................................... 7,058 6,206 6,206 Life and health insurance benefits .................................................... 3,600 3,202 3,202 Other policyholder liabilities ............................................................ 3,938 3,769 3,769 Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities ............................... 10,255 8,699 8,699 Income taxes, principally deferred.................................................... 18,460 12,252 13,649 Notes payable and other borrowings ................................................ 3,698 3,583 3,583 94,621 85,745 87,142
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
公用事业与能源:
应付账款、应计负债及其他负债 6,802 — 3,780
应付票据及其他借款 16,946 — 10,296
23,748 — 14,076
Utilities and Energy: Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities ............................... 6,802 — 3,780 Notes payable and other borrowings ................................................ 16,946 — 10,296 23,748 — 14,076
金融与金融产品:
衍生品合约负债 3,883 5,061 5,061
应付账款、应计费用及其他负债 3,543 4,351 4,351
应付票据及其他借款 11,961 10,868 10,868
19,387 20,280 20,280
负债合计 137,756 106,025 121,498
少数股东权益 2,262 816 1,386
股东权益:
普通股:
A 类股,面值 5 美元;B 类股,面值 0.1667 美元 8 8 8
超过面值的实缴资本 26,522 26,399 26,399
累计其他综合收益 22,977 17,360 17,360
留存收益 58,912 47,717 47,717
股东权益合计 108,419 91,484 91,484
合计 248,437 198,325 214,368
Finance and Financial Products: Derivative contract liabilities............................................................ 3,883 5,061 5,061 Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities ............................... 3,543 4,351 4,351 Notes payable and other borrowings ................................................ 11,961 10,868 10,868 19,387 20,280 20,280 Total liabilities ............................................................................... 137,756 106,025 121,498 Minority shareholders’ interests .......................................................... 2,262 816 1,386 Shareholders’ equity: Common stock: Class A, $5 par value; Class B, $0.1667 par value ............................ 8 8 8 Capital in excess of par value ........................................................... 26,522 26,399 26,399 Accumulated other comprehensive income ...................................... 22,977 17,360 17,360 Retained earnings.............................................................................. 58,912 47,717 47,717 Total shareholders’ equity........................................................... 108,419 91,484 91,484 $248,437 $198,325 $214,368
- 备考资产负债表反映了 2006 年 2 月 9 日中美能源控股公司(“MidAmerican”)的无投票权累积可转换优先股转换为中美能源有投票权普通股的影响,假设该转换发生于 2005 年 12 月 31 日。更多信息请参见合并财务报表附注 2。
- The Pro Forma Balance Sheet gives effect to the conversion on February 9, 2006 of MidAmerican Energy
Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) non-voting cumulative convertible preferred stock into MidAmerican voting common stock as if such conversion had occurred on December 31, 2005. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
见随附合并财务报表附注。
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
27
27
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司合并利润表(除每股数据外,金额单位:百万美元)截至 12 月 31 日止年度 2006 年 2005 年 2004 年收入:保险及其他:已赚保费 $23,964 $21,997 $21,085 销售和服务收入 51,803 46,138 43,222 利息、股息及其他投资收益 4,382 3,487 2,816 投资已实现收益/损失 1,697 5,728 1,746 81,846 77,350 68,869 公用事业及能源:营业收入 10,301 — — 其他 343 — — 10,644 — — 金融及金融产品:利息收入 1,610 1,554 1,202 投资已实现收益/损失 114 468 (110) 衍生品已实现收益/损失 824 (788) 1,835 其他 3,501 3,079 2,586 6,049 4,313 5,513 98,539 81,663 74,382 成本和费用:保险及其他:保险损失及损失调整费用 13,068 15,482 13,462 人寿及健康保险赔付 1,618 1,634 1,361 保险承保费用 5,440 4,828 4,711 销售及服务成本 42,416 38,288 35,882 销售、一般及管理费用 5,932 5,328 4,989 利息费用 195 144 137 68,669 65,704 60,542 公用事业及能源:销售及运营成本 8,189 — — 利息费用 979 — — 9,168 — — 金融及金融产品:利息费用 550 579 584 其他 3,374 3,112 2,557 3,924 3,691 3,141 81,761 69,395 63,683 税前利润及在中美能源控股公司的权益收益前利润 16,778 12,268 10,699 中美能源控股公司的权益收益 — 523 237
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS (dollars in millions except per share amounts) Year Ended December 31, 2006 2005 2004 Revenues: Insurance and Other: Insurance premiums earned .............................................................. $23,964 $21,997 $21,085 Sales and service revenues ............................................................... 51,803 46,138 43,222 Interest, dividend and other investment income ............................... 4,382 3,487 2,816 Investment gains/losses .................................................................... 1,697 5,728 1,746 81,846 77,350 68,869 Utilities and Energy: Operating revenues........................................................................... 10,301 — — Other................................................................................................. 343 — — 10,644 — — Finance and Financial Products: Interest income ................................................................................. 1,610 1,554 1,202 Investment gains/losses .................................................................... 114 468 (110) Derivative gains/losses ..................................................................... 824 (788) 1,835 Other................................................................................................. 3,501 3,079 2,586 6,049 4,313 5,513 98,539 81,663 74,382 Costs and expenses: Insurance and Other: Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses ................................ 13,068 15,482 13,462 Life and health insurance benefits .................................................... 1,618 1,634 1,361 Insurance underwriting expenses...................................................... 5,440 4,828 4,711 Cost of sales and services ................................................................. 42,416 38,288 35,882 Selling, general and administrative expenses ................................... 5,932 5,328 4,989 Interest expense ................................................................................ 195 144 137 68,669 65,704 60,542 Utilities and Energy: Cost of sales and operating expenses ............................................... 8,189 — — Interest expense ................................................................................ 979 — — 9,168 — — Finance and Financial Products: Interest expense ................................................................................ 550 579 584 Other................................................................................................. 3,374 3,112 2,557 3,924 3,691 3,141 81,761 69,395 63,683 Earnings before income taxes and equity in earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company................................... 16,778 12,268 10,699 Equity in earnings of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company........ — 523 237
所得税及少数股东权益前收益 16,778 12,791 10,936 所得税 5,505 4,159 3,569 少数股东权益 258 104 59 净收益 $11,015 $8,528 $7,308 平均已发行普通股股数* 1,541,807 1,539,775 1,537,716 每股普通股净收益* $7,144 $5,538 $4,753 * 平均已发行股数包括平均 A 类普通股和按 A 类普通股等值计算的 B 类普通股。上述每股普通股净收益代表每股等值 A 类普通股净收益。B 类普通股每股净收益等于该金额的三十分之一(1/30),即 2006 年每股 238 美元,2005 年每股 185 美元,2004 年每股 158 美元。参见合并财务报表附注 28
Earnings before income taxes and minority interests .................... 16,778 12,791 10,936 Income taxes..................................................................................... 5,505 4,159 3,569 Minority shareholders’ interests ....................................................... 258 104 59 Net earnings ....................................................................................... $11,015 $ 8,528 $ 7,308 Average common shares outstanding * ............................................ 1,541,807 1,539,775 1,537,716 Net earnings per common share *.................................................... $ 7,144 $ 5,538 $ 4,753
- Average shares outstanding include average Class A common shares and average Class B common shares
determined on an equivalent Class A common stock basis. Net earnings per common share shown above represents net earnings per equivalent Class A common share. Net earnings per Class B common share is equal to one- thirtieth (1/30) of such amount or $238 per share for 2006, $185 per share for 2005 and $158 per share for 2004. See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 28
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及子公司合并现金流量表(单位:百万美元)截至 12 月 31 日止年度 2006 年 2005 年 2004 年经营活动产生的现金流量:净利润 11,015 8,528 7,308 将净利润调节为经营活动现金流量的调整项:投资利得 (1,811) (6,196) (1,636) 折旧 2,066 982 941 业务收购前经营资产和负债的变动:损失及损失调整费用 (2,704) 2,086 (383) 再保险假设递延费用 424 339 360 未赚保费 637 (239) (52) 应收款项及原始贷款 (59) (1,849) 102 衍生合同资产和负债 (563) 3,620 (367) 所得税 303 1,602 860 其他资产和负债 887 573 178 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 10,195 9,446 7,311 投资活动产生的现金流量:购买固定到期证券 (7,747) (13,937) (5,924) 购买权益证券 (9,173) (8,021) (2,032) 出售固定到期证券 1,818 3,243 4,560 固定到期证券的赎回和到期 10,313 7,142 5,637 出售权益证券 3,778 1,629 2,610 购买贷款及应收融资款 (365) (1,987) (6,314) 贷款及应收融资款本金收回 985 911 2,736 收购业务(扣除所得现金) (10,132) (2,387) (414) 购买不动产、厂房和设备 (4,571) (2,195) (1,278) 其他 1,017 1,761 734 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 (14,077) (13,841) 315 筹资活动产生的现金流量:金融业务借款所得 1,280 5,628 1,668 公用事业和能源业务借款所得 2,417 — — 其他借款所得 215 521 339 金融业务借款偿还 (244) (319) (1,267) 公用事业和能源业务借款偿还 (516) — — 其他借款偿还 (991) (628) (674) 短期借款变动 245 361 (388) 其他 201 65 166 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 2,607 5,628 (156) 现金及现金等价物增加(减少)额 (1,275) 1,233 7,470 期初现金及现金等价物 ** 45,018 43,427 35,957 期末现金及现金等价物 * $43,743 $44,660 $43,427 * 期末现金及现金等价物由以下部分组成:保险及其他 $37,977 $40,471 $40,020 公用事业和能源 343 — — 金融及金融产品 5,423 4,189 3,407 $43,743 $44,660 $43,427
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (dollars in millions) Year Ended December 31, 2006 2005 2004 Cash flows from operating activities: Net earnings................................................................................................ $ 11,015 $ 8,528 $ 7,308 Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows: Investment gains ...................................................................................... (1,811) (6,196) (1,636) Depreciation............................................................................................. 2,066 982 941 Changes in operating assets and liabilities before business acquisitions: Losses and loss adjustment expenses....................................................... (2,704) 2,086 (383) Deferred charges reinsurance assumed .................................................... 424 339 360 Unearned premiums ................................................................................. 637 (239) (52) Receivables and originated loans............................................................. (59) (1,849) 102 Derivative contract assets and liabilities .................................................. (563) 3,620 (367) Income taxes ............................................................................................ 303 1,602 860 Other assets and liabilities ....................................................................... 887 573 178 Net cash flows from operating activities .................................................... 10,195 9,446 7,311 Cash flows from investing activities: Purchases of securities with fixed maturities.............................................. (7,747) (13,937) (5,924) Purchases of equity securities..................................................................... (9,173) (8,021) (2,032) Sales of securities with fixed maturities ..................................................... 1,818 3,243 4,560 Redemptions and maturities of securities with fixed maturities ................. 10,313 7,142 5,637 Sales of equity securities ............................................................................ 3,778 1,629 2,610 Purchases of loans and finance receivables ................................................ (365) (1,987) (6,314) Principal collections on loans and finance receivables............................... 985 911 2,736 Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired........................................ (10,132) (2,387) (414) Purchases of property, plant and equipment............................................... (4,571) (2,195) (1,278) Other........................................................................................................... 1,017 1,761 734 Net cash flows from investing activities..................................................... (14,077) (13,841) 315 Cash flows from financing activities: Proceeds from borrowings of finance businesses ....................................... 1,280 5,628 1,668 Proceeds from borrowings of utilities and energy businesses .................... 2,417 — — Proceeds from other borrowings................................................................. 215 521 339 Repayments of borrowings of finance businesses ...................................... (244) (319) (1,267) Repayments of borrowings of utilities and energy businesses ................... (516) — — Repayments of other borrowings................................................................ (991) (628) (674) Changes in short term borrowings.............................................................. 245 361 (388) Other........................................................................................................... 201 65 166 Net cash flows from financing activities .................................................... 2,607 5,628 (156) Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ....................................... (1,275) 1,233 7,470 Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year ** .......................................... 45,018 43,427 35,957 Cash and cash equivalents at end of year *.................................................. $43,743 $44,660 $43,427
- Cash and cash equivalents at end of year are comprised of the following:
Insurance and Other................................................................................... $37,977 $40,471 $40,020 Utilities and Energy.................................................................................... 343 — — Finance and Financial Products ................................................................ 5,423 4,189 3,407 $43,743 $44,660 $43,427
** 2006 年初余额中包含与中美能源相关的 3.58 亿美元。
** The balance at beginning of 2006 includes $358 million related to MidAmerican.
见随附合并财务报表附注。
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
29
29
伯克希尔·哈撒韦
及其子公司
合并股东权益及综合收益变动表
(单位:百万美元)
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (dollars in millions)
截至 12 月 31 日止年度 2006 年 2005 年 2004 年
A 类和 B 类普通股
年初及年末余额 $8 $8 $8
Year Ended December 31, 2006 2005 2004 Class A & B Common Stock Balance at beginning and end of year ........................................................ $ 8 $ 8 $ 8
资本溢价账户 年初余额 $26,399 $26,268 $26,151 因企业并购发行的股票期权行权及 SQUARZ 权证溢价 123 131 117 年末余额 $26,522 $26,399 $26,268
Capital in Excess of Par Value Balance at beginning of year ..................................................................... $26,399 $26,268 $26,151 Exercise of stock options issued in connection with business acquisitions and SQUARZ warrant premiums.................................. 123 131 117 Balance at end of year................................................................................ $26,522 $26,399 $26,268
留存收益 年初余额 $47,717 $39,189 $31,881 采用 FTB 85-4-1 准则 180 — — 净利润 11,015 8,528 7,308 年末余额 $58,912 $47,717 $39,189
Retained Earnings Balance at beginning of year ..................................................................... $47,717 $39,189 $31,881 Adoption of FTB 85-4-1............................................................................ 180 — — Net earnings ............................................................................................... 11,015 8,528 7,308 Balance at end of year................................................................................ $58,912 $47,717 $39,189
累计其他综合收益
投资未实现增值 $ 9,278 $ 2,081 $ 2,599
应计所得税 (3,246) (728) (905)
计入净利润的增值重分类调整 (1,646) (6,261) (1,569)
应计所得税 576 2,191 549
外币折算调整 603 (359) 140
应计所得税 1 (26) 134
最低养老金负债调整 563 (62) (38)
应计所得税 (196) 38 3
其他(含少数股东权益) (13) 51 (34)
其他综合收益 5,920 (3,075) 879
采用 SFAS 158 准则的影响 (303) — —
年初累计其他综合收益 17,360 20,435 19,556
年末累计其他综合收益 $22,977 $17,360 $20,435
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Unrealized appreciation of investments..................................................... $ 9,278 $ 2,081 $ 2,599 Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... (3,246) (728) (905) Reclassification adjustment for appreciation included in net earnings .................................................................... (1,646) (6,261) (1,569) Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... 576 2,191 549 Foreign currency translation adjustments .................................................. 603 (359) 140 Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... 1 (26) 134 Minimum pension liability adjustment ...................................................... 563 (62) (38) Applicable income taxes ...................................................................... (196) 38 3 Other, including minority interests ............................................................ (13) 51 (34) Other comprehensive income .................................................................... 5,920 (3,075) 879 Adoption of SFAS 158 .............................................................................. (303) — — Accumulated other comprehensive income at beginning of year .............. 17,360 20,435 19,556 Accumulated other comprehensive income at end of year ........................ $22,977 $17,360 $20,435
综合收益
净收益 $11,015 $8,528 $7,308
其他综合收益 5,920 (3,075) 879
综合收益合计 $16,935 $5,453 $8,187
Comprehensive Income Net earnings............................................................................................... $11,015 $ 8,528 $ 7,308 Other comprehensive income .................................................................... 5,920 (3,075) 879 Total comprehensive income ..................................................................... $16,935 $ 5,453 $ 8,187
见随附的合并财务报表附注。
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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30
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
及其子公司
合并财务报表附注
2006 年 12 月 31 日
(1) 重要会计政策与实务
(a) 经营性质与合并基础
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司(“伯克希尔”或“公司”)是一家控股公司,旗下子公司从事多种不同的业务活动,包括财产与意外保险及再保险、公用事业与能源、金融、制造、零售和服务。有关这些业务以及伯克希尔可报告业务分部的进一步信息,载于附注 20。伯克希尔在过去三年完成了若干企业收购,相关讨论参见附注 3。
所附合并财务报表包含伯克希尔的账目,以及在财务报表日伯克希尔对其持有控制性财务权益的所有子公司及关联企业的账目合并。通常情况下,控制性财务权益体现为持有多数表决权。在判断是否持有控制性财务权益时考虑的其他因素包括:伯克希尔是否有权购买或出售资产,或做出其他能显著影响该实体经营成果的运营决策,以及伯克希尔是否承担该实体大部分财务风险。公司间账目和交易已予以抵销。以往年度列报中的某些金额已重新分类,以符合本年度的列报方式。
(b) 财务报表编制中估计的运用
按照公认会计原则(“GAAP”)编制合并财务报表,要求管理层作出估计和假设,这些估计和假设会影响财务报表日资产与负债的报告金额,以及报告期内收入与费用的报告金额。尤其是,对财产与意外保险的未付损失和理赔调整费用,以及相应的再保险可收回金额的估计,由于预测最终理赔金额(这些理赔可能跨越多年才会报告和结案)存在固有不确定性,因此极易出现相当大的估计误差。此外,与假定再保险递延费用摊销、某些投资资产的公允价值确定及相关减值、商誉减值的确定相关的估计和假设,也需要管理层作出相当程度的判断。实际结果可能与编制合并财务报表时所用的估计存在差异。
(c) 现金等价物
现金等价物包括投资于美国国库券、货币市场账户,以及购买时到期日在三个月或以内的其他投资。现金及现金等价物不包括因贷款协议或其他合同条款而使用受限的金额。受限金额计入其他资产。
(d) 投资
伯克希尔管理层在收购日确定固定期限证券和权益证券投资的适当分类,并在每个资产负债表日重新评估分类。伯克希尔的固定期限证券和权益证券投资主要归类为可供出售,但金融业务持有的某些证券归类为持有至到期。
持有至到期投资按摊余成本列报,反映了伯克希尔持有至到期的意图和能力。可供出售证券按公允价值列报,未实现净利得或损失作为累计其他综合收益的组成部分报告。
投资利得和损失在投资出售(采用个别认定法确定)或发生非暂时性减值时确认。如果管理层判断某项投资公允价值低于成本的幅度属于非暂时性,则将该投资的成本减记至公允价值,并相应计入收益。在判断减值是否属于非暂时性时考虑的因素包括:发行人的财务状况、业务前景和信用状况,公允价值低于成本的时间长度,下跌的相对幅度,以及伯克希尔持有该投资直至公允价值恢复的能力和意图。
对于伯克希尔能对被投资方的运营和财务政策施加重大影响但不构成控制的投资,伯克希尔采用权益法核算。通常,拥有至少 20% 且不超过 50% 的表决权是采用权益法的前提条件。然而,根据事实和情况,包括在被投资方董事会中的代表席位、合同约定的否决权或批准权、参与政策制定过程以及其他重要股东的存在或缺失,伯克希尔也可能在持有低于 20% 表决权的情况下应用权益法。伯克希尔对普通股投资以及具有与普通股实质上相同的次级权益的其他投资采用权益法。
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS December 31, 2006 (1) Significant accounting policies and practices (a) Nature of operations and basis of consolidation Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (“Berkshire” or “Company”) is a holding company owning subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse business activities, including property and casualty insurance and reinsurance, utilities and energy, finance, manufacturing, retailing and services. Further information regarding these businesses and Berkshire’s reportable business segments is contained in Note 20. Berkshire consummated a number of business acquisitions over the past three years which are discussed in Note 3. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Berkshire consolidated with the accounts of all of its subsidiaries and affiliates in which Berkshire holds a controlling financial interest as of the financial statement date. Normally a controlling financial interest reflects ownership of a majority of the voting interests. Other factors considered in determining whether a controlling financial interest is held include whether Berkshire possesses the authority to purchase or sell assets or make other operating decisions that significantly affect the entity’s results of operations and whether Berkshire bears a majority of the financial risks of the entity. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain amounts in prior year presentations have been reclassified to conform with the current year presentation. (b) Use of estimates in preparation of financial statements The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the period. In particular, estimates of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and related recoverables under reinsurance for property and casualty insurance are subject to considerable estimation error due to the inherent uncertainty in projecting ultimate claim amounts that can be reported and settled over a period of many years. In addition, estimates and assumptions associated with the amortization of deferred charges reinsurance assumed, the determination of fair value of certain invested assets and related impairments and the determination of goodwill impairments require considerable judgment by management. Actual results may differ from the estimates used in preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. (c) Cash equivalents Cash equivalents consist of funds invested in U.S. Treasury Bills, money market accounts, and in other investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. Cash and cash equivalents exclude amounts where availability is restricted by loan agreements or other contractual provisions. Restricted amounts are included in other assets. (d) Investments Berkshire’s management determines the appropriate classifications of investments in fixed maturity and equity securities at the acquisition date and re-evaluates the classifications at each balance sheet date. Berkshire’s investments in fixed maturity and equity securities are primarily classified as available-for-sale, except for certain securities held by finance businesses which are classified as held-to-maturity. Held-to-maturity investments are carried at amortized cost, reflecting Berkshire’s intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value with net unrealized gains or losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Investment gains and losses arise when investments are sold (as determined on a specific identification basis) or are other-than-temporarily impaired. If in management’s judgment a decline in the value of an investment below cost is other than temporary, the cost of the investment is written down to fair value with a corresponding charge to earnings. Factors considered in judging whether an impairment is other than temporary include: the financial condition, business prospects and creditworthiness of the issuer, the length of time that fair value has been less than cost, the relative amount of the decline, and Berkshire’s ability and intent to hold the investment until the fair value recovers. Berkshire utilizes the equity method of accounting with respect to investments where it exercises significant influence, but not control, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. A voting interest of at least 20% and no greater than 50% is normally a prerequisite for utilizing the equity method. However, Berkshire may apply the equity method with less than 20% voting interests based upon the facts and circumstances including representation on the investee’s Board of Directors, contractual veto or approval rights, participation in policy making processes and the existence or absence of other significant owners. Berkshire applies the equity method to investments in common stock and other investments when such other investments possess substantially identical subordinated interests to common stock.
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31
合并财务报表附注(续)
(1) 重要会计政策与实务(续)
(d) 投资(续)
采用权益法核算时,投资按成本入账,随后根据伯克希尔在被投资方净利润或净亏损中所占的份额相应增加或减少。伯克希尔还将享有被投资方其他综合收益项目的份额确认为其综合收益的组成部分。股息或其他权益分配则记作投资的减少。若被投资方的净亏损已将权益法投资减至零,只要伯克希尔对被投资方的其他投资面临风险,即使伯克希尔未承诺向被投资方提供财务支持,也可能追加记录净亏损。该类追加的权益法亏损金额(如有)以伯克希尔对被投资方账面价值的求偿权变动为基础确定。
(e) 贷款和融资应收款
贷款和融资应收款包括伯克希尔金融及金融产品业务发放或购入的商业和消费贷款。贷款和融资应收款按摊余成本列报,并基于伯克希尔持有该等贷款和应收款至到期日的能力和意图扣减坏账准备。摊余成本指购置成本,加上或减去已支付的贷款发起和承诺成本或已收取的费用,这些项目连同购置溢价或折价在贷款存续期内递延,并作为收益率调整项摊销。
当交易对手很可能无法按贷款条款支付全部到期款项时,确认估计的贷款坏账损失准备。对特征和条款相似的消费贷款组合,根据历史损失与回收经验、拖欠率及当前经济状况计提准备。贷款损失准备计入合并利润表。
(f) 衍生工具
衍生工具包括利率、货币、股权和信用互换及期权、利率上限和下限以及期货和远期合约。
伯克希尔将衍生品合约按估计公允价值计量,在合并资产负债表中分别列为资产或负债。上述余额反映了与交易对手签订的主净额结算协议所允许的抵减金额。这些工具的公允价值通常代表合约下估计未来现金流的现值,而该现值取决于当前基础利率、货币汇率、证券价值、相关波动率、交易对手信用状况以及合约期限。上述因素或其组合的变化可能影响这些工具的公允价值。
不符合财务报告对冲工具条件的衍生品合约,其公允价值变动作为衍生品损益计入合并利润表。
衍生品合约可能规定伯克希尔或交易对手需就未平仓或未结算合约的公允价值提供抵押品。从交易对手收到或支付给交易对手的现金抵押品,用于担保衍生品合约资产或负债的,在合并资产负债表中分别计入金融及金融产品业务的负债或资产。从交易对手收到的证券抵押品不确认为资产,交付给交易对手的证券抵押品则继续在合并资产负债表中反映为资产。
(g) 存货
存货包括为转售而购入的制成品和商品。制成品存货成本包括原材料、直接和间接人工以及制造费用。存货按成本与市价孰低法列报。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,约 53% 的存货总成本采用后进先出法(“LIFO”)确定,41% 采用先进先出法(“FIFO”)确定,其余采用个别辨认法。对于按后进先出法计价的存货,其 LIFO 成本与按 FIFO 法确定的成本之间的差额总额,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日分别为 2.63 亿美元和 2.37 亿美元。
(h) 不动产、厂房和设备
不动产、厂房和设备按成本入账。重大添置和改良的支出予以资本化;而不能改善或延长相关资产使用寿命的更换、维护和修理支出则在发生时计入费用。建造期间的利息作为自建资产成本的组成部分予以资本化。此外,受美国财务会计准则公告第 71 号《特定类型监管影响的会计处理》(“SFAS 71”)约束的某些国内受监管公用事业及能源子公司,其自建资产的成本除建造期间发生的利息外,还包括估计资本成本的资本化。另见附注 1(n)。
折旧主要按估计使用寿命采用直线法计提。某些受监管公用事业及能源子公司的资产按其监管规定的综合资产类别寿命所对应的回收期计提折旧。
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued) (d) Investments (Continued) In applying the equity method, investments are recorded at cost and subsequently increased or decreased by Berkshire’s proportionate share of the net earnings or losses of the investee. Berkshire also records its proportionate share of other comprehensive income items of the investee as a component of its comprehensive income. Dividends or other equity distributions are recorded as a reduction of the investment. In the event that net losses of the investee have reduced the equity method investment to zero, additional net losses may be recorded if other investments in the investee are at-risk, even if Berkshire has not committed to provide financial support to the investee. Berkshire bases such additional equity method loss amounts, if any, on the change in its claim on the investee’s book value. (e) Loans and finance receivables Loans and finance receivables consist of commercial and consumer loans originated or purchased by Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses. Loans and finance receivables are stated at amortized cost less allowances for uncollectible accounts based on Berkshire’s ability and intent to hold such loans and receivables to maturity. Amortized cost represents acquisition cost, plus or minus origination and commitment costs paid or fees received, which together with acquisition premiums or discounts are deferred and amortized as yield adjustments over the life of the loan. Allowances for estimated losses from uncollectible loans are recorded when it is probable that the counterparty will be unable to pay all amounts due according to the terms of the loan. Allowances are provided on aggregations of consumer loans with similar characteristics and terms based upon historical loss and recovery experience, delinquency rates and current economic conditions. Provisions for loan losses are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. (f) Derivatives Derivative instruments include interest rate, currency, equity and credit swaps and options, interest rate caps and floors and futures and forward contracts. Berkshire carries derivative contracts at estimated fair value classified as assets or liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Such balances reflect reductions permitted under master netting agreements with counterparties. The fair values of these instruments generally represent the present value of estimated future cash flows under the contracts, which are a function of current underlying interest rates, currency rates, security values, related volatility, counterparty creditworthiness and duration of the contracts. Changes in these factors or a combination thereof may affect the fair value of these instruments. The changes in fair value of derivative contracts that do not qualify as hedging instruments for financial reporting purposes are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as derivative gains/losses. Derivative contracts may provide for Berkshire or the counterparty to post collateral as security against the fair value of open or unsettled contracts. Cash collateral received from or paid to counterparties to secure derivative contract assets or liabilities is included in liabilities or assets of finance and financial products businesses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Securities received from counterparties as collateral are not recorded as assets and securities delivered to counterparties as collateral continue to be reflected as assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. (g) Inventories Inventories consist of manufactured goods and purchased goods acquired for resale. Manufactured inventory costs include raw materials, direct and indirect labor and factory overhead. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. As of December 31, 2006, approximately 53% of the total inventory cost was determined using the last-in- first-out (“LIFO”) method, 41% using the first-in-first-out (“FIFO”) method, with the remainder using the specific identification method. With respect to inventories carried at LIFO cost, the aggregate difference in value between LIFO cost and cost determined under FIFO methods was $263 million and $237 million as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. (h) Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost. The cost of major additions and betterments are capitalized, while replacements, maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the useful lives of the related assets are expensed as incurred. Interest over the construction period is capitalized as a component of cost of constructed assets. In addition, the cost of constructed assets of certain domestic regulated utility and energy subsidiaries that are subject to SFAS No. 71, “Accounting for the Effects of Certain Types of Regulation” (“SFAS 71”) includes the capitalization of the estimated cost of capital in addition to interest incurred during the construction period. Also see Note 1(n). Depreciation is provided principally on the straight-line method over estimated useful lives. Depreciation of assets of certain regulated utility and energy subsidiaries is provided over recovery periods based on composite asset class lives as mandated by regulation.
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(1) 重要会计政策与实务(续)
(h) 不动产、厂房和设备(续)
当发生的事项或情况变化表明资产的账面价值可能无法收回,或该资产符合持有待售条件时,对不动产、厂房和设备进行减值评估。一旦出现触发事件,即对该资产进行审查,以评估预计因使用该资产所产生的未折现现金流量,加上最终处置的残值,是否超过资产的账面价值。如果账面价值超过预计可收回金额,则将该资产减记至预计因使用该资产产生的未来现金流量的折现现值。减值损失记入合并利润表,但某些受监管的国内公用事业及能源子公司的资产减值除外,对此类子公司,若损失很可能通过未来费率收回,则通过设立一项监管资产来抵销。
(i) 商誉
商誉指企业收购中收购成本与所取得净资产公允价值之间的差额。商誉每年至少采用多种方法进行一次减值测试,如有减值,则计入当期损益。测试中使用的关键假设包括但不限于使用适当的折现率和预计未来现金流量。在估计现金流量时,公司会结合当期市场信息以及历史因素。
(j) 收入确认
预期型财产/意外险、再保险以及健康再保险合同的保费,按所提供保险保障水平的比例逐步确认为收入。在多数情况下,保费在合同期限内按时间比例确认为收入,未到期保费按月或按日按比例计算。追溯型财产/意外再保险合同的保费在合同开始时确认为收入。人寿再保险合同的保费在到期时确认为收入。
已赚保费按扣除分出给再保险公司的金额后的净额列示。对于在当期承保的某些再保险合同,若分出公司按合同规定应在资产负债表日后才提供该期间报告,则需对保费进行估计。对于包含经验费率条款的保单,保费根据合同项下的估计损失经验来确定。
销售收入来源于制成品的销售以及为转售而购入的商品。销售收入在商品所有权转移给客户时确认,通常与客户提货、产品交付或验收的时点一致,具体视销售安排的条款而定。
服务收入主要来源于飞行员培训、飞行运营和飞行管理业务。服务收入在服务提供时确认。根据合同提供的服务,视合同条款的不同,或在合同期间内确认,或在合同规定的各项要素完成时确认。
债券及贷款投资的利息收入,按实际利率法确认,包括根据债券或贷款协议条款计提的应计利息,以及购买溢价和应计折价的摊销。在确定抵押贷款支持证券的实际利率时,需定期估计并评估对手方的预期提前还款额。权益类证券的股息在除息日确认为收入。
公用事业及能源业务因向客户配送和销售天然气及电力所产生的运营收入,在服务提供或能源交付时确认。确认的金额既包括已开账单金额,也包括未开账单金额。收取的费率通常受联邦和州法规的约束,或依据合同安排确定。当允许在相关监管机构最终批准之前按临时费率开单收费时,已收取的部分收入可能须退还,此时应计提一笔预计退款准备金。
房地产经纪业务的佣金收入,以及应付代理人的相关款项,作为公用事业和能源业务运营收入及费用的组成部分,在房地产交易完成时确认。
(k) 损失及损失调整费用
未付损失及损失调整费用负债,指截至资产负债表日就已发生损失的财产/意外险及再保险合同,其对应的预计索赔及索赔理算成本。损失及损失调整费用负债按预计最终赔付金额入账,但由某些工伤险再保险业务产生的金额,如下文所述进行折现。预计最终赔付金额基于:(1)逐案估计;(2)保单持有人报告的损失情况;(3)对已发生但未报告(“IBNR”)损失的估计。
损失及损失调整费用准备金在随附的合并利润表中列报,已扣减根据再保险合同收回的金额和预计可收回的金额。再保险合同并不免除分出公司对相关基础保险及再保险合同项下保单持有人负有的赔偿义务。
(1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued) (h) Property, plant and equipment (Continued) Property, plant and equipment is evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable, or the assets meet the criteria of held for sale. Upon the occurrence of a triggering event, the asset is reviewed to assess whether the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected from the use of the asset plus residual value from the ultimate disposal exceeds the carrying value of the asset. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated recoverable amounts, the asset is written down to the estimated discounted present value of the expected future cash flows from using the asset. Impairment losses are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings, except with respect to impairments of assets of certain domestic regulated utility and energy subsidiaries where losses are offset by the establishment of a regulatory asset to the extent recovery in future rates is probable. (i) Goodwill Goodwill represents the difference between purchase cost and the fair value of net assets acquired in business acquisitions. Goodwill is tested for impairment using a variety of methods at least annually and impairments, if any, are charged to earnings. Key assumptions used in the testing include, but are not limited to, the use of an appropriate discount rate and estimated future cash flows. In estimating cash flows, the Company incorporates current market information as well as historical factors. (j) Revenue recognition Insurance premiums for prospective property/casualty insurance and reinsurance and health reinsurance policies are earned in proportion to the level of insurance protection provided. In most cases, premiums are recognized as revenues ratably over the term of the contract with unearned premiums computed on a monthly or daily pro rata basis. Premiums for retroactive reinsurance property/casualty policies are earned at the inception of the contracts. Premiums for life reinsurance contracts are earned when due. Premiums earned are stated net of amounts ceded to reinsurers. Premiums are estimated with respect to certain reinsurance contracts written during the period where reports from ceding companies for the period are not contractually due until after the balance sheet date. For policies containing experience rating provisions, premiums are based upon estimated loss experience under the contract. Sales revenues derive from the sales of manufactured products and goods acquired for resale. Revenues from sales are recognized upon passage of title to the customer, which generally coincides with customer pickup, product delivery or acceptance, depending on terms of the sales arrangement. Service revenues derive primarily from pilot training and flight operations and flight management activities. Service revenues are recognized as the services are performed. Services provided pursuant to a contract are either recognized over the contract period, or upon completion of the elements specified in the contract, depending on the terms of the contract. Interest income from investments in bonds and loans is earned under the constant yield method and includes accrual of interest due under terms of the bond or loan agreement as well as amortization of acquisition premiums and accruable discounts. In determining the constant yield for mortgage-backed securities, anticipated counterparty prepayments are estimated and evaluated periodically. Dividends from equity securities are earned on the ex- dividend date. Operating revenue of utilities and energy businesses resulting from the distribution and sale of natural gas and electricity to customers is recognized when the service is rendered or the energy is delivered. Amounts recognized include unbilled as well as billed amounts. Rates charged are generally subject to Federal and state regulation or established under contractual arrangements. When preliminary rates are permitted to be billed prior to final approval by the applicable regulator, certain revenue collected may be subject to refund and a provision for estimated refunds is accrued. Commission revenue from real estate brokerage transactions and related amounts due to agents which are included as components of operating revenues and expenses of utilities and energy businesses are recognized when a real estate transaction is closed. (k) Losses and loss adjustment expenses Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represent estimated claim and claim settlement costs of property/casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts with respect to losses that have occurred as of the balance sheet date. The liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses are recorded at the estimated ultimate payment amounts, except that amounts arising from certain workers’ compensation reinsurance business are discounted as discussed below. Estimated ultimate payment amounts are based upon (1) individual case estimates, (2) reports of losses from policyholders and (3) estimates of incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) losses. Provisions for losses and loss adjustment expenses are reported in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings after deducting amounts recovered and estimates of amounts recoverable under reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the ceding company of its obligations to indemnify policyholders with respect to the underlying insurance and reinsurance contracts.
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(1)重要会计政策与实务(续)
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued)
(k) 损失及损失理赔费用(续)
根据特定再保险合同分入的工伤保险赔付的估计负债,在合并资产负债表中按折现金额列示。折现金额基于以下年折现率:2003 年之前的赔付适用 4.5%,2002 年之后的赔付适用 1%,与法定会计原则下所使用的折现率保持一致。折现的定期转回计入合并损益表,作为损失及损失理赔费用的一部分。
(l) 递延费用——分入再保险
就提供保险风险保障的追溯性财产与意外再保险合同而言,索赔及索赔费用的估计负债超过已收对价的部分,于该等合同初始时确认为一项递延费用。该递延费用随后在预计的索赔结算期内采用利息法摊销。定期摊销额计入随附的合并损益表,列示为损失及损失理赔费用。
预计赔款支付时间及估计金额的变动,会导致未摊销递延费用余额发生变动。此类估计变动采用追溯法确定,并计入变动发生期间的保险损失及损失理赔费用。
(m) 保单获取成本
与签发保单相关且随之变动的成本,在预计最终可收回的前提下予以递延,并在相关保费实现收入的期间计入承保费用。获取成本包括佣金、保费税、广告及其他承保费用。保单获取成本的可收回性一般包含对投资收益的预期。递延保单获取成本的未摊销余额计入其他资产,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日分别为 14.32 亿美元和 12.87 亿美元。
(n) 受监管的公用事业与能源业务
某些国内能源子公司依据美国财务会计准则第 71 号(SFAS No. 71)编制财务报表,以反映因能够向客户回收某些成本,以及须在将来通过受监管的费率制定流程将收入退还给客户而产生的经济影响。相应地,部分成本被递延为监管资产,部分义务被计提为监管负债,并将在未来不同期间摊销。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,中美能源的监管资产为 18.27 亿美元,监管负债为 18.39 亿美元,分别列入公用事业与能源业务的其他资产和其他负债。
管理层持续评估监管资产在未来得以回收的可能性,评估时考虑的因素包括:适用的监管法规变动、近期其他受监管实体收到的费率裁定,以及任何待决或潜在的放松管制立法动态。若未来成本回收不再是可能事项,则将不再可能回收的金额计入损益。
公用事业与能源业务确认法定资产弃置义务(“ARO”),主要与核能发电资产的退役,以及租赁煤矿用地的最终复垦相关。若能对未来预期现金流量做出合理估计,则法定 ARO 的估计公允价值即确认为一项负债。该负债加计入相关资产的账面金额,并在该资产的剩余可使用年限内折旧。初始确认后,该负债将根据确定弃置义务现值所用假设的变更进行定期调整。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,ARO 约为 4.23 亿美元,反映在公用事业与能源业务的其他负债中。
(p) 外币
境外子公司的账目在大多数情况下以当地货币作为功能货币计量。这些业务的收入和费用按当期平均汇率折算为美元。资产和负债按报告期末汇率折算。境外经营主体财务报表折算产生的损益计入股东权益,作为累计其他综合收益的组成部分。与可供出售证券相关的未实现损益计入其他综合收益的组成部分。以外币计价的其他交易产生的损益列入合并损益表。
(q) 递延所得税
递延所得税采用负债法计算。递延所得税资产和负债根据财务报表与税务口径的资产负债之间的暂时性差异,按已颁布的所得税率估算。与其他综合收益组成部分(主要是未实现投资损益)相关的递延所得税资产和负债变动,直接借记或贷记其他综合收益。除此以外,递延所得税资产和负债的变动计入所得税费用。对于很可能无法实现的某些递延所得税资产,已计提估值备抵。
(k) Losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued) The estimated liabilities of workers’ compensation claims assumed under certain reinsurance contracts are carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at discounted amounts. Discounted amounts are based upon an annual discount rate of 4.5% for claims arising prior to 2003 and 1% for claims arising after 2002, consistent with discount rates used under statutory accounting principles. The periodic discount accretion is included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as a component of losses and loss adjustment expenses. (l) Deferred charges reinsurance assumed The excess of estimated liabilities for claims and claim costs over the consideration received with respect to retroactive property and casualty reinsurance contracts that provide for indemnification of insurance risk is established as a deferred charge at inception of such contracts. The deferred charges are subsequently amortized using the interest method over the expected claim settlement periods. The periodic amortization charges are reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Earnings as losses and loss adjustment expenses. Changes to the expected timing and estimated amount of loss payments produce changes in the unamortized deferred charge balance. Such changes in estimates are determined retrospectively and included in insurance losses and loss adjustment expense in the period of the change. (m) Insurance premium acquisition costs Costs that vary and are related to the issuance of insurance policies are deferred, subject to ultimate recoverability, and charged to underwriting expenses as the related premiums are earned. Acquisition costs consist of commissions, premium taxes, advertising and other underwriting costs. The recoverability of premium acquisition costs, generally, reflects anticipation of investment income. The unamortized balances of deferred premium acquisition costs are included in other assets and were $1,432 million and $1,287 million at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. (n) Regulated utilities and energy businesses Certain domestic energy subsidiaries prepare their financial statements in accordance with SFAS No. 71, reflecting economic effects deriving from the ability to recover certain costs from customers and the requirement to return revenues to customers in the future through the regulated rate-setting process. Accordingly, certain costs are deferred as regulatory assets and obligations are accrued as regulatory liabilities, which will be amortized over various future periods. At December 31, 2006, MidAmerican had $1,827 million in regulatory assets and $1,839 million in regulatory liabilities, which are components of other assets and other liabilities of utilities and energy businesses. Management continually assesses whether the regulatory assets are probable of future recovery by considering factors such as applicable regulatory changes, recent rate orders received by other regulated entities and the status of any pending or potential deregulation legislation. If future recovery of costs ceases to be probable, the amount no longer probable of recovery is charged to earnings. Utilities and energy businesses recognize legal asset retirement obligations (“ARO”), mainly related to the decommissioning of nuclear generation assets and the final reclamation of leased coal mining property. The estimated fair value of a legal ARO is recognized as a liability when a reasonable estimate of the expected future cash flows can be made. This liability is added to the carrying amount of the associated asset, which is then depreciated over the remaining useful life of the asset. Subsequent to the initial recognition, the liability is periodically adjusted for revisions to assumptions used in determining the present value of the retirement obligation. The ARO as of December 31, 2006 was approximately $423 million and is reflected in other liabilities of utilities and energy businesses. (p) Foreign currency The accounts of foreign-based subsidiaries are measured in most instances using the local currency as the functional currency. Revenues and expenses of these businesses are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rate for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. Gains or losses from translating the financial statements of foreign-based operations are included in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Unrealized gains or losses associated with available- for-sale securities are included as a component of other comprehensive income. Gains and losses arising from other transactions denominated in a foreign currency are included in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings. (q) Deferred income taxes Deferred income taxes are calculated under the liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are based on differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities at the enacted tax rates. Changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities that are associated with components of other comprehensive income (primarily unrealized investment gains and losses) are charged or credited directly to other comprehensive income. Otherwise, changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities are included as a component of income tax expense. Valuation allowances have been established for certain deferred tax assets where realization is not likely.
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(1) 重要会计政策与实务(续)
(r) 未来年度将采用的会计准则公告
2006 年 7 月,FASB 发布了《FASB 解释第 48 号——所得税不确定性的会计处理》(“FIN 48”)。FIN 48 规定了在财务报表中确认已采取或预期将采取的所得税申报立场的确认门槛和计量属性。只有符合“更有可能维持”门槛的税务立场才在 FIN 48 下予以确认。FIN 48 还提供了关于终止确认、利息和罚款的分类以及年度和中期财务报表的会计处理和披露指引。FIN 48 自 2006 年 12 月 15 日之后开始的财年生效。因首次采用 FIN 48 而产生的任何变化的累积影响,须在采用期间作为对留存收益期初余额的调整进行报告。
2006 年 9 月,FASB 发布了《FASB 工作人员立场公告第 AUG AIR-1 号——计划性重大维护活动的会计处理》(“AUG AIR-1”)。AUG AIR-1 禁止采用预先计提法对计划性重大维护活动进行会计处理,该方法通过在进行维护前的期间内计提负债来均摊确认此类维护成本。该公告还保留了三种计划性重大维护活动的替代会计处理方法,包括直接费用法、内置大修法和递延法。AUG AIR-1 自 2006 年 12 月 15 日之后开始的财年生效。
2006 年 9 月,FASB 发布了《SFAS 第 157 号——公允价值计量》(“SFAS 157”)。SFAS 157 将公允价值定义为在计量日市场参与者之间的有序交易中转让资产或转移负债所收取的价格,反映了最高最佳使用估值概念。SFAS 157 建立了公允价值计量的框架,创建了目前 GAAP 要求的公允价值计量层级,用于区分可观察的独立市场输入值和不可观察的市场假设。SFAS 157 还进一步扩大了关于此类公允价值计量的披露范围。SFAS 157 自 2007 年 11 月 15 日之后开始的财年生效,可提前采用,但前提是提前采用须在财年第一季度实施。
2007 年 2 月,FASB 发布了《SFAS 第 159 号——金融资产和金融负债的公允价值选择权——对 FASB 第 115 号声明的一项修订》(“SFAS 第 159 号”)。SFAS 第 159 号允许实体选择按公允价值计量许多金融工具和某些其他项目。在采用 SFAS 第 159 号时,实体可以对采用日期存在的合格项目选择公允价值选择权。自首次采用后,公允价值选择权的选择仅应在资产或负债的初始确认或导致新基础会计的重新计量事件发生时作出。SFAS 第 159 号不影响任何要求某些资产和负债按公允价值列报的现有会计文献,也不取消其他会计准则中包含的披露要求。SFAS 第 159 号自 2007 年 11 月 15 日之后开始的财年生效,可提前采用,但前提是提前采用须在财年第一季度实施。
伯克希尔正在评估采用这些公告对其合并财务状况的影响,目前预计采用这些会计准则公告不会对其合并财务状况产生重大影响。
(2) 对中美能源控股公司的投资
中美能源在美国拥有一家综合受监管电力和天然气公用事业公司(中美能源公司)、一家受监管电力公用事业公司(PacifiCorp,于 2006 年 3 月 21 日收购)、两家美国州际天然气管道公司(Kern River 和 Northern Natural Gas)、两家英国配电公司(Northern Electric 和 Yorkshire Electricity)、一个多元化的国内及国际电力项目组合,以及美国第二大住宅房地产经纪公司(HomeServices)。该业务组被称为“中美能源”或“公用事业和能源业务”。
2006 年 2 月 9 日,伯克希尔将其无投票权优先股转换为普通股,转换后拥有大约 83.4%(摊薄后 80.5%)的有投票权普通股权益。结合收购 PacifiCorp,伯克希尔以 34 亿美元额外收购了中美能源的普通股。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔在中美能源的持股比例为 87.8%(摊薄后 86.6%)。因此,2006 年合并财务报表反映了中美能源账目的合并。中美能源的债务义务不受伯克希尔担保。但伯克希尔作出承诺,直至 2011 年 2 月 28 日,允许中美能源请求最多 35 亿美元的资本用于偿还其债务义务或向其受监管子公司提供资金。
在 2004 年和 2005 年期间,伯克希尔通过其对中美能源的普通股和可转换优先股投资,拥有对中美能源运营施加重大影响的能力,这些投资共同拥有中美能源 9.7% 的投票权和 83.4%(摊薄后 80.5%)的经济权益。可转换优先股虽通常无投票权,但在实质上与一股普通股具有相同的从属权益,并在经济上等同于普通股。因此,在此期间,伯克希尔按权益法核算其对中美能源的投资。随附的合并资产负债表中包含一份未经审计的截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的备考资产负债表,以反映中美能源的合并。伯克希尔董事会成员小沃尔特·斯科特(Walter Scott, Jr.)在 2005 年 12 月 31 日控制了中美能源约 86% 的投票权。由于伯克希尔将其优先股转换为有投票权普通股,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,斯科特先生的投票权已降至 11%。
(1) Significant accounting policies and practices (Continued) (r) Accounting pronouncements to be adopted in subsequent years In July 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48 “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes” (“FIN 48”). FIN 48 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for financial statement recognition of positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Only tax positions meeting a “more-likely-than-not” threshold of being sustained are recognized under FIN 48. FIN 48 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification of interest and penalties and accounting and disclosures for annual and interim financial statements. FIN 48 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. The cumulative effect of any changes arising from the initial application of FIN 48 is required to be reported as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. In September 2006, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. AUG AIR-1, “Accounting for Planned Major Maintenance Activities” (“AUG AIR-1”). AUG AIR-1 prohibits the use of the accrue-in-advance method of accounting for planned major maintenance activities in which such maintenance costs are ratably recognized by accruing a liability in periods before the maintenance is performed. This pronouncement also retains three alternative methods for accounting for planned major maintenance activities including the direct expensing method, the built-in overhaul method and the deferral method. AUG AIR-1 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2006. In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (“SFAS 157”). SFAS 157 defines fair value as the price received to transfer an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date reflecting the highest and best use valuation concepts. SFAS 157 establishes a framework for measuring fair value by creating a hierarchy of fair value measurements currently required under GAAP that distinguishes market data between observable independent market inputs and unobservable market assumptions. SFAS 157 further expands disclosures about such fair value measurements. SFAS 157 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007 and may be adopted earlier but only if the adoption is in the first quarter of the fiscal year. In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities - Including an amendment of FASB Statement No. 115” (“SFAS No. 159”). SFAS No. 159 permits entities to elect to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. Upon adoption of SFAS No. 159, an entity may elect the fair value option for eligible items that exist at the adoption date. Subsequent to the initial adoption, the election of the fair value option should only be made at initial recognition of the asset or liability or upon a remeasurement event that gives rise to new-basis accounting. SFAS No. 159 does not affect any existing accounting literature that requires certain assets and liabilities to be carried at fair value nor does it eliminate disclosure requirements included in other accounting standards. SFAS No. 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007 and may be adopted earlier but only if the adoption is in the first quarter of the fiscal year. Berkshire is evaluating the impact that the adoption of these pronouncements will have on its consolidated financial position and currently does not anticipate that the adoption of these accounting pronouncements will have a material effect on its consolidated financial position. (2) Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company MidAmerican owns a combined regulated electric and natural gas utility company in the United States (MidAmerican Energy Company), a regulated electric utility company in the United States (PacifiCorp which was acquired March 21, 2006), two interstate natural gas pipeline companies in the United States (Kern River and Northern Natural Gas), two electricity distribution companies in the United Kingdom (Northern Electric and Yorkshire Electricity), a diversified portfolio of domestic and international electric power projects and the second largest residential real estate brokerage firm in the United States (HomeServices). This group of businesses is referred to as “MidAmerican” or the “utilities and energy businesses.” On February 9, 2006, Berkshire converted its non-voting preferred stock to common stock and upon conversion, owned approximately 83.4% (80.5% diluted) of the voting common stock interests. In conjunction with the acquisition of PacifiCorp, Berkshire acquired additional common stock of MidAmerican for $3.4 billion. Berkshire’s ownership in MidAmerican as of December 31, 2006 was 87.8% (86.6% diluted). Accordingly, the 2006 Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the consolidation of the accounts of MidAmerican. MidAmerican’s debt obligations are not guaranteed by Berkshire. However, Berkshire has made a commitment until February 28, 2011 that would allow MidAmerican to request up to $3.5 billion of capital to pay its debt obligations or to provide funding to its regulated subsidiaries. During 2004 and 2005, Berkshire possessed the ability to exercise significant influence on the operations of MidAmerican through its investments in common and convertible preferred stock of MidAmerican, which together possessed 9.7% of the voting rights and 83.4% (80.5% diluted) of the economic rights of MidAmerican. The convertible preferred stock, although generally non- voting, was substantially an identical subordinate interest to a share of common stock and economically equivalent to common stock. Therefore, during that period, Berkshire accounted for its investments in MidAmerican pursuant to the equity method. An unaudited pro forma balance sheet as of December 31, 2005 is included on the face of the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets reflecting the consolidation of MidAmerican. Walter Scott, Jr., a member of Berkshire’s Board of Directors, controlled approximately 86% of the voting interest in MidAmerican at December 31, 2005. As a result of Berkshire’s conversion of its preferred stock to voting common stock, at December 31, 2006, Mr. Scott’s voting interest has been reduced to 11%.
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(2)对中美能源控股公司的投资(续)
以下是中美能源截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的简明合并资产负债表,以及截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日和 2004 年度的简明收益表(单位:百万美元)。
| 资产 | 负债和股东权益 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 不动产、厂房和设备,净值 | 11,915 | 债务,但欠伯克希尔的债务除外 | 10,296 |
| 商誉 | 4,156 | 欠伯克希尔的债务 | 1,289 |
| 其他资产 | 4,122 | 其他负债和少数股东权益 | 5,223 |
| 20,193 | 16,808 | ||
| 股东权益 | 3,385 | ||
| 20,193 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (2) Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (Continued) A condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2005 and condensed statements of earnings for the years ending December 31, 2005 and 2004 of MidAmerican are as follows (in millions). Assets Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Property, plant and equipment, net ......................... $11,915 Debt, except debt owed to Berkshire ........... $10,296 Goodwill................................................................. 4,156 Debt owed to Berkshire ............................... 1,289 Other assets ............................................................ 4,122 Other liabilities and minority interests ......... 5,223 $20,193 16,808 Shareholders’ equity .................................... 3,385 $20,193
2005 2004
营业收入及其他收入 7,279 6,727
成本和费用:
销售成本及营业费用 5,586 5,028
伯克希尔持有的债务利息支出 157 170
其他利息支出 717 713
6,460 5,911
税前利润 819 816
所得税及少数股东权益 261 278
持续经营业务利润 558 538
终止经营业务利得(损失) 5 (368) *
净利润 563 170
2005 2004 Operating revenue and other income............................................................................... $7,279 $6,727 Costs and expenses: Cost of sales and operating expenses .............................................................................. 5,586 5,028 Interest expense – debt held by Berkshire....................................................................... 157 170 Other interest expense..................................................................................................... 717 713 6,460 5,911 Earnings before taxes ...................................................................................................... 819 816 Income taxes and minority interests................................................................................ 261 278 Earnings from continuing operations .............................................................................. 558 538 Gain (loss) on discontinued operations ........................................................................... 5 (368) * Net earnings .................................................................................................................... $ 563 $ 170
- 2004 年 9 月 10 日,中美能源管理层决定停止运营安装于若干地热发电站附近的矿物提取设施(简称“该项目”),这些设施使用专有工艺从地热卤水及流体中提取锌。中美能源管理层认定,该项目无法实现商业可行。因此,公司计提了税后约 3.40 亿美元的非现金减值损失,将该项目资产、可提取矿产量的相关权利以及分摊的商誉减记至预计可变现净值。
- On September 10, 2004, MidAmerican’s management decided to cease operations of mineral extraction facilities installed near certain
geothermal energy generation sites (“the Project”) at which proprietary processes were used to extract zinc from geothermal brine and fluids. MidAmerican’s management concluded that the Project could not become commercially viable. Consequently, a non-cash impairment charge of approximately $340 million, after tax, was recorded to write-down assets of the Project, rights to quantities of extractable minerals and allocated goodwill to estimated net realizable value.
(3) 重大企业收购
伯克希尔长期秉持的收购策略是,以合理的价格收购那些拥有稳定盈利能力、良好净资产收益率,并且管理层能干且诚实的公司。过去三年里,伯克希尔收购了几家企业,下文将对这些企业进行介绍。
2005 年 6 月 30 日,伯克希尔从 GE Insurance Solutions 收购了 Medical Protective Corporation(简称“MedPro”)。MedPro 是美国面向医生、牙医及其他初级医疗保健提供商的顶级职业责任保险公司之一。2005 年 8 月 31 日,伯克希尔收购了 Forest River, Inc.(简称“Forest River”),该公司是美国休闲车领域的领先制造商。Forest River 生产全系列机动式和拖挂式休闲车、拖车、客车、船只和预制房屋。MedPro 和 Forest River 的经营业绩分别自 2005 年 7 月 1 日和 2005 年 9 月 1 日起并入伯克希尔的合并报表。如果将 MedPro 和 Forest River 的业绩自 2004 年初起纳入,并不会对伯克希尔已报告的合并经营业绩产生重大影响。2005 年完成的所有企业收购(包括伯克希尔某些子公司主导的小型收购)所支付的总对价为 24 亿美元。
2006 年 2 月 28 日,伯克希尔收购了 Business Wire,这是一家全球领先的企业新闻、多媒体和监管文件发布机构。2006 年 3 月 21 日,伯克希尔以约 51 亿美元现金收购了 PacifiCorp,这是一家受监管的电力公用事业公司,为美国西部六个州的客户提供服务。2006 年 5 月 19 日,伯克希尔收购了 Applied Underwriters(简称“Applied”)85% 的股份,该公司是工伤保险综合解决方案领域的行业领导者。根据某些条件,Applied 现有的少数股东可能从伯克希尔手中再收购最多 4% 的 Applied 权益。
2006 年 7 月 5 日,伯克希尔以现金收购了 Iscar Metalworking Companies(简称“IMC”)80% 的股份,该交易对 IMC 的估值为 50 亿美元。IMC 总部位于以色列,通过其 Iscar、TaeguTec、Ingersoll 及其他 IMC 子公司,在金属切削刀具行业占据领先地位。IMC 提供覆盖全范围金属加工应用的全面刀具产品。IMC 的产品通过位于以色列、韩国、美国、巴西、中国、德国、印度、意大利和日本的全球世界级、技术先进的制造网络生产,并通过遍布全球 61 个主要工业国家的子公司和代理机构销售。2006 年 8 月 2 日,伯克希尔以约 6 亿美元现金收购了 Russell Corporation,这是一家领先的品牌运动服装和体育用品公司。
(3) Significant business acquisitions Berkshire’s long-held acquisition strategy is to purchase businesses with consistent earning power, good returns on equity and able and honest management at sensible prices. During the last three years, Berkshire acquired several businesses which are described in the following paragraphs. On June 30, 2005, Berkshire acquired Medical Protective Corporation (“MedPro”) from GE Insurance Solutions. MedPro is one of the nation’s premier professional liability insurers for physicians, dentists and other primary health care providers. On August 31, 2005, Berkshire acquired Forest River, Inc., (“Forest River”) a leading manufacturer of leisure vehicles in the U.S. Forest River manufactures a complete line of motorized and towable recreational vehicles, utility trailers, buses, boats and manufactured houses. Operating results of MedPro and Forest River are consolidated with Berkshire’s results beginning as of July 1, 2005 and September 1, 2005, respectively. Inclusion of MedPro’s and Forest River’s results as of the beginning of 2004 would not have materially impacted Berkshire’s consolidated results of operations as reported. Aggregate consideration paid for all business acquisitions completed during 2005, including smaller acquisitions directed by certain Berkshire subsidiaries, was $2.4 billion. On February 28, 2006, Berkshire acquired Business Wire, a leading global distributor of corporate news, multimedia and regulatory filings. On March 21, 2006, PacifiCorp, a regulated electric utility providing service to customers in six Western states, was acquired for approximately $5.1 billion in cash. On May 19, 2006, Berkshire acquired 85% of Applied Underwriters (“Applied”), an industry leader in integrated workers’ compensation solutions. Under certain conditions, existing minority shareholders of Applied may acquire up to an additional 4% interest in Applied from Berkshire. On July 5, 2006, Berkshire acquired 80% of the Iscar Metalworking Companies (“IMC”) for cash in a transaction that valued IMC at $5 billion. IMC, headquartered in Israel, is an industry leader in the metal cutting tools business through its Iscar, TaeguTec, Ingersoll and other IMC companies. IMC provides a comprehensive range of tools for the full scope of metalworking applications. IMC’s products are manufactured through a global network of world-class, technologically advanced manufacturing facilities located in Israel, Korea, the United States, Brazil, China, Germany, India, Italy and Japan, and are sold through subsidiary offices and agents located in 61 major industrial countries worldwide. On August 2, 2006, Berkshire acquired Russell Corporation, a leading branded athletic apparel and sporting goods company for cash of approximately $600 million.
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(3) 重大企业收购(续)
上述各企业的经营业绩自收购生效之日起纳入伯克希尔的合并报表。下表列示了 2006 年和 2005 年未经审计的备考合并盈利数据,假设 2005 年和 2006 年完成的每项收购均在每年年初按相同条款完成。2005 年的盈利数据也反映了 MidAmerican 的备考合并。金额单位为百万美元,每股数据除外。
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | |
|---|---|---|
| 总收入 | 100,992 | 95,836 |
| 净利润 | 11,107 | 8,624 |
| 等效 A 类普通股每股盈利 | 7,204 | 5,601 |
(3) Significant business acquisitions (Continued) The results of operations for each of these businesses are included in Berkshire’s consolidated results from the effective date of each acquisition. The following table sets forth certain unaudited pro forma consolidated earnings data for 2006 and 2005, as if each acquisition that was completed during 2005 and 2006 was consummated on the same terms at the beginning of each year. The earnings data for 2005 also reflects the pro forma consolidation of MidAmerican. Amounts are in millions, except per share amounts. 2006 2005 Total revenues.................................................................................................................................... $100,992 $95,836 Net earnings....................................................................................................................................... 11,107 8,624 Earnings per equivalent Class A common share ................................................................................ 7,204 5,601
下表总结了收购日对 PacifiCorp 和 IMC 所收购资产与承接负债的估计公允价值(单位:百万美元)。
| PacifiCorp | IMC | |
|---|---|---|
| 不动产、厂房和设备 | 10,051 | 606 |
| 商誉 | 1,118 | 2,072 |
| 其他资产 | 3,087 | 1,988 |
| 收购资产合计 | 14,256 | 4,666 |
| 应付账款、应计费用及其他负债 | 4,969 | 263 |
| 应付票据及其他借款 | 4,167 | 153 |
| 少数股东权益 | — | 248 |
| 承接负债及少数股东权益合计 | 9,136 | 664 |
| 收购净资产 | 5,120 | 4,002 |
The following table summarizes the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition for PacifiCorp and IMC (in millions). PacifiCorp IMC Property, plant and equipment ........................................................................................................... $10,051 $ 606 Goodwill ............................................................................................................................................ 1,118 2,072 Other assets........................................................................................................................................ 3,087 1,988 Assets acquired ........................................................................................................................ 14,256 4,666 Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities ................................................................................ 4,969 263 Notes payable and other borrowings.................................................................................................. 4,167 153 Minority interests............................................................................................................................... — 248 Liabilities assumed and minority interests ............................................................................... 9,136 664 Net assets acquired ............................................................................................................................ $ 5,120 $ 4,002
2006 年 12 月,伯克希尔同意收购 TTI 公司,这是一家总部位于得克萨斯州沃斯堡的私营电子元件分销商。TTI 公司是无源、互联机电元件领域最大的专业分销商。该收购预计于 2007 年第一季度完成。
(4) 贷款和应收款项
保险及其他业务的应收款项构成如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |
|---|---|---|
| 应收保险费 | 4,418 | 4,406 |
| 再保险可回收款项 | 2,961 | 2,990 |
| 贸易及其他应收款项 | 5,884 | 5,340 |
| 坏账准备 | (382) | (339) |
| 合计 | 12,881 | 12,397 |
In December 2006, Berkshire agreed to acquire TTI, Inc., a privately held electronic component distributor headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. TTI, Inc. is the largest distributor specialist of passive, interconnect electromechanical components. The acquisition is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2007. (4) Loans and receivables Receivables of insurance and other businesses are comprised of the following (in millions). December 31, December 31, 2006 2005 Insurance premiums receivable...................................................................................... $ 4,418 $ 4,406 Reinsurance recoverables............................................................................................... 2,961 2,990 Trade and other receivables ........................................................................................... 5,884 5,340 Allowances for uncollectible accounts .......................................................................... (382) (339) $12,881 $12,397
金融和金融产品业务的贷款及金融应收款构成如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |
|---|---|---|
| 消费者分期贷款及金融应收款 | 10,325 | 9,792 |
| 商业贷款及金融应收款 | 1,336 | 1,481 |
| 坏账准备 | (163) | (186) |
| 合计 | 11,498 | 11,087 |
Loans and finance receivables of finance and financial products businesses are comprised of the following (in millions). December 31, December 31, 2006 2005 Consumer installment loans and finance receivables.................................................... $10,325 $ 9,792 Commercial loans and finance receivables.................................................................... 1,336 1,481 Allowances for uncollectible loans................................................................................ (163) (186) $11,498 $11,087
贷款坏账准备主要与消费分期贷款相关。2006 年消费贷款损失拨备为 2.1 亿美元,2005 年为 2.32 亿美元。2006 年贷款核销额为 2.43 亿美元,2005 年为 1.1 亿美元。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,消费贷款金额已扣除收购折价 4.84 亿美元,2005 年 12 月 31 日则扣除 5.79 亿美元。
Allowances for uncollectible loans primarily relate to consumer installment loans. Provisions for consumer loan losses were $210 million in 2006 and $232 million in 2005. Loan charge-offs were $243 million in 2006 and $110 million in 2005. Consumer loan amounts are net of acquisition discounts of $484 million at December 31, 2006 and $579 million at December 31, 2005.
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(5) 固定期限证券投资
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日的固定期限证券投资如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 摊余成本 | 未实现收益 | 未实现损失* | 公允价值 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | ||||
| 保险及其他: | ||||
| 美国国库券、美国政府机构及政府支持机构 | 4,962 | 12 | (14) | 4,960 |
| 州、市及政治 subdivision | 2,967 | 71 | (15) | 3,023 |
| 外国政府 | 8,444 | 51 | (79) | 8,416 |
| 公司债券及可赎回优先股 | 5,468 | 1,467 | (17) | 6,918 |
| 抵押贷款支持证券 | 1,955 | 35 | (7) | 1,983 |
| 小计 | 23,796 | 1,636 | (132) | 25,300 |
| 金融及金融产品: | ||||
| 公司债券 | 305 | 70 | — | 375 |
| 抵押贷款支持证券 | 1,134 | 32 | (4) | 1,162 |
| 小计 | 1,439 | 102 | (4) | 1,537 |
| 持有至到期的抵押贷款支持证券 | 1,475 | 153 | (1) | 1,627 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (5) Investments in fixed maturity securities Investments in securities with fixed maturities as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 are shown below (in millions). Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Cost Gains Losses * Value December 31, 2006 Insurance and other: U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies ........... $ 4,962 $ 12 $ (14) $ 4,960 States, municipalities and political subdivisions ............................. 2,967 71 (15) 3,023 Foreign governments ....................................................................... 8,444 51 (79) 8,416 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks .......................... 5,468 1,467 (17) 6,918 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,955 35 (7) 1,983 $23,796 $1,636 $ (132) $25,300 Finance and financial products: Corporate bonds............................................................................... $ 305 $ 70 $ — $ 375 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,134 32 (4) 1,162 $ 1,439 $ 102 $ (4) $ 1,537 Mortgage-backed securities, held-to-maturity................................. $ 1,475 $ 153 $ (1) $ 1,627
- 包含与已处未实现亏损状态持续 12 个月或更久的证券相关的未实现毛亏损 6,900 万美元。据信该等亏损系因市场利率普遍上行所致。
- Includes gross unrealized losses of $69 million related to securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or
more. Such losses are believed to be the result of general interest rate increases.
摊余成本 未实现利得 未实现损失 公允价值
2005 年 12 月 31 日
保险及其他:
美国国债、美国政府机构及机构债券 7,660 13 (28) 7,645
州、市及政治分区债券 4,243 104 (14) 4,333
外国政府债券 6,884 105 (28) 6,961
公司债券及可赎回优先股 5,492 1,492 (15) 6,969
抵押贷款支持证券 1,472 45 (5) 1,512
25,751 1,759 (90) 27,420
金融及金融产品:
美国国债及外国政府债券 114 — — 114
公司债券 348 62 — 410
抵押贷款支持证券 1,425 44 (2) 1,467
1,887 106 (2) 1,991
持有至到期的抵押贷款支持证券 1,444 181 (1) 1,624
Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Fair Cost Gains Losses Value December 31, 2005 Insurance and other: U.S. Treasury, U.S. government corporations and agencies ........... $ 7,660 $ 13 $ (28) $ 7,645 States, municipalities and political subdivisions ............................. 4,243 104 (14) 4,333 Foreign governments ....................................................................... 6,884 105 (28) 6,961 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks .......................... 5,492 1,492 (15) 6,969 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,472 45 (5) 1,512 $25,751 $1,759 $ (90) $27,420 Finance and financial products: U.S. Treasury and foreign governments .......................................... $ 114 $ — $ — $ 114 Corporate bonds............................................................................... 348 62 — 410 Mortgage-backed securities ............................................................. 1,425 44 (2) 1,467 $ 1,887 $ 106 $ (2) $ 1,991 Mortgage-backed securities, held-to-maturity................................. $ 1,444 $ 181 $ (1) $ 1,624
下表按合同到期日汇总了 2006 年 12 月 31 日持有至到期证券的摊余成本和估计公允价值。由于部分证券的发行方保留了提前赎回或还款权,实际到期日会与合同到期日不同。金额单位:百万美元。
| 到期年份 | 2007 年 | 2008 – 2011 年 | 2012 – 2016 年 | 2016 年以后 | 抵押贷款支持证券 | 合计 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 摊余成本 | 8,314 | 9,099 | 2,575 | 2,158 | 4,564 | 26,710 |
| 公允价值 | 8,493 | 9,531 | 2,713 | 2,955 | 4,772 | 28,464 |
The amortized cost and estimated fair values of securities with fixed maturities at December 31, 2006 are summarized below by contractual maturity dates. Actual maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers of certain of the securities retain early call or prepayment rights. Amounts are in millions. Mortgage-backed Due 2007 Due 2008 – 2011 Due 2012 – 2016 Due after 2016 securities Total Amortized cost ...... $8,314 $9,099 $2,575 $2,158 $4,564 $26,710 Fair value............... 8,493 9,531 2,713 2,955 4,772 28,464
(6) 权益证券投资
权益证券投资汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |
|---|---|---|
| 成本 | 28,353 | 21,339 |
| 未实现毛利总额 | 33,217 | 25,892 |
| 未实现毛损总额 | (37) | (510) |
(6) Investments in equity securities Investments in equity securities are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. December 31, December 31, 2006 2005 Cost............................................................................................................................................................ $28,353 $21,339 Gross unrealized gains .............................................................................................................................. 33,217 25,892 Gross unrealized losses ............................................................................................................................. (37) (510)
公允价值 61,533 美元 46,721 美元
Fair value................................................................................................................................................... $61,533 $46,721
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(7) 投资收益(损失)
投资收益(损失)汇总如下(单位:百万美元)。
2006 年 2005 年 2004 年
固定期限证券——
出售及其他处置的毛收益 …………………………………… $279 $792 $883
出售及其他处置的毛损失 …………………………………… (9) (23) (63)
股权证券——
出售及其他处置的毛收益 (1) ………………………………… $1,562 $5,612 $769
出售的毛损失 ………………………………………………… (44) (6) (1)
非暂时性减值的损失 ………………………………………… (142) (114) (19)
人寿结算合约 (2) ……………………………………………… 92 (82) (207)
其他投资 ……………………………………………………… 73 17 274
合计 $1,811 $6,196 $1,636
净收益(损失)反映在合并收益表中如下:
保险和其他 …………………………………………………… $1,697 $5,728 $1,746
金融和金融产品 ……………………………………………… 114 468 (110)
合计 $1,811 $6,196 $1,636
(1) 2005 年股权证券出售及其他处置的毛收益包括因将吉列公司普通股交换为宝洁公司普通股而产生的 50 亿美元收益。
(2) 2006 年,FASB 发布了工作人员立场公告第 FTB 85-4-1 号《第三方投资者对寿险结算合约的会计处理》(简称 FTB 85-4-1),为第三方投资者投资寿险合约的初始及后续计量、财务报表列示和披露提供了指导。伯克希尔自 2006 年 1 月 1 日起采用 FTB 85-4-1,并记录了 1.8 亿美元的税后收益,该收益反映为留存收益的增加。伯克希尔选择了投资法,即初始交易价格加上随后为维持保单效力而支付的所有直接外部成本均予以资本化。收到的死亡赔付抵扣资本化成本,差额计入收益。此前,寿险结算合约按基础保单的现金退保价值计价。2006 年第二季度,部分寿险结算合约被处置,所得收益约 3.3 亿美元。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,寿险结算合约的投资金额不重大。
(8) 商誉
2006 年和 2005 年商誉账面价值变动调节表如下(单位:百万美元)。
2006 年 2005 年
年初余额 …………………………………………………… $23,644 $23,012
2006 年 1 月 1 日与中美能源有关的商誉 ……………………… 4,156 —
收购企业及其他 …………………………………………… 4,438 632
年末余额 …………………………………………………… $32,238 $23,644
(7) Investment gains (losses) Investment gains (losses) are summarized below (in millions). 2006 2005 2004 Fixed maturity securities — Gross gains from sales and other disposals ........................................................... $ 279 $ 792 $ 883 Gross losses from sales and other disposals.......................................................... (9) (23) (63) Equity securities — Gross gains from sales and other disposals (1) ....................................................... 1,562 5,612 769 Gross losses from sales.......................................................................................... (44) (6) (1) Losses from other-than-temporary impairments ....................................................... (142) (114) (19) Life settlement contracts (2) ....................................................................................... 92 (82) (207) Other investments...................................................................................................... 73 17 274 $1,811 $6,196 $1,636 Net gains (losses) are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as follows. Insurance and other ................................................................................................... $1,697 $5,728 $1,746 Finance and financial products.................................................................................. 114 468 (110) $1,811 $6,196 $1,636 (1) Gross gains from sales and other disposals of equity securities during 2005 includes a $5.0 billion gain on the exchange of The Gillette Company common shares for common shares of The Procter and Gamble Company. (2) The FASB issued Staff Position No. FTB 85-4-1, “Accounting for Life Settlement Contracts by Third-Party Investors” (“FTB 85-4-1”) in 2006, which provides guidance on the initial and subsequent measurement, financial statement presentation and disclosures for third-party investors in life settlement contracts. Berkshire adopted FTB 85-4-1 as of January 1, 2006, and recorded an after-tax gain of $180 million which is reflected as an increase in retained earnings. Berkshire elected to use the investment method whereby the initial transaction price plus all subsequent direct external costs paid to keep the policy in force are capitalized. Death benefits received are applied against the capitalized costs and the difference is recorded in earnings. Previously, life settlement contracts were valued at the cash surrender value of the underlying insurance policy. During the second quarter of 2006, certain life settlement contracts were disposed of for proceeds of approximately $330 million. Investments in life settlement contracts as of December 31, 2006 were insignificant. (8) Goodwill A reconciliation of the change in the carrying value of goodwill for 2006 and 2005 is as follows (in millions). 2006 2005 Balance at beginning of year ..................................................................................... $23,644 $23,012 Goodwill related to MidAmerican as of January 1, 2006 .......................................... 4,156 — Acquisitions of businesses and other......................................................................... 4,438 632 Balance at end of year ............................................................................................... $32,238 $23,644
中美能源的商誉反映了伯克希尔截至 2006 年 1 月 1 日对中美能源投资的合并。业务收购及其他事项带来的商誉增加,主要与收购 PacifiCorp 和 IMC 有关。
(9) 存货
存货由以下项目组成(单位:百万美元):
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |
|---|---|---|
| 原材料 | 700 | 657 |
| 在制品及其他 | 402 | 271 |
| 产成品 | 1,817 | 1,217 |
| 外购商品 | 2,338 | 1,998 |
| 5,257 | 4,143 |
(10) 房产、厂房和设备
保险及其他业务领域的房产、厂房和设备由以下项目组成(单位:百万美元):
| 估计可使用年限范围 | 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 土地 | — | 548 | 361 |
| 建筑物及装修改良 | 3–40 年 | 3,203 | 2,623 |
| 机器设备 | 3–20 年 | 8,470 | 6,774 |
| 家具、固定装置及其他 | 3–20 年 | 1,702 | 1,649 |
| 13,923 | 11,407 | ||
| 累计折旧 | (4,620) | (3,907) | |
| 9,303 | 7,500 |
The MidAmerican goodwill represents the consolidation of Berkshire’s investment in MidAmerican as of January 1, 2006. The increase in goodwill from business acquisitions and other primarily relates to the acquisitions of PacifiCorp and IMC. (9) Inventories Inventories are comprised of the following (in millions): December 31, December 31, 2006 2005 Raw materials...................................................................................................................... $ 700 $ 657 Work in progress and other................................................................................................. 402 271 Finished manufactured goods ............................................................................................. 1,817 1,217 Purchased goods.................................................................................................................. 2,338 1,998 $ 5,257 $ 4,143 (10) Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment of insurance and other businesses is comprised of the following (in millions): Ranges of December 31, December 31, estimated useful life 2006 2005 Land..................................................................................... — $ 548 $ 361 Buildings and improvements .............................................. 3 – 40 years 3,203 2,623 Machinery and equipment................................................... 3 – 20 years 8,470 6,774 Furniture, fixtures and other................................................ 3 – 20 years 1,702 1,649 13,923 11,407 Accumulated depreciation .................................................. (4,620) (3,907) $ 9,303 $ 7,500
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(10) 不动产、厂房和设备(续)
公用事业与能源业务的不动产、厂房和设备构成如下(单位:百万美元):
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (10) Property, plant and equipment (Continued) Property, plant and equipment of utilities and energy businesses is comprised of the following (in millions):
| 估计使用年限范围 | 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 |
Pro Forma Ranges of December 31, December 31, estimated useful life 2006 2005
公用事业发电及配电系统 5-85 年 27,687 10,499
州际管道资产 3-67 年 5,329 5,322
独立发电厂及其他资产 3-30 年 1,770 1,861
在建工程 1,969 847
36,755 18,529
累计折旧和摊销 (12,716) (6,614)
24,039 11,915
Utility generation and distribution system...................... 5-85 years $27,687 $10,499 Interstate pipeline assets................................................. 3-67 years 5,329 5,322 Independent power plants and other assets..................... 3-30 years 1,770 1,861 Construction in progress ................................................ 1,969 847 36,755 18,529 Accumulated depreciation and amortization .................. (12,716) (6,614) $24,039 $11,915
公用事业发电输电系统和州际管道资产,是公共事业和天然气管道子公司受监管的资产。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,与受监管资产相关的累计折旧和摊销金额分别为 119 亿美元和 57 亿美元。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,绝大部分在建工程都与受监管资产的建设有关。
(11) 衍生品
以下是金融和金融产品业务中未平仓衍生品合约的公允价值和名义总金额摘要。金额单位为百万美元。
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 资产 | 负债 | 名义价值 | 资产 | 负债 | 名义价值 |
The utility generation and distribution system and interstate pipeline assets are the regulated assets of public utility and natural gas pipeline subsidiaries. At December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005, accumulated depreciation and amortization related to regulated assets was $11.9 billion and $5.7 billion, respectively. Substantially all of the construction in progress at December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2005 related to the construction of regulated assets. (11) Derivatives A summary of the fair value and gross notional value of open derivative contracts of finance and financial products businesses follows. Amounts are in millions. December 31, 2006 December 31, 2005 Notional Notional Assets Liabilities Value Assets Liabilities Value
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
信用违约义务 $ — $ 952 $ 2,510 $ — $ 1,609 $ 2,871
权益期权 16 2,463 21,396 35 1,592 14,488
外汇远期 — 23 1,057 12 243 13,760
外汇期权 40 36 1,094 117 241 2,072
利率及外汇互换 632 473 10,851 977 1,533 41,070
利率期权 13 13 3,085 164 347 12,033
701 3,960 1,305 5,565
交易对手净额结算调整 (77) (77) (504) (504)
衍生品合约资产与负债 $ 624 $ 3,883 $ 801 $ 5,061
Credit default obligations ................................... $ — $ 952 $ 2,510 $ — $ 1,609 $ 2,871 Equity options .................................................... 16 2,463 21,396 35 1,592 14,488 Foreign currency forwards ................................. — 23 1,057 12 243 13,760 Foreign currency options.................................... 40 36 1,094 117 241 2,072 Interest rate and foreign currency swaps ............ 632 473 10,851 977 1,533 41,070 Interest rate options ............................................ 13 13 3,085 164 347 12,033 701 3,960 1,305 5,565 Adjustment for counterparty netting .................. (77) (77) (504) (504) Derivative contract assets and liabilities ............ $ 624 $ 3,883 $ 801 $ 5,061
伯克希尔使用衍生品,是为了管理企业面临的特定经济风险,以及从他人那里承接特定规模的市场风险。上表汇总的合约,除极少数例外情况外,均未被指定为财务报告目的的对冲工具。不符合对冲资格要求的衍生品资产和负债的公允价值变动,在合并利润表中计入衍生品收益/损失。自 2002 年 1 月起,通用再保险证券(“GRS”)的业务已进入终止运营状态。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,GRS 在终止运营开始时存在的衍生品风险(按名义总金额衡量)已基本全部结清。
伯克希尔利用总净额结算协议来管理交易对手信用风险,在该协议下,与同一交易对手的收益和损失会相互抵消。此外,伯克希尔可能从交易对手处收到现金或证券作为抵押品。同样,在类似情况下,伯克希尔也可能被要求向交易对手提供现金或证券作为抵押品。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔持有的抵押品公允价值为 3.38 亿美元,其中包括 3.14 亿美元的现金,用于担保未平仓合约的资产。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔没有向交易对手提供任何抵押品来担保合约负债。如果伯克希尔的信用评级被下调至特定水平以下,它可能需要提供抵押品来覆盖衍生品负债。假设所有交易对手在所有可能面临信用损失的合约上均出现违约,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,扣除持有的抵押品后,可能承担的最大应收款损失约为 2.74 亿美元。
伯克希尔还因其受监管的公用事业运营而面临天然气和电力市场价格波动的风险,并利用衍生工具(包括远期买入和卖出、期货、掉期和期权)来管理这些商品价格风险。衍生工具在合并资产负债表中以公允价值记录为资产或负债,除非它们被指定为且符合公认会计原则下正常购买和正常销售豁免的条件。这些合约中的大多数要么很可能通过费率收回,因此记录为监管性净资产或负债,要么被作为现金流量套期保值进行会计处理,因此记录为累计其他综合收益。相应地,这些金额通常要到合约结算时才会确认为盈利。
Berkshire utilizes derivatives in order to manage certain economic risks of its businesses as well as to assume specified amounts of market risk from others. The contracts summarized in the preceding table, with limited exceptions, are not designated as hedges for financial reporting purposes. Changes in the fair values of derivative assets and derivative liabilities that do not qualify as hedges are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Earnings as derivative gains/losses. Since January 2002, the operations of General Re Securities (“GRS”) have been in run-off. As of December 31, 2006, substantially all of GRS’s derivative risks (as measured by the gross notional value) that existed as of the commencement of the run-off have been liquidated. Master netting agreements are utilized to manage counterparty credit risk, where gains and losses are netted across other contracts with that counterparty. In addition, Berkshire may receive cash or securities from counterparties as collateral. Likewise, Berkshire may be required to post cash or securities as collateral with counterparties under similar circumstances. At December 31, 2006, Berkshire held collateral with a fair value of $338 million, including cash of $314 million to secure open contract assets. At December 31, 2006, Berkshire had posted no collateral with counterparties as security on contract liabilities. Berkshire may be required to post collateral to cover derivative liabilities in the event of a downgrade of its credit rating below specified levels. Assuming non-performance by all counterparties on all contracts potentially subject to a credit loss, the maximum potential receivable loss, net of collateral held, at December 31, 2006 approximated $274 million. Berkshire is also exposed to variations in the market prices of natural gas and electricity as a result of its regulated utility operations and uses derivative instruments, including forward purchases and sales, futures, swaps and options to manage these commodity price risks. Derivative instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value as either assets or liabilities unless they are designated as and qualify for normal purchases and normal sales exemptions under GAAP. The majority of these contracts are either probable of recovery in rates and therefore recorded as a regulatory net asset or liability or are accounted for as cash flow hedges and therefore recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income. Accordingly, amounts are generally not recognized in earnings until the contracts are settled.
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(11) 衍生品(续)
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,公用事业和能源业务未结清衍生品合约的公允价值与名义总金额如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 名义金额 | 资产 | 负债 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 能源衍生品 | $ 467 | $ 740 | * |
| 利率与外汇互换 | 17 | 149 | $2,123 |
| $ 484 | $ 889 |
(11) Derivatives (Continued) Fair values and gross notional values of open derivative contracts of utilities and energy businesses as of December 31, 2006 follow (in millions). Notional Assets Liabilities Value Energy derivatives..................................................................................... $ 467 $ 740 * Interest rate and foreign currency swaps ................................................... 17 149 $2,123 $ 484 $ 889
- 商品和天气相关衍生品的名义金额,因其计量单位独特,并非以美元列示,故此处不予展示。
(12) 未付损失和损失调整费用
未付损失和损失调整费用的余额,是基于资产负债表日已发生财产险和意外险索赔的最终理赔成本估算,包括已发生未报告(“IBNR”)索赔的估算。评估索赔和确定预估赔款负债需要大量的判断。
财产/意外险子公司的未付损失和损失调整费用补充数据如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 未付损失和损失调整费用: | |||
| 年初总负债 | $48,034 | $45,219 | $45,393 |
| 年初分出损失和递延费用 | (5,200) | (5,132) | (5,684) |
| 年初净余额 | 42,834 | 40,087 | 39,709 |
| 本年度已发生损失记录: | |||
| 当前事故年度 | 13,680 | 15,839 | 13,043 |
| 所有以往事故年度 | (612) | (357) | 419 |
| 已发生损失合计 | 13,068 | 15,482 | 13,462 |
| 本年度相关赔付: | |||
| 当前事故年度 | (5,510) | (5,514) | (4,746) |
| 所有以往事故年度 | (9,345) | (7,793) | (8,828) |
| 赔付合计 | (14,855) | (13,307) | (13,574) |
| 未付损失和损失调整费用: | |||
| 年末净余额 | 41,047 | 42,262 | 39,597 |
| 年末分出损失和递延费用 | 4,833 | 5,200 | 5,132 |
| 外币折算调整 | 608 | (728) | 490 |
| 收购 | 1,124 | 1,300 | — |
| 年末总负债 | $47,612 | $48,034 | $45,219 |
已发生损失中的“所有以往事故年度”,反映的是在每个日历年度内,针对年初已确立的负债,计入或计入收益的估算误差金额。2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年,年初净损失和损失调整费用负债分别减少了 10.71 亿美元、7.43 亿美元和 1.19 亿美元。在 2005 年和 2006 年,以往年度损失估算的减少,主要归因于私人乘用车和商业车险直保业务中已报告和已结案索赔的频率和严重程度低于预期,以及一般责任险损失低于预期。在 2006 年和 2005 年,已发展频率通常比最初预期的更有利,特别是对于责任险种,且索赔严重程度的增加通常低于最初估算。此外,在 2006 年,由于本年度报告的损失低于预期,某些意外险再保险索赔的以往年度损失估算也有所减少。事故年度的损失估算会定期调整,以考虑以往年度损失出现的有利或不利的发展模式。
以往事故年度的已发生损失还包括与年初前生效的追溯再保险合同相关的递延费用摊销。计入以往事故年度损失的摊销费用,2006 年为 3.58 亿美元,2005 年为 2.94 亿美元,2004 年为 4.51 亿美元。某些工伤保险准备金已折现。2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,折现后的净负债分别为 27.05 亿美元和 24.34 亿美元,分别反映了 27.93 亿美元和 27.98 亿美元的净折现额。这些折现的定期增值也是以往年度已发生损失的一个组成部分。折现负债的增值额,2006 年约为 1.01 亿美元,2005 年约为 9200 万美元,2004 年约为 8700 万美元。
伯克希尔的保险子公司面临因保险合同和再保险合同而产生的环境、石棉及其他潜伏性伤害索赔。环境及石棉风险敞口的损失准备金估算包括逐案准备金,并反映法律和其他损失调整费用的准备金及 IBNR 准备金。IBNR 准备金基于伯克希尔的历史一般责任风险敞口基础和保单条款、以往环境损失经验、以及当前环境法趋势、环境清理成本、石棉责任法和判决性石棉责任和解的评估来确定。
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,环境、石棉及潜伏性伤害索赔及索赔费用的负债(扣除再保险摊回)约为 51 亿美元;截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,约为 54 亿美元。这些负债包括截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的 38 亿美元和截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的 40 亿美元,为追溯再保险合同下承担的负债。负债
- Notional values associated with commodity and weather-related derivatives are not presented due to the unique units of
measure pertinent to such contracts. Notional values for commodity and weather contracts are not stated in terms of dollars. (12) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses The balances of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses are based upon estimates of the ultimate claim costs associated with property and casualty claim occurrences as of the balance sheet dates including estimates for incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims. Considerable judgment is required to evaluate claims and establish estimated claim liabilities. Supplemental data with respect to unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses of property/casualty insurance subsidiaries is as follows (in millions). 2006 2005 2004 Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses: Gross liabilities at beginning of year.............................................................................. $48,034 $45,219 $45,393 Ceded losses and deferred charges at beginning of year ................................................ (5,200) (5,132) (5,684) Net balance at beginning of year .................................................................................... 42,834 40,087 39,709 Incurred losses recorded during the year: Current accident year...................................................................................................... 13,680 15,839 13,043 All prior accident years................................................................................................... (612) (357) 419 Total incurred losses....................................................................................................... 13,068 15,482 13,462 Payments during the year with respect to: Current accident year...................................................................................................... (5,510) (5,514) (4,746) All prior accident years................................................................................................... (9,345) (7,793) (8,828) Total payments ............................................................................................................... (14,855) (13,307) (13,574) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses: Net balance at end of year .............................................................................................. 41,047 42,262 39,597 Ceded losses and deferred charges at end of year .......................................................... 4,833 5,200 5,132 Foreign currency translation adjustment ........................................................................ 608 (728) 490 Acquisitions .................................................................................................................... 1,124 1,300 — Gross liabilities at end of year ........................................................................................... $47,612 $48,034 $45,219 Incurred losses “all prior accident years” reflects the amount of estimation error charged or credited to earnings in each calendar year with respect to the liabilities established as of the beginning of that year. The beginning of the year net loss and loss adjustment expense liability was reduced by $1,071 million in 2006, $743 million in 2005 and $119 million in 2004. In both 2005 and 2006, the reductions in loss estimates for occurrences in prior years were primarily due to lower than expected frequencies and severities on reported and settled claims in the primary private passenger and commercial auto lines and lower than expected general liability losses. In 2006 and 2005, developed frequencies were generally more favorable than originally expected, particularly for liability coverages and claim severity increases were generally less than originally estimated. In addition, in 2006 prior years loss estimates were reduced for certain casualty reinsurance claims as a result of lower than expected losses reported during the year. Accident year loss estimates are regularly adjusted to consider emerging loss development patterns of prior years losses, whether favorable or unfavorable. Prior accident years incurred losses also include amortization of deferred charges related to retroactive reinsurance contracts incepting prior to the beginning of the year. Amortization charges included in prior accident years losses were $358 million in 2006, $294 million in 2005 and $451 million in 2004. Certain workers’ compensation reserves are discounted. Net discounted liabilities at December 31, 2006 and 2005 were $2,705 million and $2,434 million, respectively, reflecting net discounts of $2,793 million and $2,798 million, respectively. Periodic accretions of these discounts are also a component of prior years losses incurred. The accretion of discounted liabilities was approximately $101 million in 2006, $92 million in 2005 and $87 million in 2004. Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries are exposed to environmental, asbestos and other latent injury claims arising from insurance and reinsurance contracts. Loss reserve estimates for environmental and asbestos exposures include case basis reserves and also reflect reserves for legal and other loss adjustment expenses and IBNR reserves. IBNR reserves are determined based upon Berkshire’s historic general liability exposure base and policy language, previous environmental loss experience and the assessment of current trends of environmental law, environmental cleanup costs, asbestos liability law and judgmental settlements of asbestos liabilities. The liabilities for environmental, asbestos and latent injury claims and claims expenses net of reinsurance recoverables were approximately $5.1 billion at December 31, 2006 and $5.4 billion at December 31, 2005. These liabilities include $3.8 billion at December 31, 2006 and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2005, of liabilities assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts. Liabilities
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(12) 未付损失和损失调整费用(续)
因追溯性合同而产生、且涉及此类性质索赔的风险通常受保单综合限额的限制。因此,伯克希尔在这些合同下与环境及潜在人身伤害索赔相关的风险同样受到限制。伯克希尔持续关注判例法的发展及其对环境及潜在人身伤害索赔的影响。政府法规的变化、新发现的毒素、新报告的索赔、新的责任理论、新的合同解释以及其他因素,可能导致这些负债显著增加。此类变化可能对伯克希尔的经营业绩产生重大影响。目前无法可靠估计额外净损失的金额或合理可能的净损失范围。
(13) 应付票据及其他借款
伯克希尔及其子公司的应付票据及其他借款汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。
2006 年 12 月 31 日 2005 年 12 月 31 日
保险及其他:
母公司发行,2007-2033 年到期 894 992
子公司发行并由伯克希尔担保:
商业票据及其他短期借款 1,355 1,381
2009-2035 年到期的其他债务 240 315
子公司发行且不由伯克希尔担保,2007-2041 年到期 1,209 895
$ 3,698 $ 3,583
公用事业及能源 *:
由中美能源及其子公司发行且不由伯克希尔担保:
中美能源高级无担保债务,2007-2036 年到期 $ 4,479 $ 2,776
运营子公司及项目债务,2007-2036 年到期 12,014 7,169
其他 453 351
$16,946 $10,296
金融及金融产品:
由伯克希尔·哈撒韦金融公司发行并由伯克希尔担保:
2007 年到期的票据 $ 700 $ 700
2008 年到期的票据 3,098 3,095
2010 年到期的票据 1,994 1,992
2012-2015 年到期的票据 3,039 3,038
由其他子公司发行且由伯克希尔担保,2007-2027 年到期 398 417
由其他子公司发行且不由伯克希尔担保,2007-2030 年到期 2,732 1,626
$11,961 $10,868
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (12) Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (Continued) arising from retroactive contracts with exposure to claims of this nature are generally subject to aggregate policy limits. Thus, Berkshire’s exposure to environmental and latent injury claims under these contracts is, likewise, limited. Berkshire monitors evolving case law and its effect on environmental and latent injury claims. Changing government regulations, newly identified toxins, newly reported claims, new theories of liability, new contract interpretations and other factors could result in significant increases in these liabilities. Such development could be material to Berkshire’s results of operations. It is not possible to reliably estimate the amount of additional net loss or the range of net loss that is reasonably possible. (13) Notes payable and other borrowings Notes payable and other borrowings of Berkshire and its subsidiaries are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. December 31, December 31, 2006 2005 Insurance and other: Issued by parent company due 2007-2033 ......................................................................................... $ 894 $ 992 Issued by subsidiaries and guaranteed by Berkshire: Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings.................................................................... 1,355 1,381 Other debt due 2009-2035............................................................................................................ 240 315 Issued by subsidiaries and not guaranteed by Berkshire due 2007-2041 ........................................... 1,209 895 $ 3,698 $ 3,583 Utilities and energy *: Issued by MidAmerican and its subsidiaries and not guaranteed by Berkshire: MidAmerican senior unsecured debt due 2007-2036................................................................... $ 4,479 $ 2,776 Operating subsidiary and project debt due 2007-2036................................................................. 12,014 7,169 Other ............................................................................................................................................ 453 351 $16,946 $10,296 Finance and financial products: Issued by Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation and guaranteed by Berkshire: Notes due 2007 ............................................................................................................................ $ 700 $ 700 Notes due 2008 ............................................................................................................................ 3,098 3,095 Notes due 2010 ............................................................................................................................ 1,994 1,992 Notes due 2012-2015 ................................................................................................................... 3,039 3,038 Issued by other subsidiaries and guaranteed by Berkshire due 2007-2027 ........................................ 398 417 Issued by other subsidiaries and not guaranteed by Berkshire due 2007-2030 .................................. 2,732 1,626 $11,961 $10,868
*2005 年 12 月 31 日的金额为备考数据。
母公司债务包括若干单独的投资协议借款,伯克希尔须在这些借款的合同期限内定期支付利息。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,未偿还金额的加权平均利率为 3.2%。在某些条件下,交易对手方可以选择在合同到期日前,无需支付溢价即可赎回本金。母公司债务还包括与 2002 年发行的 SQUARZ 证券相关的 3.34 亿美元优先票据本金。发行时,每份 SQUARZ 证券由一张 2007 年 11 月到期、利率 3% 的优先票据,以及一份 2007 年 5 月到期的认股权证组成。该权证允许每名持有人以 10,000 美元购买 0.1116 股 A 类普通股(实际价格为每股 89,606 美元)或 3.3480 股 B 类普通股(实际价格为每股 2,987 美元)。伯克希尔按年率 3.75% 收取权证溢价。
某些子公司将商业票据和其他短期借款作为正常运营的一部分。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,加权平均利率分别为 5.4% 和 4.4%。伯克希尔的子公司拥有约 42 亿美元的可用未使用信贷额度和商业票据额度,以支持其短期借款计划并提供额外流动性。
公用事业和能源业务的运营子公司及项目债务,代表中美能源子公司根据各自项目融资协议发行的金额。某些公用事业子公司的全部或实质性全部资产已或可能被质押或设押,以提供支持或担保。这些借款安排通常包含各种契约,包括但不限于杠杆率、利息覆盖率和偿债覆盖率。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,中美能源及其子公司遵守了所有适用契约。
- Amounts as of December 31, 2005 are pro forma.
Parent company debt includes several individual investment agreement borrowings under which Berkshire is required to periodically pay interest over the contract terms. The weighted average interest rate on amounts outstanding as of December 31, 2006 was 3.2%. Under certain conditions, principal amounts may be redeemed without premium prior to the contractual maturity date at the option of the counterparties. Parent company debt also includes $334 million principal amount of senior notes associated with SQUARZ securities issued in 2002. When issued, each SQUARZ security consisted of a 3% senior note due in November 2007 together with a warrant which expires in May 2007. The warrant permits each holder the right to purchase either 0.1116 shares of Class A common stock (effectively at $89,606 per share) or 3.3480 shares of Class B common stock (effectively at $2,987 per share) for $10,000. A warrant premium is payable to Berkshire at an annual rate of 3.75%. Commercial paper and other short-term borrowings are utilized by certain subsidiaries as part of normal operations. Weighted average interest rates as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 were 5.4% and 4.4%, respectively. Berkshire subsidiaries have approximately $4.2 billion of available unused lines of credit and commercial paper capacity to support their short-term borrowing programs and provide additional liquidity. Operating subsidiary and project debt of utilities and energy businesses represents amounts issued by subsidiaries of MidAmerican pursuant to separate project financing agreements. All or substantially all of the assets of certain utility subsidiaries are or may be pledged or encumbered to support or otherwise provide security. These borrowing arrangements generally contain various covenants including, but not limited to, leverage ratios, interest coverage ratios and debt service coverage ratios. As of December 31, 2006, MidAmerican and its subsidiaries were in compliance with all applicable covenants.
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(13) 应付票据及其他借款(续)
伯克希尔的全资子公司伯克希尔·哈撒韦金融公司(“BHFC”)在截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日的三年间多次发行高级债券。所得资金用于资助克莱顿家园的制造住房贷款发放和资产组合收购。2006 年第四季度,克莱顿家园借入约 13 亿美元,这些借款的本金和利息将通过某些制造住房贷款组合下收到的全部本金和利息,加上此类贷款的任何回购本金来偿还。这些借款的预计加权平均期限约为 8 年。这些借款所得资金(伯克希尔不为其提供担保)将用于偿还 BHFC 的某些债务。
一般而言,伯克希尔对子公司债务义务的担保是一项绝对、无条件且不可撤销的担保,保证在到期时全额且立即支付发行人的所有现有和未来的付款义务。
预计未来 5 年需要支付的本金如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 保险及其他 | $2,229 | $ 13 | $ 295 | $ 61 | $ 10 |
| 公用事业与能源 | 1,655 | 1,975 | 431 | 136 | 1,139 |
| 金融与金融产品 | 1,271 | 3,645 | 213 | 2,172 | 131 |
| $5,155 | $5,633 | $ 939 | $2,369 | $1,280 |
(13) Notes payable and other borrowings (Continued) Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Berkshire, issued senior notes at various times during the three years ending December 31, 2005. The proceeds were used in the financing of manufactured housing loan originations and portfolio acquisitions of Clayton Homes. During the fourth quarter of 2006, Clayton Homes borrowed approximately $1.3 billion whereby all principal and interest collected under certain manufactured housing loan portfolios, together with any repurchased principal on such loans will be used to pay the principal and interest on these borrowings. The expected weighted average life of the borrowings is approximately eight years. The proceeds from these borrowings which are not guaranteed by Berkshire will be used to repay certain debt of BHFC. Generally, Berkshire’s guarantee of a subsidiary’s debt obligation is an absolute, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee for the full and prompt payment when due of all present and future payment obligations of the issuer. Principal payments expected during the next five years are as follows (in millions). 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Insurance and other........................................................................ $2,229 $ 13 $ 295 $ 61 $ 10 Utilities and energy........................................................................ 1,655 1,975 431 136 1,139 Finance and financial products ...................................................... 1,271 3,645 213 2,172 131 $5,155 $5,633 $ 939 $2,369 $1,280
(14)所得税
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,随附合并资产负债表中列示的所得税负债如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | |
|---|---|---|
| 当期应付 | $ 189 | $ 258 |
| 递延 | 18,271 | 11,994 |
| $18,460 | $12,252 |
(14) Income taxes The liability for income taxes as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 as reflected in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is as follows (in millions). 2006 2005 Payable currently ............................................................................................. $ 189 $ 258 Deferred........................................................................................................... 18,271 11,994 $18,460 $12,252
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,形成递延所得税资产和递延所得税负债主要部分的暂时性差异的税务影响如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 | 2005 | |
|---|---|---|
| 递延所得税负债: | ||
| 投资——未实现增值;计税基础差异 | 14,520 | 11,882 |
| 分入再保险的递延手续费 | 687 | 828 |
| 房产、厂房和设备 | 4,775 | 1,202 |
| 其他 | 2,591 | 1,165 |
| 22,573 | 15,077 | |
| 递延所得税资产: | ||
| 未付损失及损失调整费用 | (681) | (867) |
| 未到期保费 | (443) | (403) |
| 应计负债 | (1,335) | (815) |
| 其他 | (1,843) | (998) |
| (4,302) | (3,083) | |
| 递延所得税负债净额 | 18,271 | 11,994 |
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2006 and 2005 are shown below (in millions). 2006 2005 Deferred tax liabilities: Investments – unrealized appreciation; basis differences ............................. $14,520 $11,882 Deferred charges reinsurance assumed......................................................... 687 828 Property, plant and equipment...................................................................... 4,775 1,202 Other ............................................................................................................ 2,591 1,165 22,573 15,077 Deferred tax assets: Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses ................................................ (681) (867) Unearned premiums ..................................................................................... (443) (403) Accrued liabilities ........................................................................................ (1,335) (815) Other ............................................................................................................ (1,843) (998) (4,302) (3,083) Net deferred tax liability.................................................................................. $18,271 $11,994
对于某些海外子公司的未分配利润,我们并未计提递延所得税。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,预期将无限期用于再投资的收益约为 17.62 亿美元。这些金额若以股息或其他形式进行分配,将在美国以及海外国家面临纳税。不过,美国所得税负债可以全部或部分被向海外管辖区缴纳的税款所产生的税收抵免所抵消。由于涉及不确定的时间和应税收入金额,以及多个税收管辖区的复杂影响,假设计算出可能的净税额并不现实。
合并利润表中反映的所得税费用如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 联邦 | $ 4,752 | $ 3,736 | $ 3,313 |
| 州 | 153 | 129 | 108 |
| 海外 | 600 | 294 | 148 |
| $ 5,505 | $ 4,159 | $ 3,569 | |
| 当期 | $ 5,030 | $ 2,057 | $ 3,746 |
| 递延 | 475 | 2,102 | (177) |
| $ 5,505 | $ 4,159 | $ 3,569 |
Deferred income taxes have not been established with respect to undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries. Earnings expected to remain reinvested indefinitely was approximately $1,762 million as of December 31, 2006. Upon distribution as dividends or otherwise, such amounts would be subject to taxation in the United States as well as foreign countries. However, U.S. income tax liabilities could be offset, in whole or in part, by tax credits allowable from taxes paid to foreign jurisdictions. Determination of the potential net tax due is impracticable due to the complexities of hypothetical calculations involving uncertain timing and amounts of taxable income and the effects of multiple taxing jurisdictions. The Consolidated Statements of Earnings reflect charges for income taxes as shown below (in millions). 2006 2005 2004 Federal............................................................................................................. $ 4,752 $ 3,736 $ 3,313 State................................................................................................................. 153 129 108 Foreign ............................................................................................................ 600 294 148 $ 5,505 $ 4,159 $ 3,569 Current............................................................................................................. $ 5,030 $ 2,057 $ 3,746 Deferred........................................................................................................... 475 2,102 (177) $ 5,505 $ 4,159 $ 3,569
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(14)所得税(续)
伯克希尔及其子公司的所得税申报表持续受到联邦及国内外各级税务机关的审计。伯克希尔的合并联邦所得税申报负债已与美国国税局结清至 1998 年。针对其 1988 年以来的联邦所得税申报中某些涉诉事项,伯克希尔于 2005 年第四季度获得美国地方法院的有利裁决,因此收到了约 5000 万美元的所得税退税及利息。伯克希尔目前认为,未来审计调整的潜在影响不会对其合并财务报表产生重大影响。
下表将所得税费用与按美国联邦法定税率计算的假设金额进行了对账(单位:百万美元)。
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 税前利润 | $16,778 | $12,791 | $10,936 |
| 按联邦法定税率计算的上述金额的假设税额 | $ 5,872 | $ 4,477 | $ 3,828 |
| 以下项目产生的税收影响: | |||
| 免税利息收入 | (44) | (65) | (59) |
| 股息所得扣除 | (224) | (133) | (116) |
| 中美能源公司的净利润 | — | (183) | (83) |
| 州所得税(扣除联邦所得税收益后) | 99 | 84 | 70 |
| 国外税率差异 | (45) | 56 | (41) |
| 其他差异净额 | (153) | (77) | (30) |
| 所得税费用合计 | $ 5,505 | $ 4,159 | $ 3,569 |
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (14) Income taxes (Continued) Berkshire and its subsidiaries’ income tax returns are continuously under audit by Federal and various local and international taxing authorities. Berkshire’s consolidated Federal income tax return liabilities have been settled with the Internal Revenue Service through 1998. Berkshire has received approximately $50 million in income tax refunds and interest with respect to certain issues in its Federal income tax returns dating back to 1988 that were litigated and for which a favorable ruling from the U.S. District Court was received in the fourth quarter of 2005. Berkshire does not currently believe that the impact of potential future audit adjustments will have a material effect on its Consolidated Financial Statements. Charges for income taxes are reconciled to hypothetical amounts computed at the U.S. Federal statutory rate in the table shown below (in millions). 2006 2005 2004 Earnings before income taxes................................................................................................ $16,778 $12,791 $10,936 Hypothetical amounts applicable to above computed at the Federal statutory rate ............................................................................... $ 5,872 $ 4,477 $ 3,828 Tax effects resulting from: Tax-exempt interest income ............................................................................................... (44) (65) (59) Dividends received deduction ............................................................................................ (224) (133) (116) Net earnings of MidAmerican............................................................................................ — (183) (83) State income taxes, less Federal income tax benefit.............................................................. 99 84 70 Foreign rate differences......................................................................................................... (45) 56 (41) Other differences, net ............................................................................................................ (153) (77) (30) Total income taxes ................................................................................................................ $ 5,505 $ 4,159 $ 3,569
(15) 股息限制——保险子公司
保险子公司支付股息受到保险法规的限制。未经监管部门事先批准,保险子公司在 2007 年底前可宣告派发的普通股息最高约为 64 亿美元。
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,按照法定会计准则确定的美国财产/意外保险子公司合并股东权益(保单持有人法定盈余)约为 590 亿美元,2005 年 12 月 31 日约为 520 亿美元。
法定盈余与按 GAAP 确定的相应金额不同。法定会计与 GAAP 的主要差异在于:递延分保手续费、递延保单获取成本、固定期限证券投资的未实现损益及相关递延所得税在 GAAP 下予以确认,但在法定报告中不予确认。此外,法定会计对收购业务产生的商誉要求在 10 年内摊销,而 GAAP 下商誉需定期进行减值测试。
(16) 金融工具的公允价值
伯克希尔金融工具在 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日的估计公允价值如下(单位:百万美元)。
| 账面价值 | 公允价值 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2005 | 2006 | 2005 | |
| 保险及其他: | ||||
| 固定期限证券投资 | $25,300 | $27,420 | $25,300 | $27,420 |
| 权益性证券投资 | 61,533 | 46,721 | 61,533 | 46,721 |
| 应付票据及其他借款 | 3,698 | 3,583 | 3,815 | 3,653 |
| 金融与金融产品: | ||||
| 固定期限证券投资 | 3,012 | 3,435 | 3,164 | 3,615 |
| 衍生合约资产 (a) | 624 | 801 | 624 | 801 |
| 贷款及应收融资款 | 11,498 | 11,087 | 11,862 | 11,370 |
| 应付票据及其他借款 | 11,961 | 10,868 | 11,787 | 10,865 |
| 衍生合约负债 | 3,883 | 5,061 | 3,883 | 5,061 |
| 公用事业与能源: | ||||
| 投资 (a) | 1,046 | — | 1,041 | — |
| 衍生合约资产 (a) | 484 | — | 484 | — |
| 应付票据及其他借款 | 16,946 | — | 17,789 | — |
| 衍生合约负债 (b) | 889 | — | 889 | — |
(a) 包含在其他资产中
(b) 包含在应付账款、应计费用及其他负债中
在确定金融工具公允价值时,伯克希尔在有公开报价时使用了市场报价。对于没有公开报价的金融工具,则使用独立定价服务或伯克希尔管理层的评估。
(15) Dividend restrictions – Insurance subsidiaries Payments of dividends by insurance subsidiaries are restricted by insurance statutes and regulations. Without prior regulatory approval, insurance subsidiaries may declare up to approximately $6.4 billion as ordinary dividends before the end of 2007. Combined shareholders’ equity of U.S. based property/casualty insurance subsidiaries determined pursuant to statutory accounting rules (Statutory Surplus as Regards Policyholders) was approximately $59 billion at December 31, 2006 and $52 billion at December 31, 2005. Statutory surplus differs from the corresponding amount determined on the basis of GAAP. The major differences between statutory basis accounting and GAAP are that deferred charges reinsurance assumed, deferred policy acquisition costs, unrealized gains and losses on investments in fixed maturity securities and related deferred income taxes are recognized under GAAP but not for statutory reporting purposes. In addition, statutory accounting for goodwill of acquired businesses requires amortization of goodwill over 10 years, whereas under GAAP, goodwill is subject to periodic tests for impairment. (16) Fair values of financial instruments The estimated fair values of Berkshire’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 are as follows (in millions). Carrying Value Fair Value 2006 2005 2006 2005 Insurance and other: Investments in fixed maturity securities....................................................... $25,300 $27,420 $25,300 $27,420 Investments in equity securities ................................................................... 61,533 46,721 61,533 46,721 Notes payable and other borrowings............................................................ 3,698 3,583 3,815 3,653 Finance and financial products: Investments in fixed maturity securities....................................................... 3,012 3,435 3,164 3,615 Derivative contract assets (a) ....................................................................... 624 801 624 801 Loans and finance receivables ..................................................................... 11,498 11,087 11,862 11,370 Notes payable and other borrowings............................................................ 11,961 10,868 11,787 10,865 Derivative contract liabilities ....................................................................... 3,883 5,061 3,883 5,061 Utilities and energy: Investments (a) ............................................................................................. 1,046 — 1,041 — Derivative contract assets (a) ....................................................................... 484 — 484 — Notes payable and other borrowings............................................................ 16,946 — 17,789 — Derivative contract liabilities (b) .................................................................. 889 — 889 — (a) Included in Other assets (b) Included in Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities In determining fair value of financial instruments, Berkshire used quoted market prices when available. For instruments where quoted market prices were not available, independent pricing services or appraisals by Berkshire’s management were used. Those
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(16) 金融工具公允价值(续)
估值服务与评估报告利用了当前类似工具的风险调整后市场利率所估算的现值。现金及现金等价物、应收账款和应付账款、其他应计项目、卖出回购证券协议项下证券以及其他负债的账面价值,被认为是对其公允价值的合理估计。
在解读用于估算公允价值时所使用的市场数据时,必然需要大量的判断。因此,此处提供的估算值并不一定代表能在当前市场交易中变现的金额。使用不同的市场假设和/或估算方法,可能对估算的公允价值产生重大影响。
(17) 普通股
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的三年间,伯克希尔已发行且流通在外的普通股变动情况如下表所示。
A 类普通股,面值 5 美元 B 类普通股,面值 0.1667 美元
(授权股数 1,650,000 股) (授权股数 55,000,000 股)
已发行且流通在外股数 已发行且流通在外股数
2003 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,282,979 7,609,543
A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股及其他 (14,196) 489,632
2004 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,268,783 8,099,175
A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股及其他 (7,863) 294,908
2005 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,260,920 8,394,083
A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股及其他 (143,352) 4,358,348
2006 年 12 月 31 日余额 1,117,568 12,752,431
每股 B 类普通股享有的股息和分配权,相当于 A 类普通股该等权利的三十分之一(1/30)。因此,按 A 类普通股当量计算,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日流通在外股数为 1,542,649 股,截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日为 1,540,723 股。
每股 A 类普通股可由持有人在选择时转换为三十股 B 类普通股。B 类普通股不可转换为 A 类普通股。2006 年 7 月 6 日,伯克希尔董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·E·巴菲特将 124,998 股 A 类普通股转换为 3,749,940 股 B 类普通股。每股 B 类普通股拥有的投票权相当于每股 A 类普通股投票权的两百分之一(1/200)。A 类和 B 类普通股作为一个单一类别共同投票。
(18) 养老金计划
伯克希尔的若干子公司单独设立了覆盖特定员工的固定收益型养老金计划。该等计划下的福利通常基于服务年限和薪酬计算,尽管某些计划下的福利基于服务年限和固定福利费率。各公司通常按照满足监管要求的金额向计划缴款,此外还会根据管理层基于精算估值确定的额外金额进行缴款。养老金计划的计量日主要为 12 月 31 日。
2006 年 9 月,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)发布了第 158 号财务会计准则公告“雇主对固定收益型养老金及其他离职后福利计划的会计处理——对 FASB 第 87、88、106 及 132(R) 号准则的修订”(“SFAS No. 158”)。SFAS No. 158 要求雇主在其财务状况表中确认固定收益型离职后福利计划的资金盈余或不足状况。SFAS No. 158 还要求实体将期间内产生但未根据 SFAS No. 87“雇主对养老金的会计处理”及 SFAS No. 106“雇主对除养老金外其他离职后福利的会计处理”确认为期间定期福利成本组成部分的精算损益及先前服务成本和贷项,确认为其他综合收益的组成部分(税后净额)。伯克希尔自 2006 年 12 月 31 日起采用了 SFAS No. 158 的确认及相关披露条款。采用该准则对随附合并资产负债表产生的增量影响如下(单位:百万美元)。
采用 SFAS No. 158 前 调整 采用 SFAS No. 158 后
其他资产 (1) $ 17,086 $ (322) $ 16,764
总资产 248,759 (322) 248,437
应付账款、应计及其他负债 (2) 20,465 135 20,600
所得税,主要为递延税项 18,614 (154) 18,460
总负债 137,775 (19) 137,756
累计其他综合收益 23,280 (303) 22,977
股东权益总额 108,722 (303) 108,419
负债和股东权益总额 248,759 (322) 248,437
(1) 包括 1.26 亿美元与保险及其他业务相关,以及(4.48)亿美元与公用事业和能源业务相关。
(2) 包括 0.3 亿美元与保险及其他业务相关,以及 1.05 亿美元与公用事业和能源业务相关。
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(16) Fair values of financial instruments (Continued) services and appraisals reflected the estimated present values utilizing current risk adjusted market rates of similar instruments. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and payable, other accruals, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other liabilities are deemed to be reasonable estimates of their fair values. Considerable judgment is necessarily required in interpreting market data used to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value. (17) Common stock Changes in issued and outstanding Berkshire common stock during the three years ended December 31, 2006 are shown in the table below. Class A Common, $5 Par Value Class B Common, $0.1667 Par Value (1,650,000 shares authorized) (55,000,000 shares authorized) Shares Issued and Shares Issued and Outstanding Outstanding Balance December 31, 2003.............................................. 1,282,979 7,609,543 Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock and other............................... (14,196) 489,632 Balance December 31, 2004.............................................. 1,268,783 8,099,175 Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock and other............................... (7,863) 294,908 Balance December 31, 2005.............................................. 1,260,920 8,394,083 Conversions of Class A common stock to Class B common stock and other............................... (143,352) 4,358,348 Balance December 31, 2006.............................................. 1,117,568 12,752,431 Each share of Class B common stock has dividend and distribution rights equal to one-thirtieth (1/30) of such rights of a Class A share. Accordingly, on an equivalent Class A common stock basis there are 1,542,649 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2006 and 1,540,723 shares as of December 31, 2005. Each share of Class A common stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into thirty shares of Class B common stock. Class B common stock is not convertible into Class A common stock. On July 6, 2006, Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett converted 124,998 shares of Class A common stock into 3,749,940 shares of Class B common stock. Each share of Class B common stock possesses voting rights equivalent to one-two-hundredth (1/200) of the voting rights of a share of Class A common stock. Class A and Class B common shares vote together as a single class. (18) Pension plans Several Berkshire subsidiaries individually sponsor defined benefit pension plans covering certain employees. Benefits under the plans are generally based on years of service and compensation, although benefits under certain plans are based on years of service and fixed benefit rates. The companies generally contribute to the plans amounts required to meet regulatory requirements plus additional amounts determined by management based on actuarial valuations. The measurement date for the pension plans is predominantly December 31. In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 158, “Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans – an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106 and 132(R)” (“SFAS No. 158”). SFAS No. 158 requires an employer to recognize in its statement of financial position the over-funded or under-funded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan. SFAS No. 158 also requires entities to recognize as a component of other comprehensive income, net of tax, the actuarial gains and losses and the prior service costs and credits that arise during the period, but are not recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost of the period pursuant to SFAS No. 87, “Employers’ Accounting for Pensions” and SFAS No. 106, “Employers’ Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions.” Berkshire adopted the recognition and related disclosure provisions of SFAS No. 158 as of December 31, 2006. The incremental impact to the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet of such adoption is as follows (in millions). Before After SFAS No. 158 Adjustments SFAS No. 158 Other assets (1) ................................................................................................... $ 17,086 $ (322) $ 16,764 Total assets ........................................................................................................ 248,759 (322) 248,437 Accounts payable, accruals and other liabilities (2) ............................................ 20,465 135 20,600 Income taxes, principally deferred .................................................................... 18,614 (154) 18,460 Total liabilities................................................................................................... 137,775 (19) 137,756 Accumulated other comprehensive income ....................................................... 23,280 (303) 22,977 Total shareholders’ equity ................................................................................. 108,722 (303) 108,419 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity........................................................... 248,759 (322) 248,437 (1) Consists of $126 million related to Insurance and Other and ($448) million related to Utilities and Energy businesses. (2) Consists of $30 million related to Insurance and Other and $105 million related to Utilities and Energy businesses. 45
合并财务报表附注(续)
(18) 养老金计划(续)
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的三个年度内,净定期养老金费用的构成如下(单位:百万美元)。
2006 年 2005 年 2004 年
服务成本 $ 199 $ 113 $ 109
利息成本 390 190 189
计划资产预期回报 (393) (186) (171)
缩减收益 — — (70)
净摊销、递延及其他 67 9 13
养老金净费用 $ 263 $ 126 $ 70
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (18) Pension plans (Continued) The components of net periodic pension expense for each of the three years ending December 31, 2006 are as follows (in millions). 2006 2005 2004 Service cost ................................................................................................................... $ 199 $ 113 $ 109 Interest cost ................................................................................................................... 390 190 189 Expected return on plan assets....................................................................................... (393) (186) (171) Curtailment gain ............................................................................................................ — — (70) Net amortization, deferral and other .............................................................................. 67 9 13 Net pension expense...................................................................................................... $ 263 $ 126 $ 70
2004 年,伯克希尔的一家子公司修改了其设定受益计划,冻结了福利。此类事件被视为缩减,上表包含的缩减收益,代表删除了计划预期的福利,并确认了截至修改日未摊销的先前服务成本和精算损失。
累计福利义务,是截至估值日,基于服务年限和薪酬已赚取福利的精算现值。预计福利义务,是截至估值日,基于服务年限和薪酬已赚取福利的精算现值,并且当福利基于这些薪酬金额时,其包含对未来薪酬水平的假设。有关累计和预计福利义务的信息,如下表所示(单位:百万美元)。
项目 2006 年 2005 年
年初预计福利义务 3,602 3,293
服务成本 199 113
利息成本 390 190
支付的福利 (370) (171)
合并中美能源 2,237 —
企业收购 1,519 —
精算损失及其他 349 177
年末预计福利义务 7,926 3,602
年末累计福利义务 7,056 3,228
合格的美国设定受益计划下的福利义务,通过信托持有的资产提供资金,不包含在伯克希尔合并财务报表的资产中。某些非美国计划以及不合格的美国计划下的养老金义务,是没有资金支持的。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,不合格的美国计划以及非美国计划(未通过信托资产提供资金)的预计福利义务为 5.69 亿美元。计划资产变动调节表,以及截至 2006 和 2005 年 12 月 31 日持有的计划资产摘要,如下表所示(单位:百万美元)。
项目 2006 年 2005 年 项目 2006 年 2005 年
按公允价值计量的年初计划资产 3,101 3,039 现金及等价物 818 942
雇主缴款 228 104 美国政府债券 554 1,103
支付的福利 (370) (171) 抵押贷款支持证券 602 259
计划资产实际回报 612 119 公司债券 963 382
合并中美能源 2,238 — 权益证券 3,440 391
企业收购 967 — 其他 415 24
其他及费用 16 10 总计 6,792 3,101
按公允价值计量的年末计划资产 6,792 3,101
养老金计划资产的投资,通常旨在以长期为目标,在承担审慎风险水平的同时,赚取足以覆盖预期福利义务的金额。对于单个资产类别或投资类别,均无目标投资配置比例。由于市场状况和投资机会的变化,配置可能会迅速改变。计划资产的预期回报率,反映了伯克希尔对未来几年资产预期回报的主观评估。伯克希尔在设定计划资产预期长期回报率的假设时,并不将过去的投资回报作为重要考量因素。由于市场波动和资产组合的变化,实际结果会与假设回报率不同,尤其是在季度或年度期间。
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,累计福利义务超过计划资产的所有计划(包括无资金支持的计划),其净赤字总额分别为 8.36 亿美元和 5.89 亿美元。预计 2007 年对设定受益养老金计划的缴款约为 2.48 亿美元。
In 2004, a Berkshire subsidiary amended its defined benefit plan to freeze benefits. Such an event is considered a curtailment and the curtailment gain included in the table above represents the elimination of projected plan benefits and the recognition of unamortized prior service costs and actuarial losses as of the amendment date. The accumulated benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of benefits earned based on service and compensation prior to the valuation date. The projected benefit obligation is the actuarial present value of benefits earned based upon service and compensation prior to the valuation date and includes assumptions regarding future compensation levels when benefits are based on those amounts. Information regarding accumulated and projected benefit obligations is shown in the table that follows (in millions). 2006 2005 Projected benefit obligation, beginning of year..................................................................................... $3,602 $3,293 Service cost ........................................................................................................................................... 199 113 Interest cost ........................................................................................................................................... 390 190 Benefits paid.......................................................................................................................................... (370) (171) Consolidation of MidAmerican ............................................................................................................. 2,237 — Business acquisitions............................................................................................................................. 1,519 — Actuarial loss and other ......................................................................................................................... 349 177 Projected benefit obligation, end of year ............................................................................................... $7,926 $3,602 Accumulated benefit obligation, end of year......................................................................................... $7,056 $3,228 Benefit obligations under qualified U.S. defined benefit plans are funded through assets held in trusts and are not included as assets in Berkshire’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Pension obligations under certain non-U.S. plans and non-qualified U.S. plans are unfunded. As of December 31, 2006, projected benefit obligations of non-qualified U.S. plans and non-U.S. plans which are not funded through assets held in trusts were $569 million. A reconciliation of the changes in plan assets and a summary of plan assets held as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 is presented in the table that follows (in millions). 2006 2005 2006 2005 Plan assets at fair value, beginning of year........... $3,101 $3,039 Cash and equivalents................. $ 818 $ 942 Employer contributions ........................................ 228 104 U.S. Government obligations .... 554 1,103 Benefits paid......................................................... (370) (171) Mortgage-backed securities ...... 602 259 Actual return on plan assets.................................. 612 119 Corporate obligations................ 963 382 Consolidation of MidAmerican ............................ 2,238 — Equity securities........................ 3,440 391 Business acquisitions............................................ 967 — Other ......................................... 415 24 Other and expenses............................................... 16 10 $6,792 $3,101 Plan assets at fair value, end of year..................... $6,792 $3,101 Pension plan assets are generally invested with the long-term objective of earning sufficient amounts to cover expected benefit obligations, while assuming a prudent level of risk. There are no target investment allocation percentages with respect to individual or categories of investments. Allocations may change rapidly as a result of changing market conditions and investment opportunities. The expected rates of return on plan assets reflect Berkshire’s subjective assessment of expected invested asset returns over a period of several years. Berkshire does not give significant consideration to past investment returns when establishing assumptions for expected long-term rates of returns on plan assets. Actual experience will differ from the assumed rates, in particular over quarterly or annual periods, as a result of market volatility and changes in the mix of assets. The total net deficit status for plans (including unfunded plans) with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets was $836 million and $589 million as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. Expected contributions to defined benefit pension plans during 2007 are estimated to be $248 million.
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(18) 养老金计划(续)
未来十年预计支付的福利款项(已酌情反映预期未来服务),预计如下(单位:百万美元):2007 年——390;2008 年——399;2009 年——411;2010 年——414;2011 年——432;2012 年至 2016 年——2,456。
用于确定预计福利义务的加权平均利率假设如下。这些利率与用于确定定期养老金净成本的加权平均利率基本一致。
2006 年 2005 年
折现率 5.7 5.7
计划资产的预期长期回报率 6.9 6.4
薪酬增长率 4.4 4.4
伯克希尔的许多子公司发起固定缴费退休计划,例如 401(k) 或利润分享计划。员工对该计划的缴费受监管限制和具体计划条款的约束。伯克希尔子公司可按规定上限匹配这些缴费,并根据管理层的决定进行额外的自主缴费。截至 2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年 12 月 31 日止的年度,雇主对这些计划缴费的相关总费用分别为 498 百万美元、395 百万美元和 338 百万美元。
(19) 补充现金流量信息
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日止的三年中,补充现金流量信息摘要如下表所示(单位:百万美元)。
2006 年 2005 年 2004 年
年度内支付的现金:
所得税 4,959 2,695 2,674
金融及金融产品业务的利息 514 484 495
公用事业及能源业务的利息 937 — —
保险及其他业务的利息 195 149 146
非现金投资和融资活动:
因业务收购承担的负债 12,727 2,163 72
固定期限证券出售,被直接相关回购协议减少所抵消 460 4,693 2,075
换股交易中换取权益证券的权益证券及权证价值 — 5,877 585
(20) 业务分部数据
伯克希尔的报告业务分部的组织方式,反映了管理层如何看待这些业务活动。某些业务单元根据相似的产品或产品线、营销、销售和分销特征,在分部报告中归为一组,尽管这些业务单元由各自的本地管理层独立运营。共有超过 40 个独立的业务单元。
以下的表格信息显示了报告分部的数据,并与合并财务报表中的金额进行了对应调整。在管理层考虑分部间交易以评估各自分部业绩的情况下,这些交易不予抵销。此外,伯克希尔管理层在评估报告单元的业绩时,不考虑投资和衍生品收益/损失或购买会计调整的摊销。这些项目统称为分部金额与合并金额的对账调整项。
业务身份 业务活动
GEICO 主要通过直销方式承保私人乘用车保险
通用再保险 在全球范围内承保超赔、成数和临时再保险
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团 为财产和意外保险公司及再保险公司承保超赔和成数再保险
伯克希尔·哈撒韦保险集团 主要为商业客户承保多种财产和意外保险产品
BH 金融、Clayton Homes、XTRA、CORT 及其他(“金融及金融产品”) 自主投资、人造住房及相关消费金融、运输设备租赁、家具租赁、终身年金及风险管理产品
McLane 公司 批发分销食品杂货及非食品类商品
中美能源 监管下的电力和天然气公用事业,包括在美国和国际的发电和配电活动;国内房地产经纪业务
Shaw 工业 多种品牌的地毯和地板覆盖物的制造和分销
(18) Pension plans (Continued) Benefit payments over the next ten years, which reflect expected future service as appropriate, are expected to be paid as follows (in millions): 2007 - $390; 2008 - $399; 2009 - $411; 2010 - $414; 2011 - $432; and 2012 to 2016 - $2,456. Weighted average interest rate assumptions used in determining projected benefit obligations were as follows. These rates are substantially the same as the weighted average rates used in determining the net periodic pension expense. 2006 2005 Discount rate ....................................................................................................................................................... 5.7 5.7 Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets................................................................................................. 6.9 6.4 Rate of compensation increase ............................................................................................................................ 4.4 4.4 Many Berkshire subsidiaries sponsor defined contribution retirement plans, such as 401(k) or profit sharing plans. Employee contributions to the plans are subject to regulatory limitations and the specific plan provisions. Berkshire subsidiaries may match these contributions up to levels specified in the plans, and may make additional discretionary contributions as determined by management. The total expenses related to employer contributions for these plans were $498 million, $395 million and $338 million for the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. (19) Supplemental cash flow information A summary of supplemental cash flow information for each of the three years ending December 31, 2006 is presented in the following table (in millions). 2006 2005 2004 Cash paid during the year for: Income taxes ............................................................................................................................. $4,959 $2,695 $2,674 Interest of finance and financial products businesses................................................................ 514 484 495 Interest of utilities and energy businesses ................................................................................. 937 — — Interest of insurance and other businesses ................................................................................ 195 149 146 Non-cash investing and financing activities: Liabilities assumed in connection with acquisitions of businesses ........................................... 12,727 2,163 72 Fixed maturity securities sold offset by decrease in directly related repurchase agreements ......................................................................................................................... 460 4,693 2,075 Value of equity securities and warrants exchanged for equity securities .................................. — 5,877 585 (20) Business segment data Berkshire’s reportable business segments are organized in a manner that reflects how management views those business activities. Certain businesses have been grouped together for segment reporting based upon similar products or product lines, marketing, selling and distribution characteristics, even though those business units are operated under separate local management. There are over 40 separate business units. The tabular information that follows shows data of reportable segments reconciled to amounts reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Intersegment transactions are not eliminated in instances where management considers those transactions in assessing the results of the respective segments. Furthermore, Berkshire management does not consider investment and derivative gains/losses or amortization of purchase accounting adjustments in assessing the performance of reporting units. Collectively, these items are included in reconciliations of segment amounts to consolidated amounts. Business Identity Business Activity GEICO Underwriting private passenger automobile insurance mainly by direct response methods General Re Underwriting excess-of-loss, quota-share and facultative reinsurance worldwide Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group Underwriting excess-of-loss and quota-share reinsurance for property and casualty insurers and reinsurers Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group Underwriting multiple lines of property and casualty insurance policies for primarily commercial accounts BH Finance, Clayton Homes, XTRA, CORT and other Proprietary investing, manufactured housing and related consumer financial services (“Finance and financial products”) financing, transportation equipment leasing, furniture leasing, life annuities and risk management products McLane Company Wholesale distribution of groceries and non-food items MidAmerican Regulated electric and gas utility, including power generation and distribution activities in the U.S. and internationally; domestic real estate brokerage Shaw Industries Manufacturing and distribution of carpet and floor coverings under a variety of brand names
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(20) 业务分部数据
未具体归入报告业务分部的其他业务,由一大批多元化的制造、服务及零售企业构成。
制造业务:Acme Building Brands、本杰明·摩尔公司、H.H. Brown 鞋业集团、CTB、费希海姆兄弟公司、森林河房车公司、Fruit of the Loom、Garan、伊斯卡公司、约翰斯·曼维尔公司、Justin Brands、Larson-Juhl、米泰克公司、Russell 与斯科特-费泽公司
服务业务:《布法罗新闻》、美国商业资讯、飞安国际、国际冰雪皇后、Pampered Chef 与 NetJets 公务航空
零售业务:本·布里奇珠宝、博尔斯海姆珠宝、赫尔兹伯格钻石商店、Jordan’s Furniture、内布拉斯加家具城、喜诗糖果、Star Furniture 与 R.C. Willey
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (20) Business segment data Other businesses not specifically identified with reportable business segments consist of a large, diverse group of manufacturing, service and retailing businesses. Manufacturing Acme Building Brands, Benjamin Moore, H.H. Brown Shoe Group, CTB, Fechheimer Brothers, Forest River, Fruit of the Loom, Garan, ISCAR, Johns Manville, Justin Brands, Larson-Juhl, MiTek, Russell and Scott Fetzer Service Buffalo News, Business Wire, FlightSafety, International Dairy Queen, Pampered Chef and NetJets Retailing Ben Bridge Jeweler, Borsheim’s, Helzberg Diamond Shops, Jordan’s Furniture, Nebraska Furniture Mart, See’s, Star Furniture and R.C. Willey
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
以下是伯克希尔近三年合并数据的分项明细,列于本页及下页的表格中。金额单位:百万美元。
税前利润(亏损)
经营性业务:收入和少数股东权益
保险业务: 2006 年 2005 年 2004 年 2006 年 2005 年 2004 年
已赚保费:
GEICO 11,055 10,101 8,915 1,314 1,221 970
通用再保险 6,075 6,435 7,245 526 (334) 3
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团 4,976 3,963 3,714 1,658 (1,069) 417
伯克希尔·哈撒韦初级保险集团 1,858 1,498 1,211 340 235 161
投资收益 4,347 3,501 2,842 4,316 3,480 2,824
保险业务合计 28,311 25,498 23,927 8,154 3,533 4,375
金融与金融产品 * 5,124 4,559 3,774 1,157 822 584
McLane 公司 25,693 24,074 23,373 229 217 228
中美能源 10,644 — — 1,476 — —
Shaw 工业 5,834 5,723 5,174 594 485 466
其他业务 21,133 17,099 15,595 2,703 1,921 1,787
96,739 76,953 71,843 14,313 6,978 7,440
分部与合并数据的调整:
投资和衍生品损益 * 2,635 5,494 3,496 2,635 5,494 3,489
中美能源的权益法投资收益 — — — — 523 237
未分配至各分部的利息费用 — — — (76) (72) (92)
抵消及其他 (835) (784) (957) (94) (132) (138)
98,539 81,663 74,382 16,778 12,791 10,936
A disaggregation of Berkshire’s consolidated data for each of the three most recent years is presented in the tables which follow on this and the following page. Amounts are in millions. Earnings (loss) before taxes Operating Businesses: Revenues and minority interests Insurance group: 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 Premiums earned: GEICO ........................................................................ $11,055 $10,101 $ 8,915 $ 1,314 $ 1,221 $ 970 General Re .................................................................. 6,075 6,435 7,245 526 (334) 3 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group .................... 4,976 3,963 3,714 1,658 (1,069) 417 Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group ........................... 1,858 1,498 1,211 340 235 161 Investment income ......................................................... 4,347 3,501 2,842 4,316 3,480 2,824 Total insurance group........................................................ 28,311 25,498 23,927 8,154 3,533 4,375 Finance and financial products *....................................... 5,124 4,559 3,774 1,157 822 584 McLane Company ............................................................. 25,693 24,074 23,373 229 217 228 MidAmerican .................................................................... 10,644 — — 1,476 — — Shaw Industries ................................................................. 5,834 5,723 5,174 594 485 466 Other businesses................................................................ 21,133 17,099 15,595 2,703 1,921 1,787 96,739 76,953 71,843 14,313 6,978 7,440 Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount: Investment and derivative gains/losses * ....................... 2,635 5,494 3,496 2,635 5,494 3,489 Equity in earnings of MidAmerican............................... — — — — 523 237 Interest expense, not allocated to segments.................... — — — (76) (72) (92) Eliminations and other ................................................... (835) (784) (957) (94) (132) (138) $98,539 $81,663 $74,382 $16,778 $12,791 $10,936
- 投资及衍生品损益不包含 GRS 2005 年和 2004 年分别为 8600 万美元和 2500 万美元的衍生品亏损。GRS 的衍生品亏损已计入金融及金融产品业务分部的业绩中。
- Investment and derivative gains/losses exclude derivative losses of GRS of $86 million and $25 million in 2005 and 2004,
respectively. The GRS derivative losses have been included in the results of the finance and financial products segment.
| 资本支出* | 有形资产折旧 | |
|---|---|---|
| 经营业务: | 2006 2005 2004 | 2006 2005 2004 |
| 保险集团 | $ 65 $ 60 $ 52 | $ 64 $ 62 $ 52 |
| 金融与金融产品 | 334 354 373 | 230 221 213 |
| McLane 公司 | 193 125 136 | 94 96 107 |
| MidAmerican | 2,423 — — | 949 — — |
| Shaw Industries | 189 209 125 | 134 113 99 |
| 其他业务 | 1,367 1,447 592 | 595 490 470 |
| $4,571 $2,195 $1,278 | $2,066 $ 982 $ 941 |
| Capital expenditures * | Depreciation of tangible assets | |
|---|---|---|
| Operating Businesses: | 2006 2005 2004 | 2006 2005 2004 |
| Insurance group | $ 65 $ 60 $ 52 | $ 64 $ 62 $ 52 |
| Finance and financial products | 334 354 373 | 230 221 213 |
| McLane Company | 193 125 136 | 94 96 107 |
| MidAmerican | 2,423 — — | 949 — — |
| Shaw Industries | 189 209 125 | 134 113 99 |
| Other businesses | 1,367 1,447 592 | 595 490 470 |
| $4,571 $2,195 $1,278 | $2,066 $ 982 $ 941 |
- 不包含属于业务收购组成部分的资本支出。
- Excludes capital expenditures which were part of business acquisitions.
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(20) 业务分部数据(续)
(20) Business segment data (Continued)
账面商誉 可辨认资产
(年末) (年末)
经营性企业: 2006 2005 2006 2005
保险集团:
GEICO 13.70 亿 13.70 亿 185.44 亿 182.62 亿
通用再保险 135.32 亿 134.76 亿 311.14 亿 305.64 亿
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险及初级保险集团 4.65 亿 2.90 亿 859.72 亿 787.70 亿
保险集团合计 153.67 亿 151.36 亿 1356.30 亿 1275.96 亿
Goodwill Identifiable assets at year-end at year-end Operating Businesses: 2006 2005 2006 2005 Insurance group: GEICO............................................................................................. $ 1,370 $ 1,370 $ 18,544 $ 18,262 General Re....................................................................................... 13,532 13,476 31,114 30,564 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance and Primary Groups ................... 465 290 85,972 78,770 Total insurance group ......................................................................... 15,367 15,136 135,630 127,596
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
金融和金融产品 1,012 951 23,599 23,573
麦克莱恩公司 158 158 2,986 2,803
中美能源 5,548 — 30,942 —
肖氏工业 2,228 2,228 2,776 2,718
其他业务 7,925 5,171 17,571 12,418
Finance and financial products ........................................................... 1,012 951 23,599 23,573 McLane Company .............................................................................. 158 158 2,986 2,803 MidAmerican...................................................................................... 5,548 — 30,942 — Shaw Industries................................................................................... 2,228 2,228 2,776 2,718 Other businesses ................................................................................. 7,925 5,171 17,571 12,418
$32,238 $23,644 213,504 169,108
$32,238 $23,644 213,504 169,108
分部与合并数据的调节项:
公司及其他 2,695 1,448
对中美能源控股公司的投资 — 4,125
商誉 32,238 23,644
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated amount: Corporate and other ........................................................................ 2,695 1,448 Investments in MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company.............. — 4,125 Goodwill ......................................................................................... 32,238 23,644
$248,437 $198,325
$248,437 $198,325
按地理区域划分的保费收入(以被保险人或再保险人的注册地为准)汇总如下。
单位:百万美元。
| 财产/意外险 | 寿险/健康险 | |||||
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | |
| 美国 | 19,195 | 16,228 | 14,886 | 1,073 | 1,147 | 1,040 |
| 西欧 | 2,576 | 2,643 | 3,533 | 628 | 578 | 361 |
| 其他地区 | 638 | 760 | 587 | 667 | 578 | 621 |
Insurance premiums written by geographic region (based upon the domicile of the insured or reinsured) are summarized below. Dollars are in millions. Property/Casualty Life/Health 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 United States ................................................................ $19,195 $16,228 $14,886 $1,073 $1,147 $1,040 Western Europe............................................................ 2,576 2,643 3,533 628 578 361 All other ....................................................................... 638 760 587 667 578 621
$22,409 $19,631 $19,006 $2,368 $2,303 $2,022
$22,409 $19,631 $19,006 $2,368 $2,303 $2,022
2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年的合并销售及服务收入分别为 518 亿美元、461 亿美元和 432 亿美元。每年超过 90% 的此类收入来自美国境内,其余主要来自加拿大和欧洲。2006 年的合并销售及服务收入中,有 96 亿美元来自对沃尔玛公司(Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.)的销售,主要与麦克莱恩公司(McLane)的批发分销业务相关。
伯克希尔财险/意外险及寿险/健康险业务的承保保费和已赚保费汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。
| 财险/意外险 | 寿险/健康险 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
| 承保保费: | ||||||
| 直接承保 | 15,729 | 13,582 | 11,483 | |||
| 分入 | 7,224 | 6,788 | 8,039 | 2,476 | 2,400 | 2,775 |
| 分出 | (544) | (739) | (516) | (108) | (97) | (753) |
Consolidated sales and service revenues in 2006, 2005 and 2004 were $51.8 billion, $46.1 billion and $43.2 billion, respectively. Over 90% of such amounts in each year were in the United States with the remainder primarily in Canada and Europe. In 2006, consolidated sales and service revenues included $9.6 billion of sales to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. which were primarily related to McLane’s wholesale distribution business. Premiums written and earned by Berkshire’s property/casualty and life/health insurance businesses are summarized below. Dollars are in millions. Property/Casualty Life/Health 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 Premiums Written: Direct ........................................................................ $15,729 $13,582 $11,483 Assumed ................................................................... 7,224 6,788 8,039 $2,476 $2,400 $2,775 Ceded ........................................................................ (544) (739) (516) (108) (97) (753)
| 已赚保费:直接 | $22,409 $15,453 | $19,631 $13,287 | $19,006 $11,301 | $2,368 | $2,303 | $2,022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 假定 | 6,746 | 7,114 | 8,278 | $2,471 | $2,387 | $2,769 |
| 分出 | (599) | (699) | (509) | (107) | (92) | (754) |
| $21,600 | $19,702 | $19,070 | $2,364 | $2,295 | $2,015 |
| Premiums Earned: Direct | $22,409 $15,453 | $19,631 $13,287 | $19,006 $11,301 | $2,368 | $2,303 | $2,022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed | 6,746 | 7,114 | 8,278 | $2,471 | $2,387 | $2,769 |
| Ceded | (599) | (699) | (509) | (107) | (92) | (754) |
| $21,600 | $19,702 | $19,070 | $2,364 | $2,295 | $2,015 |
$21,600 $19,702 $19,070 $2,364 $2,295 $2,015
$21,600 $19,702 $19,070 $2,364 $2,295 $2,015
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(21)或有事项与承诺
伯克希尔及其子公司在正常经营过程中卷入多种法律诉讼。此类法律诉讼尤其影响到伯克希尔的保险和再保险业务。这类诉讼通常旨在直接依据保险合同确立责任,或间接依据伯克希尔子公司签发的再保险合同确立责任。原告偶尔会寻求惩罚性或惩戒性赔偿。伯克希尔认为,此类正常且常规的诉讼不会对其财务状况或经营成果产生重大影响。伯克希尔及其某些子公司还涉及其他类型的法律诉讼,其中一些诉讼主张或可能主张索赔,或寻求处以高额罚款和罚金,具体情况如下所述。
a)政府调查
伯克希尔、通用再保险公司(General Re,简称“通用再保险”)及伯克希尔旗下的某些保险子公司,包括通用再保险公司(General Reinsurance Corporation,简称“通用再保险”)和国民赔偿公司(NICO),一直在全面配合美国证券交易委员会(SEC)、美国司法部、弗吉尼亚东区联邦检察官及纽约州总检察长(NYAG)对非传统产品开展的持续调查。通用再保险最初于 2005 年 1 月收到 SEC 和 NYAG 发出的传票。为回应 2005 年 1 月的传票及相关请求,伯克希尔、通用再保险、通用再保险和 NICO 持续向政府提供与通用再保险或 NICO(或其各自子公司或关联公司)与其他保险公司之间交易相关的信息;就通用再保险(或其子公司或关联公司)而言,还回应了其他美国检察官就其中某些交易开展调查所发出的传票。尤其是,伯克希尔和通用再保险一直在回应政府的请求,就通用再保险(或其子公司或关联公司)的交易对手方可能进行了不当会计处理的某些交易提供信息。伯克希尔了解到,政府正在评估通用再保险及其子公司的行为以及其交易对手方的行为,以确定通用再保险或其子公司是否与他人合谋导致交易对手方财务报表出现错报,或协助并教唆交易对手方进行此类错报。政府已就这些调查约谈了通用再保险和通用再保险的多位现任和前任高管及员工,以及伯克希尔董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·E·巴菲特。
在一起案件中,一项于 2000 年末最初与美国国际集团(AIG)达成的交易(“AIG 交易”),AIG 已更正了此前对该交易的会计处理,理由正如 AIG 在 2004 年 10-K 报告中所说,该交易的目的是实现预期的会计结果,并且未包含足够的合格风险转移以支持采用再保险会计处理。如下文所述,通用再保险已在针对 AIG 提起的相关民事诉讼中被列为被告。作为持续调查的一部分,政府当局还就伯克希尔旗下某些保险子公司对特定承接和分出的有限再保险交易的会计处理提出了询问。
2005 年 6 月,通用再保险子公司科隆再保险(都柏林)有限公司(CRD)前首席执行官约翰·霍尔德斯沃斯,以及曾任通用再保险高级副总裁、曾担任 AIG 客户代表的理查德·纳皮尔,分别就一项联邦刑事指控认罪,承认与他人合谋在 AIG 交易中导致 AIG 的某些财务报表出现错报,并就此等事项与 SEC 达成了部分和解协议。此外,通用再保险前首席执行官罗纳德·弗格森、通用再保险前首席财务官伊丽莎白·蒙拉德、通用再保险前高级副总裁克里斯托弗·加兰德,以及通用再保险前高级副总裁兼助理总法律顾问罗伯特·格雷厄姆——正在康涅狄格州美国地区法院候审,罪名是共谋违反证券法律并实施邮件欺诈、证券欺诈、向 SEC 作出虚假陈述,以及与 AIG 交易相关的邮件欺诈。庭审目前定于 2007 年 12 月进行。上述各被告对所有指控均表示不认罪。这些人此前于 2005 年收到了 SEC 的“韦尔斯通知”,目前也均是 SEC 一项强制执行行动的对象,SEC 指控他们在 AIG 交易中涉嫌协助并教唆 AIG 违反联邦证券法律的反欺诈条款及其他条款。SEC 的该案件目前处于中止状态。通用再保险首席执行官约瑟夫·布兰登也于 2005 年收到了 SEC 的“韦尔斯通知”。
多个州的保险监管部门已发出传票,或以其他方式要求通用再保险、NICO 及其关联公司提供与非传统产品相关的文件和信息。康涅狄格州总检察长办公室也向通用再保险发出传票,要求提供与非传统产品相关的信息。通用再保险、NICO 及其关联公司一直全面配合这些传票和请求。
2006 年 11 月,通用再保险的两家子公司——通用再保险英国有限公司(Gen Re UK)和科隆再保险股份公司(Cologne Re)——与英国金融服务管理局(FSA)就 FSA 之前披露的一项调查达成和解协议,该调查涉及这两家实体在特定交易中所扮演的角色,这些交易被指没有风险转移或风险转移不足,不能在会计和监管上按再保险处理。依据和解协议,Gen Re UK 向 FSA 支付了 230 万美元的罚款。
科隆再保险正同样全面配合德国联邦金融监管局(BaFin)的信息提供要求和文件提交令,内容既涉及科隆再保险与“有限再保险”有关的活动,也涉及科隆再保险或其子公司(包括 CRD)与某些交易对手方之间的交易。特别是,科隆再保险正全面配合 BaFin 于 2006 年 10 月 24 日收到的一份文件提交令。该命令称,此次调取是 BaFin 对财务再保险协议持续调查的一部分,科隆再保险,以及可能包括其一名或多名高级管理人员,涉嫌就该等协议违反法律规定。
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (21) Contingencies and Commitments Berkshire and its subsidiaries are parties in a variety of legal actions arising out of the normal course of business. In particular, such legal actions affect Berkshire’s insurance and reinsurance businesses. Such litigation generally seeks to establish liability directly through insurance contracts or indirectly through reinsurance contracts issued by Berkshire subsidiaries. Plaintiffs occasionally seek punitive or exemplary damages. Berkshire does not believe that such normal and routine litigation will have a material effect on its financial condition or results of operations. Berkshire and certain of its subsidiaries are also involved in other kinds of legal actions, some of which assert or may assert claims or seek to impose fines and penalties in substantial amounts and are described below. a) Governmental Investigations Berkshire, General Re Corporation (“General Re”) and certain of Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries, including General Reinsurance Corporation (“General Reinsurance”) and National Indemnity Company (“NICO”) have been continuing to cooperate fully with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia and the New York State Attorney General (“NYAG”) in their ongoing investigations of non-traditional products. General Re originally received subpoenas from the SEC and NYAG in January 2005. Berkshire, General Re, General Reinsurance and NICO have been providing information to the government relating to transactions between General Reinsurance or NICO (or their respective subsidiaries or affiliates) and other insurers in response to the January 2005 subpoenas and related requests and, in the case of General Reinsurance (or its subsidiaries or affiliates), in response to subpoenas from other U.S. Attorneys conducting investigations relating to certain of these transactions. In particular, Berkshire and General Re have been responding to requests from the government for information relating to certain transactions that may have been accounted for incorrectly by counterparties of General Reinsurance (or its subsidiaries or affiliates). Berkshire understands that the government is evaluating the actions of General Re and its subsidiaries, as well as those of their counterparties, to determine whether General Re or its subsidiaries conspired with others to misstate counterparty financial statements or aided and abetted such misstatements by the counterparties. The government has interviewed a number of current and former officers and employees of General Re and General Reinsurance as well as Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett, in connection with these investigations. In one case, a transaction initially effected with American International Group (“AIG”) in late 2000 (the “AIG Transaction”), AIG has corrected its prior accounting for the transaction on the grounds, as stated in AIG’s 2004 10-K, that the transaction was done to accomplish a desired accounting result and did not entail sufficient qualifying risk transfer to support reinsurance accounting. General Reinsurance has been named in related civil actions brought against AIG, as described below. As part of their ongoing investigations, governmental authorities have also inquired about the accounting by certain of Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries for certain assumed and ceded finite reinsurance transactions. In June 2005, John Houldsworth, the former Chief Executive Officer of Cologne Reinsurance Company (Dublin) Limited (“CRD”), a subsidiary of General Re, and Richard Napier, a former Senior Vice President of General Re who had served as an account representative for the AIG account, each pleaded guilty to a federal criminal charge of conspiring with others to misstate certain AIG financial statements in connection with the AIG Transaction and entered into a partial settlement agreement with the SEC with respect to such matters. In addition, Ronald Ferguson, General Re’s former Chief Executive Officer, Elizabeth Monrad, General Re’s former Chief Financial Officer, Christopher Garand, a former General Reinsurance Senior Vice President and Robert Graham, a former General Reinsurance Senior Vice President and Assistant General Counsel -- are awaiting trial in the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut on charges of conspiracy to violate securities laws and to commit mail fraud, securities fraud, making false statements to the SEC and mail fraud in connection with the AIG Transaction. The trial is currently set for December 2007. Each has pleaded not guilty to all charges. Each of these individuals, who had previously received a “Wells” notice in 2005 from the SEC, is also the subject of an SEC enforcement action for allegedly aiding and abetting AIG’s violations of the antifraud provisions and other provisions of the federal securities laws in connection with the AIG Transaction. The SEC case is presently stayed. Joseph Brandon, the Chief Executive Officer of General Re, also received a “Wells” notice from the SEC in 2005. Various state insurance departments have issued subpoenas or otherwise requested that General Reinsurance, NICO and their affiliates provide documents and information relating to non-traditional products. The Office of the Connecticut Attorney General has also issued a subpoena to General Reinsurance for information relating to non-traditional products. General Reinsurance, NICO and their affiliates have been cooperating fully with these subpoenas and requests. In November 2006, two subsidiaries of General Re, General Reinsurance UK Limited (“Gen Re UK”) and Kolnische Ruckversicherungs-Gesellschaft AG (“Cologne Re”), entered into a settlement agreement with the Financial Services Authority (“FSA”) with respect to the FSA’s previously disclosed investigation of the role of these entities in certain transactions that were alleged to involve no or insufficient risk transfer to be treated for accounting and regulatory purposes as reinsurance. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, Gen Re UK paid the FSA a penalty of $2.3 million. Cologne Re is also cooperating fully with requests for information and orders to produce documents from the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (the “BaFin”) regarding the activities of Cologne Re relating to “finite reinsurance” and regarding transactions between Cologne Re or its subsidiaries, including CRD, and certain counterparties. In particular, Cologne Re is cooperating fully with a BaFin order to produce documents received on October 24, 2006. The order stated that it is part of the BaFin’s continuing investigation into financial reinsurance agreements and that Cologne Re, and possibly one or more of its senior executives, is suspected of violating legal provisions in regard to such agreements.
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(21) Contingencies and Commitments (Continued)
2005 年 4 月,澳大利亚审慎监管局(APRA)宣布对通用再保险澳大利亚子公司 General Reinsurance Australia Limited(GRA)涉及财务或有限再保险交易的情况展开调查。APRA 根据《1973 年保险法》第 52 条任命了一名调查员,对 GRA 的财务或有限再保险业务进行审查。GRA 和通用再保险全力配合此项调查。调查员已向 APRA 提交了最终调查报告。
CRD 也正向爱尔兰金融服务监管局提供信息,并全力配合其对 CRD 活动的问询。爱尔兰公司执法办公室正在对 CRD 进行初步评估,尤其关注 CRD 与美国国际集团之间的交易。CRD 全力配合此项初步评估。
通用再保险还向加拿大金融机构监管局提供信息,并全力配合其对通用再保险及其关联公司“有限再保险”活动的问询。
伯克希尔目前无法预测这些事项的结果,也无法估计可能的损失范围,并且无法预测结果是否会对伯克希尔在这些事项完成或以其他方式解决的那个季度至少结束时的业务或经营业绩产生重大不利影响。
b) 民事诉讼
与 ROA 相关的诉讼
通用再保险及其多名现任和前任员工,以及众多其他被告,在涉及 Reciprocal of America(ROA)及相关实体的 13 起联邦诉讼中被起诉。其中 9 起是医生、医院和律师事务所提起的推定集体诉讼,这些原告通过 ROA 或其部分位于田纳西州的风险自留集团购买了保险。ROA 是一家总部位于弗吉尼亚州的互惠保险和再保险公司,承保医生、医院和律师的专业责任风险。这些诉状要求赔偿补偿性、三倍以及惩罚性赔偿,金额由原告认为是公正合理的。通用再保险还面临由弗吉尼亚州保险专员(作为 ROA 的副接管人)、田纳西州保险专员(为清算三家田纳西州风险自留集团而指定的接管人)提起的诉讼,一家密苏里州医院集团在州法院提起(后移送至联邦法院)的诉讼,以及另一名阿拉巴马州医生在州法院提起(后也移送至联邦法院)的诉讼。这些诉讼中的第一起于 2003 年 3 月提起,其余诉讼在 2003 年 4 月至 2006 年 6 月间提起。在弗吉尼亚州保险专员提起的诉讼中,专员在其部分索赔中声称,针对所有被告的合计损失估计超过 2 亿美元。所有这些案件均集中移送至美国田纳西州西区联邦地区法院进行审前程序。通用再保险提出动议,要求驳回这些案件中对其的所有索赔。2006 年 6 月,法院批准了通用再保险的动议,驳回了弗吉尼亚和田纳西接管人的诉状。法院允许田纳西接管人修改其诉状,田纳西接管人于 2006 年 8 月 7 日提交了修改后的诉状。通用再保险已提出动议,要求完全驳回修改后的诉状,正等待法院裁决。弗吉尼亚接管人已申请复议驳回裁定并要求修改其诉状。通用再保险已对该动议提出反对,正等待法院裁决。2006 年 9 月,法院还驳回了密苏里州医院集团的诉状。密苏里州医院集团已申请复议驳回裁定并要求提交修改后的诉状。通用再保险已对该动议提出反对,正等待法院裁决。法院尚未就通用再保险驳回其他原告诉状的动议作出裁决。各方已开始证据开示程序。
2006 年 12 月,通用再保险就两起在阿拉巴马州法院提起的、涉及 ROA 及相关实体的诉讼达成了和解协议,这些诉讼已被驳回。
与美国国际集团相关的诉讼
通用再保险是 In re American International Group Securities Litigation 一案的被告,案号 04-CV-8141-(LTS),由美国纽约南区联邦地区法院审理。这是一起推定集体诉讼,由代表在 1999 年 10 月至 2005 年 3 月期间购买美国国际集团公开交易证券的投资者提起。该诉讼最初于 2005 年 4 月提交,对美国国际集团及其部分高管、董事、投资银行及其他方(包括 Ferguson、Napier 和 Houldsworth 先生,诉状将其与通用再保险一同定义为“通用再保险被告”)提出了多项指控。诉状指控通用再保险被告在与美国国际集团交易相关事宜上违反了《证券交易法》第 10(b) 条和第 10b-5 规则。诉状要求赔偿未指明金额的损害赔偿和其他救济。通用再保险已对诉状作出答辩,否认责任并提出了各项积极抗辩。文件开示已经开始,但尚未进行其他证据开示。尚未安排审判日期。
在前段所述诉讼中推定集体的一名成员,在另一份独立诉状中对通用再保险和 Ferguson 先生提出了类似索赔,即 Florida State Board of Administration v. General Re Corporation, et al. 案,案号 06-CV-3967,由美国纽约南区联邦地区法院审理。对通用再保险和 Ferguson 先生的指控与集体诉讼中的指控非常相似。该诉状未指明索赔金额。通用再保险已对诉状作出答辩,否认责任并提出了各项积极抗辩。尚未确定审判日期。各方正在协调本诉讼、同一原告对美国国际集团及其他方提起的类似诉讼、前段所述集体诉讼以及下段所述股东派生诉讼之间的证据开示和其他程序。
In April 2005, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (“APRA”) announced an investigation involving financial or finite reinsurance transactions by General Reinsurance Australia Limited (“GRA”), a subsidiary of General Reinsurance. An inspector was appointed by APRA under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 to conduct an investigation of GRA’s financial or finite reinsurance business. GRA and General Reinsurance have cooperated fully with this investigation. The inspector has submitted its final investigative report to APRA. CRD is also providing information to and cooperating fully with the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority in its inquiries regarding the activities of CRD. The Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement in Ireland is conducting a preliminary evaluation in relation to CRD concerning, in particular, transactions between CRD and AIG. CRD is cooperating fully with this preliminary evaluation. General Reinsurance is also providing information to and cooperating fully with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada in its inquiries regarding the activities of General Re and its affiliates relating to “finite reinsurance.” Berkshire cannot at this time predict the outcome of these matters and is unable to estimate a range of possible loss and cannot predict whether or not the outcomes will have a material adverse effect on Berkshire’s business or results of operations for at least the quarterly period when these matters are completed or otherwise resolved. b) Civil Litigation Litigation Related to ROA General Reinsurance and several current and former employees, along with numerous other defendants, have been sued in thirteen federal lawsuits involving Reciprocal of America (“ROA”) and related entities. Nine are putative class actions initiated by doctors, hospitals and lawyers that purchased insurance through ROA or certain of its Tennessee-based risk retention groups. ROA was a Virginia-based reciprocal insurer and reinsurer of physician, hospital and lawyer professional liability risks. These complaints seek compensatory, treble, and punitive damages in an amount plaintiffs contend is just and reasonable. General Reinsurance is also subject to actions brought by the Virginia Commissioner of Insurance, as Deputy Receiver of ROA, the Tennessee Commissioner of Insurance, as Receiver for purposes of liquidating three Tennessee risk retention groups, a state lawsuit filed by a Missouri-based hospital group that was removed to federal court and another state lawsuit filed by an Alabama doctor that was also removed to federal court. The first of these actions was filed in March 2003 and additional actions were filed in April 2003 through June 2006. In the action filed by the Virginia Commissioner of Insurance, the Commissioner asserts in several of its claims that the alleged damages are believed to exceed $200 million in the aggregate as against all defendants. All of these cases are collectively assigned to the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee for pretrial proceedings. General Reinsurance filed motions to dismiss all of the claims against it in these cases and, in June 2006, the court granted General Reinsurance’s motion to dismiss the complaints of the Virginia and Tennessee receivers. The court granted the Tennessee receiver leave to amend her complaint, and the Tennessee receiver filed her amended complaint on August 7, 2006. General Reinsurance has filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in its entirety and awaits a ruling by the court. The Virginia receiver has moved for reconsideration of the dismissal and for leave to amend his complaint. General Reinsurance has filed its opposition to that motion and awaits a ruling by the court. In September 2006, the court also dismissed the complaint filed by the Missouri-based hospital group. The Missouri-based hospital group has filed a motion for reconsideration of the dismissal and for leave to file an amended complaint. General Reinsurance has filed its opposition to that motion and awaits a ruling by the court. The court has also not yet ruled on General Reinsurance’s motions to dismiss the complaints of the other plaintiffs. The parties have commenced discovery. In December 2006, General Reinsurance entered into settlement agreements with respect to two lawsuits filed in Alabama state courts that related to ROA and related entities, and these lawsuits have been dismissed. Actions related to AIG General Reinsurance is a defendant in In re American International Group Securities Litigation, Case No. 04-CV-8141-(LTS), United States District Court, Southern District of New York, a putative class action asserted on behalf of investors who purchased publicly-traded securities of AIG between October 1999 and March 2005. The complaint, originally filed in April 2005, asserts various claims against AIG and certain of its officers, directors, investment banks and other parties, including Messrs. Ferguson, Napier and Houldsworth (whom the Complaint defines, together with General Reinsurance, as the “General Re Defendants”). The Complaint alleges that the General Re Defendants violated Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 in connection with the AIG Transaction. The Complaint seeks damages and other relief in unspecified amounts. General Reinsurance has answered the Complaint, denying liability and asserting various affirmative defenses. Document production has begun, but no other discovery has taken place. No trial date has been scheduled. A member of the putative class in the litigation described in the preceding paragraph has asserted similar claims against General Re and Mr. Ferguson in a separate complaint, Florida State Board of Administration v. General Re Corporation, et al., Case No. 06-CV-3967, United States District Court, Southern District of New York. The claims against General Re and Mr. Ferguson closely resemble those asserted in the class action. The complaint does not specify the amount of damages sought. General Re has answered the Complaint, denying liability and asserting various affirmative defenses. No trial date has been established. The parties are coordinating discovery and other proceedings among this action, a similar action filed by the same plaintiff against AIG and others, the class action described in the preceding paragraph, and the shareholder derivative actions described in the next paragraph.
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合并财务报表附注(续)
(21)或有事项与承诺(续)
2005 年 7 月 27 日,通用再保险公司在“美国国际集团公司衍生品诉讼案”(In re American International Group, Inc. Derivative Litigation,案件编号 04-CV-08406,美国纽约南区联邦地区法院)中收到了一份传票以及一份经核实的修订版股东衍生诉讼起诉状。该起诉状由数名自称 AIG 股东的人士提起,针对 AIG 的多名高管和董事,以及与 AIG 有业务往来的诸多个人和实体,就 AIG 据称实施的各种不当行为寻求损害赔偿、禁令救济和宣告性救济。与通用再保险公司相关的指控集中在 AIG 交易上,起诉状声称就该交易提出了协助和教唆其他被告违反信义义务以及不当得利的诉讼理由。起诉状未指明损害赔偿金额或所寻求的任何其他救济的性质。2005 年 8 月,通用再保险公司在“美国国际集团公司合并衍生品诉讼案”(In re American International Group, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation,案件编号 769-N,特拉华州衡平法院)中收到了一份传票及首份合并修订版股东衍生诉讼起诉状。特拉华州起诉状中所提出的主张与纽约衍生诉讼中的主张基本相似,不同之处在于,特拉华州起诉状明确指出,原告是对通用再保险公司和通用再保险同时提出主张。纽约衍生诉讼和特拉华州衍生诉讼的审理程序均已中止,直至 2007 年 3 月 14 日。
FAI / HIH 事项
2003 年 12 月,FAI 保险有限公司(“FAI”)和 HIH 保险有限公司(“HIH”)的清算人均告知 GRA 和科隆再保险,他们拟就 GRA 于 1998 年 5 月和 6 月与 FAI 达成的保险交易提出索赔。2004 年 8 月,为使某些原告的诉讼时效不届期,清算人向新南威尔士州最高法院提起了索赔。清算人对 GRA 和科隆再保险的指控焦点,是 GRA 于 1998 年与 FAI 达成的交易(FAI 于 1999 年被 HIH 收购)。清算人主张,除其他事项外,GRA 和科隆再保险从事了欺骗性行为,协助 FAI 将这些交易不当记为再保险,且该欺骗行为导致 HIH 收购了 FAI,并给 FAI 和 HIH 造成了多种损失。HIH 清算人于 2006 年 6 月向 GRA 和科隆再保险送达了起诉状。FAI 清算人须在 2007 年 3 月 30 日前向 GRA 和科隆再保险送达其起诉状。
保险经纪反垄断诉讼
伯克希尔、通用再保险和通用再保险公司是此跨地区诉讼案“保险经纪反垄断诉讼”(In Re: Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation,MDL 编号 1663(D.N.J.))的被告。在该诉讼中,原告指控商业保险经纪公司和保险公司合谋实施了一项全行业范围内的计划,通过操纵投标和或有佣金安排欺诈一群据称的保险购买者。原告声称,所有被告均参与了某种模式的敲诈勒索活动,违反了 RICO 法案,并共谋限制贸易。原告还进一步指控,经纪被告违反了其对原告的信义义务,保险公司被告协助和教唆了该等违反行为,且所有被告均在此过程中不当得利。原告寻求金额未予明确的三倍损害赔偿,外加利息、律师费和开支。原告还寻求作出不当行为宣告性判决,以及禁止未来反竞争行为的禁令。2006 年 11 月,通用再保险、通用再保险公司和伯克希尔,连同其他被告,提交了驳回起诉的动议,该动议尚待裁决。
对于上文讨论的某些法律程序,伯克希尔已计提了准备金,前提是公司已得出结论,认为发生不利结果的可能性很大,且损失金额能够合理估计。对于上文讨论的其他法律程序,伯克希尔要么认定发生不利结果合理可能,但无法估计可能损失的范围,要么无法预测该事项的结果。管理层认为,当前未决民事诉讼(包括上文讨论的事项)可能导致公司承担的任何负债,不会对伯克希尔的财务状况或经营业绩产生重大影响。
c) 承诺
伯克希尔子公司租赁了某些制造、仓储、零售和办公设施以及某些设备。2006、2005 和 2004 年,所有租赁的总租金费用分别为 5.78 亿美元、4.32 亿美元和 4.22 亿美元。初始或剩余不可取消期限超过一年的经营租赁的最低租金支付额如下。金额单位为百万美元。
此后
2007 年 2008 年 2009 年 2010 年 2011 年 2011 年之后 合计
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) (21) Contingencies and Commitments (Continued) On July 27, 2005, General Reinsurance received a Summons and a Verified and Amended Shareholder Derivative Complaint in In re American International Group, Inc. Derivative Litigation, Case No. 04-CV-08406, United States District Court, Southern District of New York. The complaint, brought by several alleged shareholders of AIG, seeks damages, injunctive and declaratory relief against various officers and directors of AIG as well as a variety of individuals and entities with whom AIG did business, relating to a wide variety of allegedly wrongful practices by AIG. The allegations relating to General Reinsurance focus on the AIG Transaction, and the complaint purports to assert causes of action in connection with that transaction for aiding and abetting other defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duty and for unjust enrichment. The complaint does not specify the amount of damages or the nature of any other relief sought. In August 2005, General Reinsurance received a Summons and First Amended Consolidated Shareholders’ Derivative Complaint in In re American International Group, Inc. Consolidated Derivative Litigation, Case No. 769-N, Delaware Chancery Court. The claims asserted in the Delaware complaint are substantially similar to those asserted in the New York derivative complaint, except that the Delaware complaint makes clear that the plaintiffs are asserting claims against both General Reinsurance and General Re. Proceedings in both the New York derivative suit and the Delaware derivative suit are stayed until March 14, 2007. FAI/HIH Matter In December 2003, the Liquidators of both FAI Insurance Limited (“FAI”) and HIH Insurance Limited (“HIH”) advised GRA and Cologne Re that they intended to assert claims arising from insurance transactions GRA entered into with FAI in May and June 1998. In August 2004, the Liquidators filed claims in the Supreme Court of New South Wales in order to avoid the expiration of a statute of limitations for certain plaintiffs. The focus of the Liquidators’ allegations against GRA and Cologne Re are the 1998 transactions GRA entered into with FAI (which was acquired by HIH in 1999). The Liquidators contend, among other things, that GRA and Cologne Re engaged in deceptive conduct that assisted FAI in improperly accounting for such transactions as reinsurance, and that such deception led to HIH’s acquisition of FAI and caused various losses to FAI and HIH. The Liquidator of HIH served its Complaint on GRA and Cologne Re in June 2006. The FAI Liquidator has until March 30, 2007 to serve his complaint on GRA and Cologne Re. Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation Berkshire, General Re and General Reinsurance are defendants in this multi-district litigation, In Re: Insurance Brokerage Antitrust Litigation, MDL No. 1663 (D.N.J.), in which plaintiffs allege an industry-wide scheme on the part of commercial insurance brokers and insurance companies to defraud a purported class of insurance purchasers through bid-rigging and contingent commission arrangements. The plaintiffs claim that all defendants engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity, in violation of RICO, and that they conspired to restrain trade. They further allege that the broker defendants breached fiduciary duties to the plaintiffs, that the insurer defendants aided and abetted that breach, and that all defendants were unjustly enriched in the process. Plaintiffs seek treble damages in an unspecified amount, together with interest and attorneys fees and expenses. They also seek a declaratory judgment of wrongdoing as well as an injunction against future anticompetitive practices. In November 2006, General Re, General Reinsurance and Berkshire, together with the other defendants, filed motions to dismiss the complaint which are awaiting resolution. Berkshire has established reserves for certain of the legal proceedings discussed above where it has concluded that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. For other legal proceedings discussed above, either Berkshire has determined that an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but it is unable to estimate a range of possible losses or it is unable to predict the outcome of the matter. Management believes that any liability to the Company that may arise as a result of current pending civil litigation, including the matters discussed above, will not have a material effect on Berkshire’s financial condition or results of operations. c) Commitments Berkshire subsidiaries lease certain manufacturing, warehouse, retail and office facilities as well as certain equipment. Total rent expense for all leases was $578 million, $432 million and $422 million in 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively. Minimum rental payments for operating leases having initial or remaining non-cancelable terms in excess of one year are as follows. Amounts are in millions. After 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 Total
$503 $420 $337 $255 $198 $601 $2,314
$503 $420 $337 $255 $198 $601 $2,314
伯克希尔旗下数家子公司已做出了采购其业务所需商品和服务的长期承诺。其中最重要的承诺包括 NetJets 公务航空在 2015 年前购买最多 483 架飞机的承诺,以及中美能源公司购买煤炭、电力和天然气的承诺。所有此类子公司协议项下的承诺金额约为:2007 年 64 亿美元、2008 年 34 亿美元、2009 年 30 亿美元、2010 年 28 亿美元、2011 年 21 亿美元,2011 年之后 73 亿美元。
Several of Berkshire’s subsidiaries have made long-term commitments to purchase goods and services used in their businesses. The most significant of these relate to NetJets’ commitments to purchase up to 483 aircraft through 2015 and MidAmerican’s commitments to purchase coal, electricity and natural gas. Commitments under all such subsidiary arrangements are approximately $6.4 billion in 2007, $3.4 billion in 2008, $3.0 billion in 2009, $2.8 billion in 2010, $2.1 billion in 2011 and $7.3 billion after 2011.
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(22) 季度数据
下表汇总了最近两年各季度的营收和盈利情况。此信息未经审计。金额单位为百万美元,每股数据除外。
| 第一季度 | 第二季度 | 第三季度 | 第四季度 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 年 | ||||
| 营收 | $22,763 | $24,185 | $25,360 | $26,231 |
| 净利润* | 2,313 | 2,347 | 2,772 | 3,583 |
| 等效 A 类普通股每股净利润 | 1,501 | 1,522 | 1,797 | 2,323 |
| 2005 年 | ||||
| 营收 | $17,634 | $18,128 | $20,533 | $25,368 |
| 净利润* | 1,363 | 1,449 | 586 | 5,130 |
| 等效 A 类普通股每股净利润 | 886 | 941 | 381 | 3,330 |
*包含投资和衍生品损益,对于任一给定期间,该数据并无预测价值,且鉴于伯克希尔投资组合中存在未实现增值,不同期间之间的金额变化也不具备实际分析价值。2005 年第三季度的净利润中,包含因袭击美国墨西哥湾沿岸地区的卡特里娜飓风和丽塔飓风而导致的 30 亿美元(税后 19.5 亿美元)税前承保亏损。2005 年第四季度的净利润中,包含因将吉列普通股交换为宝洁普通股而产生的 50 亿美元(税后 32.5 亿美元)非现金税前收益。上述期间的税后投资和衍生品损益情况如下(单位:百万美元):
| 第一季度 | 第二季度 | 第三季度 | 第四季度 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 投资和衍生品损益 – 2006 年 | $526 | $294 | $174 | $715 |
| 投资和衍生品损益 – 2005 年 | (77) | (160) | 480 | 3,287 |
(22) Quarterly data A summary of revenues and earnings by quarter for each of the last two years is presented in the following table. This information is unaudited. Dollars are in millions, except per share amounts. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 2006 Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Revenues.............................................................................................................. $22,763 $24,185 $25,360 $26,231 Net earnings *...................................................................................................... 2,313 2,347 2,772 3,583 Net earnings per equivalent Class A common share............................................ 1,501 1,522 1,797 2,323 2005 Revenues.............................................................................................................. $17,634 $18,128 $20,533 $25,368 Net earnings *...................................................................................................... 1,363 1,449 586 5,130 Net earnings per equivalent Class A common share............................................ 886 941 381 3,330
- Includes investment and derivative gains/losses, which, for any given period have no predictive value and variations in amount
from period to period have no practical analytical value in view of the unrealized appreciation in Berkshire’s investment portfolio. Net earnings in the third quarter of 2005 include a pre-tax underwriting loss of $3.0 billion ($1.95 billion after-tax) related to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita which struck the Gulf coast region of the United States. Net earnings in the fourth quarter of 2005 include a non-cash pre-tax gain of $5.0 billion ($3.25 billion after-tax) which arose from the exchange of Gillette common stock for Procter & Gamble common stock. After-tax investment and derivative gains/losses for the periods presented above are as follows (in millions): 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter Investment and derivative gains/losses – 2006 ................................................... $526 $294 $174 $ 715 Investment and derivative gains/losses – 2005 ................................................... (77) (160) 480 3,287
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
及子公司
过去五年财务数据选编
(除每股数据外,金额单位为百万美元)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
收入:
已赚保费 $23,964 $21,997 $21,085 $21,493 $19,182
销售及服务收入 51,803 46,138 43,222 32,098 16,958
公用事业及能源业务收入 (1) 10,644 — — — —
利息、股息及其他投资收入 4,382 3,487 2,816 3,098 2,943
金融及金融产品业务利息及其他收入 5,111 4,633 3,788 3,087 2,314
投资及衍生品收益/亏损 (2) 2,635 5,408 3,471 4,083 838
总收入 $98,539 $81,663 $74,382 $63,859 $42,235
收益:
净利润 (2) (3) $11,015 $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151 $ 4,286
每股净利润 $ 7,144 $ 5,538 $ 4,753 $ 5,309 $ 2,795
年末数据:
总资产 $248,437 $198,325 $188,874 $180,559 $169,544
保险及其他非金融业务的
应付票据及其他借款 3,698 3,583 3,450 4,182 4,775
公用事业及能源业务的
应付票据及其他借款 (1) 16,946 — — — —
金融及金融产品业务的
应付票据及其他借款 11,961 10,868 5,387 4,937 4,513
股东权益 108,419 91,484 85,900 77,596 64,037
流通在外 A 类等效普通股
(千股) 1,543 1,541 1,539 1,537 1,535
每股流通在外 A 类等效普通股
的股东权益 $ 70,281 $ 59,377 $ 55,824 $ 50,498 $ 41,727
(1) 2006 年 2 月 9 日,伯克希尔·哈撒韦将其持有的中美能源控股公司(“中美能源”)无投票权优先股转换为普通股,转换后持有约 83.4%(摊薄后 80.5%)的有投票权普通股权益。因此,2006 年合并财务报表反映了中美能源账务的合并。在 2002 年至 2005 年期间,伯克希尔对中美能源的投资采用权益法核算。
(2) 任何给定期间的投资及衍生品收益/亏损金额不具有预测价值,考虑到伯克希尔投资组合中未实现增值,各期金额的变化也不具有实际分析价值。2006 年税后投资及衍生品收益为 17.09 亿美元,2005 年为 35.30 亿美元,2004 年为 22.59 亿美元,2003 年为 27.29 亿美元,2002 年为 5.66 亿美元。2005 年的投资收益包括一笔与吉列股票置换宝洁股票相关的非现金税前收益 50 亿美元(税后 32.5 亿美元)。
(3) 截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日止年度的净利润,包括因袭击美国墨西哥湾沿岸及东南地区的飓风卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛而产生的税前承保损失 34 亿美元。该损失使净利润减少约 22 亿美元,每股收益减少 1,446 美元。
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries Selected Financial Data for the Past Five Years (dollars in millions except per share data) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 Revenues: Insurance premiums earned .................................................... $23,964 $21,997 $21,085 $21,493 $19,182 Sales and service revenues ..................................................... 51,803 46,138 43,222 32,098 16,958 Revenues of utilities and energy businesses (1) ....................... 10,644 — — — — Interest, dividend and other investment income ..................... 4,382 3,487 2,816 3,098 2,943 Interest and other revenues of finance and financial products businesses ............................................................. 5,111 4,633 3,788 3,087 2,314 Investment and derivative gains/losses (2)............................... 2,635 5,408 3,471 4,083 838 Total revenues ........................................................................ $98,539 $81,663 $74,382 $63,859 $42,235 Earnings: Net earnings (2) (3) .................................................................... $11,015 $ 8,528 $ 7,308 $ 8,151 $ 4,286 Net earnings per share ............................................................ $ 7,144 $ 5,538 $ 4,753 $ 5,309 $ 2,795 Year-end data: Total assets ............................................................................. $248,437 $198,325 $188,874 $180,559 $169,544 Notes payable and other borrowings of insurance and other non-finance businesses.................... 3,698 3,583 3,450 4,182 4,775 Notes payable and other borrowings of utilities and energy businesses (1) ........................................ 16,946 — — — — Notes payable and other borrowings of finance and financial products businesses........................... 11,961 10,868 5,387 4,937 4,513 Shareholders’ equity............................................................... 108,419 91,484 85,900 77,596 64,037 Class A equivalent common shares outstanding, in thousands .................................................... 1,543 1,541 1,539 1,537 1,535 Shareholders’ equity per outstanding Class A equivalent common share ...................................... $ 70,281 $ 59,377 $ 55,824 $ 50,498 $ 41,727 (1) On February 9, 2006, Berkshire Hathaway converted its non-voting preferred stock of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (“MidAmerican”) to common stock and upon conversion, owned approximately 83.4% (80.5% diluted) of the voting common stock interests. Accordingly, the 2006 Consolidated Financial Statements reflect the consolidation of the accounts of MidAmerican. During the period between 2002 and 2005, Berkshire’s investment in MidAmerican was accounted for pursuant to the equity method. (2) The amount of investment and derivative gains and losses for any given period has no predictive value, and variations in amount from period to period have no practical analytical value in view of the unrealized appreciation in Berkshire's investment portfolio. After-tax investment and derivative gains were $1,709 million in 2006, $3,530 million in 2005, $2,259 million in 2004, $2,729 million in 2003 and $566 million in 2002. Investment gains in 2005 include a non-cash pre-tax gain of $5.0 billion ($3.25 billion after-tax) relating to the exchange of Gillette stock for Procter & Gamble stock. (3) Net earnings for the year ending December 31, 2005 includes a pre-tax underwriting loss of $3.4 billion in connection with Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma that struck the Gulf coast and Southeast regions of the United States. Such loss reduced net earnings by approximately $2.2 billion and earnings per share by $1,446.
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伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
及其子公司
管理层对财务状况和经营业绩的
讨论与分析
经营业绩
下表列示了过去三年各年的净利润细分数据。金额已扣除所得税和少数股东权益,单位:百万美元。
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. and Subsidiaries Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Results of Operations Net earnings for each of the past three years are disaggregated in the table that follows. Amounts are after deducting income taxes and minority interests and are in millions.
2006 2005 2004
2006 2005 2004
保险 — 承保 $ 2,485 $ 27 $ 1,008
保险 — 投资收益 3,120 2,412 2,045
公用事业和能源 885 523 237
制造、服务和零售 2,131 1,646 1,540
金融和金融产品 732 514 373
其他 (47) (124) (154)
投资和衍生品收益/亏损 1,709 3,530 2,259
Insurance – underwriting............................................................................................... $ 2,485 $ 27 $1,008 Insurance – investment income ..................................................................................... 3,120 2,412 2,045 Utilities and energy ....................................................................................................... 885 523 237 Manufacturing, service and retailing............................................................................. 2,131 1,646 1,540 Finance and financial products...................................................................................... 732 514 373 Other ............................................................................................................................. (47) (124) (154) Investment and derivative gains/losses ......................................................................... 1,709 3,530 2,259
净利润 $11,015 $8,528 $7,308
Net earnings...................................................................................................... $11,015 $8,528 $7,308
伯克希尔的运营业务采用极为分散的管理模式。基本上没有集中的或整合的业务职能(如销售、营销、采购、法务或人力资源),伯克希尔的公司总部对运营业务的日常经营活动几乎不参与。伯克希尔公司办公室管理层参与并最终负责重大资本配置决策、投资活动,以及各运营业务首席执行官的人选。业务分部数据(合并财务报表附注 20)应结合本讨论一并阅读。
保险——承保
下文摘要了伯克希尔保险业务过去三年的承保结果。金额单位为百万美元。
2006 2005 2004
承保利润(亏损)归属于:
GEICO $ 1,314 $ 1,221 $ 970
通用再保险 526 (334) 3
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团 1,658 (1,069) 417
伯克希尔·哈撒韦直接保险集团 340 235 161
税前承保利润 3,838 53 1,551
所得税及少数股东权益 1,353 26 543
Berkshire’s operating businesses are managed on an unusually decentralized basis. There are essentially no centralized or integrated business functions (such as sales, marketing, purchasing, legal or human resources) and there is minimal involvement by Berkshire’s corporate headquarters in the day-to-day business activities of the operating businesses. Berkshire’s corporate office management participates in and is ultimately responsible for significant capital allocation decisions, investment activities and the selection of the Chief Executive to head each of the operating businesses. The business segment data (Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) should be read in conjunction with this discussion. Insurance — Underwriting A summary follows of underwriting results from Berkshire’s insurance businesses for the past three years. Amounts are in millions. 2006 2005 2004 Underwriting gain (loss) attributable to: GEICO .................................................................................................................... $ 1,314 $ 1,221 $ 970 General Re .............................................................................................................. 526 (334) 3 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group................................................................ 1,658 (1,069) 417 Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group....................................................................... 340 235 161 Pre-tax underwriting gain.............................................................................................. 3,838 53 1,551 Income taxes and minority interests.............................................................................. 1,353 26 543
净承保利润 $2,485 $27 $1,008
Net underwriting gain....................................................................................... $ 2,485 $ 27 $ 1,008
伯克希尔同时从事财产险和意外险的直接保险与再保险业务。通过通用再保险(General Re),伯克希尔还对人身险和健康险进行再保险。在直接保险业务中,伯克希尔的子公司承担直接面临风险的个人或组织所转移的特定部分损失风险。在再保险业务中,伯克希尔的子公司承担其他保险公司或再保险公司在其自身承保活动中已承担的类似或不同风险的特定部分。伯克希尔的主要保险和再保险业务包括:(1)GEICO——美国四大汽车保险公司之一,(2)通用再保险,(3)伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团,以及(4)伯克希尔·哈撒韦直接保险集团。
2005 年 6 月 30 日,伯克希尔收购了 Medical Protective Corporation(“MedPro”),该公司为医生、牙医及其他医疗保健服务提供者提供职业责任险。2006 年 5 月 19 日,伯克希尔收购了 Applied Underwriters 85% 的股权,该公司提供综合工伤保险解决方案。上述业务的承保结果自各自的收购日起计入伯克希尔·哈撒韦直接保险集团的业绩。
伯克希尔管理层将保险业务视为由两项截然不同的活动构成——承保与投资。承保决策由各业务单元经理负责;除 GEICO 和通用再保险的国际业务中有少数例外,投资决策由伯克希尔董事长兼首席执行官沃伦·E·巴菲特负责。相应地,伯克希尔在评估承保业务表现时,不将任何投资收益分配计入。
定期承保结果可能因未决赔款及理赔费用(包括针对往年发生事件所计提的金额)估计值的变化而受到重大影响。有关赔款准备金估算过程的详细信息,请参阅本讨论中的“关键会计政策”部分。此外,巨灾损失的发生时间和金额可能导致定期承保结果出现大幅波动。2005 年第三季度,飓风卡特里娜和丽塔袭击了美国墨西哥湾沿岸地区,造成了财产/意外险行业有史以来单季度最大的巨灾损失。2005 年第四季度,飓风威尔玛袭击了美国东南部。这些事件估计带来的 34 亿美元税前损失已计入 2005 年。相比之下,2006 年没有发生大型飓风。
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Berkshire engages in both primary insurance and reinsurance of property and casualty risks. Through General Re, Berkshire also reinsures life and health risks. In primary insurance activities, Berkshire subsidiaries assume defined portions of the risks of loss from persons or organizations that are directly subject to the risks. In reinsurance activities, Berkshire subsidiaries assume defined portions of similar or dissimilar risks that other insurers or reinsurers have subjected themselves to in their own insuring activities. Berkshire’s principal insurance and reinsurance businesses are: (1) GEICO, one of the four largest auto insurers in the U.S., (2) General Re, (3) Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group and (4) Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group. On June 30, 2005, Berkshire acquired Medical Protective Corporation (“MedPro”), a provider of professional liability insurance to physicians, dentists and other healthcare providers. On May 19, 2006, Berkshire acquired 85% of Applied Underwriters, a provider of integrated workers’ compensation solutions. Underwriting results for these businesses are included in the Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group results beginning on their respective acquisition dates. Berkshire’s management views insurance businesses as possessing two distinct operations – underwriting and investing. Underwriting decisions are the responsibility of the unit managers; investing, with limited exceptions at GEICO and General Re’s international operations, is the responsibility of Berkshire’s Chairman and CEO, Warren E. Buffett. Accordingly, Berkshire evaluates performance of underwriting operations without any allocation of investment income. Periodic underwriting results can be affected significantly by changes in estimates for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, including amounts established for occurrences in prior years. See the Critical Accounting Policies section of this discussion for information concerning the loss reserve estimation process. In addition, the timing and amount of catastrophe losses can produce significant volatility in periodic underwriting results. During the third quarter of 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita struck the Gulf Coast region of the United States producing the largest catastrophe losses for any quarter in the history of the property/casualty insurance industry. In the fourth quarter of 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck the Southeast U.S. Estimated pre-tax losses from these events of $3.4 billion were recorded in 2005. In contrast, there were no major hurricanes in 2006. 54
保险——承保(续)
以上所有业务都遵循一项关键营销策略,即维持极为雄厚的资本实力。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔旗下保险业务的法定盈余约为 590 亿美元。这一突出的资本实力创造了机会,尤其是在再保险业务方面,使我们能够谈判并签订专门针对保险和再保险买方独特需求量身定制的保险与再保险合同。以下是关于伯克希尔保险及再保险业务的更多信息。
GEICO
GEICO 主要为 49 个州和哥伦比亚特区的被保险人提供私人乘用车保险。GEICO 的保单主要通过直接响应方式销售,即客户通过互联网、电话或邮件直接向公司申请投保。这是 GEICO 作为低成本保险公司战略中的一个重要因素。此外,GEICO 致力于为客户提供卓越服务,以建立长期客户关系为目标。
GEICO 过去三年的承保业绩总结如下。金额单位为百万美元。
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | ||||
| 签单保费 | $11,303 | $10,285 | $9,212 |
Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) A key marketing strategy followed by all of these businesses is the maintenance of extraordinary capital strength. Statutory surplus of Berkshire’s insurance businesses was approximately $59 billion at December 31, 2006. This superior capital strength creates opportunities, especially with respect to reinsurance activities, to negotiate and enter into insurance and reinsurance contracts specially designed to meet unique needs of insurance and reinsurance buyers. Additional information regarding Berkshire’s insurance and reinsurance operations follows. GEICO GEICO provides primarily private passenger automobile coverages to insureds in 49 states and the District of Columbia. GEICO policies are marketed mainly by direct response methods in which customers apply for coverage directly to the company via the Internet, over the telephone or through the mail. This is a significant element in GEICO’s strategy to be a low-cost insurer. In addition, GEICO strives to provide excellent service to customers, with the goal of establishing long-term customer relationships. GEICO’s underwriting results for the past three years are summarized below. Dollars are in millions. 2006 2005 2004 Amount % Amount % Amount % Premiums written ............................................................... $11,303 $10,285 $9,212
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
已赚保费 11,055 100.0 10,101 100.0 8,915 100.0
赔款及理赔费用 7,749 70.1 7,128 70.6 6,360 71.3
承保费用 1,992 18.0 1,752 17.3 1,585 17.8
损失及费用合计 9,741 88.1 8,880 87.9 7,945 89.1
Premiums earned................................................................ $11,055 100.0 $10,101 100.0 $8,915 100.0 Losses and loss adjustment expenses ................................. 7,749 70.1 7,128 70.6 6,360 71.3 Underwriting expenses....................................................... 1,992 18.0 1,752 17.3 1,585 17.8 Total losses and expenses................................................... 9,741 88.1 8,880 87.9 7,945 89.1
税前承保利润 | $ 1,314 | | $ 1,221* | | $ 970 | |
Pre-tax underwriting gain................................................... $ 1,314 $ 1,221* $ 970
- 已扣除卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的 2 亿美元损失。
2006 年和 2005 年的已赚保费较上一年度分别增长 9.4% 和 13.3%。2006 年自愿车险的已赚保费增长 9.3%,反映出过去一年有效保单数量增长 10.7%。2006 年内,优选风险市场的有效保单数量增长 11.3%,标准和非标准市场增长 8.6%。与 2005 年相比,2006 年自愿车险的新业务销售量增长 8.8%。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,自愿车险有效保单数量较 2005 年 12 月 31 日增加 72.1 万份。部分市场的保费费率已下调,承保指引也做了调整,以更好地将价格与潜在风险匹配,导致单均保费相对降低。
2006 年的赔付及理赔费用为 77.49 亿美元,较 2005 年增长 8.7%。赔付率从 2005 年的 70.6% 和 2004 年的 71.3% 降至 2006 年的 70.1%,主要原因是所有市场及大部分险种的索赔频率下降。2006 年,物质损失险的索赔频率较 2005 年下降 2% 到 5%,人身伤害险的索赔频率也下降 2% 到 5%。2006 年人身伤害险的严重程度较 2005 年上升 2% 到 5%,而物质损失险的严重程度上升 4% 到 7%。因灾难事件产生的已发生损失,2006 年约为 5400 万美元,2005 年为 2.27 亿美元(主要来自第三和第四季度的飓风),2004 年为 7100 万美元。
2006 年的承保费用为 19.92 亿美元,较 2005 年增长 13.7%,而 2005 年又较 2004 年增长 10.5%。费用增长反映了广告支出增加,以及与新业务销售相关的额外承保和保单签发成本。
通用再保险
通用再保险从事再保险业务,为全球客户提供财产/意外险和人寿/健康险保障。在北美洲,财产/意外险再保险通过通用再保险公司以直销方式承保。在国际上,财产/意外险再保险通过持股 95% 的科隆再保险(总部位于德国)及其他全资子公司,以及通过伦敦法拉第业务的经纪公司以直销方式承保。人寿/健康险再保险通过科隆再保险为全球客户承保。通用再保险过去三年的税前承保结果汇总如下表。金额单位:百万美元。
| 承保保费 | 已赚保费 | 税前承保利润(亏损) | |||||||
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
| 财产/意外险: | |||||||||
| 北美洲 | 1731 | 1988 | 2747 | 1799 | 2201 | 3012 | 127 | (307) | 11 |
| 国际 | 1850 | 1864 | 2091 | 1912 | 1939 | 2218 | 246 | (138) | (93) |
| 人寿/健康险 | 2368 | 2303 | 2022 | 2364 | 2295 | 2015 | 153 | 111 | 85 |
| 5949 | 6155 | 6860 | 6075 | 6435 | 7245 | 526 | (334)* | 3 |
- Net of losses of $200 million from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.
Premiums earned in 2006 and 2005 increased 9.4% and 13.3%, respectively, over the corresponding prior year amounts. The growth in premiums earned in 2006 for voluntary auto was 9.3% and reflects a 10.7% increase in policies-in-force during the past year. During 2006, policies-in-force increased 11.3% in the preferred risk markets and 8.6% in the standard and nonstandard markets. Voluntary auto new business sales in 2006 increased 8.8% compared to 2005. Voluntary auto policies-in- force at December 31, 2006 were 721,000 higher than at December 31, 2005. Premium rates have been reduced and underwriting guidelines have been adjusted in certain markets to better match price with the underlying risk resulting in relatively lower premiums per policy. Losses and loss adjustment expenses in 2006 were $7,749 million, an increase of 8.7% over 2005. The loss ratio declined to 70.1% in 2006 compared to 70.6% in 2005 and 71.3% in 2004 primarily due to decreasing claim frequencies across all markets and most coverage types. In 2006, claims frequencies for physical damage coverages decreased in the two to five percent range from 2005 while frequencies for injury coverages decreased in the two to five percent range. Injury severity in 2006 increased in the two to five percent range over 2005 while physical damage severity increased in the four to seven percent range. Incurred losses from catastrophe events were approximately $54 million in 2006, $227 million in 2005 (primarily from the hurricanes in the third and fourth quarters) and $71 million in 2004. Underwriting expenses in 2006 were $1,992 million, an increase of 13.7% over 2005, which increased 10.5% over 2004. The increase in expenses in 2006 reflected higher advertising costs as well as incremental underwriting and policy issuance costs associated with new business sales. General Re General Re conducts a reinsurance business offering property and casualty and life and health coverages to clients worldwide. In North America, property and casualty reinsurance is written on a direct basis through General Reinsurance Corporation. Internationally, property and casualty reinsurance is written on a direct basis through 95% owned Cologne Re (based in Germany) and other wholly-owned affiliates as well as through brokers with respect to Faraday in London. Life and health reinsurance is written for clients worldwide through Cologne Re. General Re’s pre-tax underwriting results are summarized for the past three years in the following table. Amounts are in millions. Pre-tax underwriting Premiums written Premiums earned gain (loss) 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 Property/casualty: North American ......... $1,731 $1,988 $2,747 $1,799 $2,201 $3,012 $ 127 $ (307) $ 11 International ............... 1,850 1,864 2,091 1,912 1,939 2,218 246 (138) (93) Life/health ....................... 2,368 2,303 2,022 2,364 2,295 2,015 153 111 85 $5,949 $6,155 $6,860 $6,075 $6,435 $7,245 $ 526 $ (334)* $ 3
- 包含与飓风卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛相关的 6.85 亿美元损失。
- Includes losses of $685 million related to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.
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55
管理层讨论(续)
保险——承保(续)
财产/意外险
2006 年的已赚保费较 2005 年下降,而 2005 年又较 2004 年下降。北美地区的下降,主要源于有限风险业务的大幅减少,以及意外险合约分保量的较小程度下降。2006 年国际业务的已赚保费与 2005 年基本持平。按当地货币计算,国际已赚保费较 2005 年增长 2%,主要原因是法拉第(Faraday)的财产险业务量增加,但有限风险业务的大幅减少部分抵消了这一增长。过去三年已赚保费的整体下降,反映了持续的承保纪律——对于定价被认为与风险不匹配的交易,一概拒绝承接。
2006 年和 2005 年北美已赚保费与上一年相比的下降,约有一半归因于保单取消和未续保的数量超过了新合同,以及费率变动的轻微影响。下降的其余部分主要来自有限风险业务的显著减少。按当地货币计算,2006 年国际已赚保费较 2005 年下降 3.5%,2005 年较 2004 年下降 12.3%。与北美类似,过去三年国际板块已赚保费的下降,总体上反映了因不盈利业务未续保以及有限风险业务减少导致的保费量下降。
北美业务 2006 年实现承保利润 1.27 亿美元,而 2005 年为承保亏损 3.07 亿美元,2004 年为承保利润 1100 万美元。2006 年的承保业绩中,财产险业务带来了 3.48 亿美元的承保利润,但部分被意外险/工伤保险业务 2.21 亿美元的承保亏损所抵消,其中还包括与有限风险业务持续监管调查相关的法律及预估和解费用。财产险业务在 2006 事故年产生了 2.09 亿美元的承保利润,以及来自往年财产险损失有利滚存的 1.39 亿美元。当前事故年的业绩受益于没有巨灾损失。2006 年意外险/工伤保险业务的承保亏损包括:(1)贴现利息摊销和递延费用摊销 1.37 亿美元;(2)因医疗使用率和成本通胀持续攀升,增加往年工伤保险准备金 1.03 亿美元;(3)增加石棉和环境责任准备金 5800 万美元。这些亏损被往年其他意外险覆盖的准备金净减少所部分抵消。
2005 年的承保亏损中,约 4.8 亿美元来自当年的三场大飓风(卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛)。除此之外,2005 事故年的承保业绩总体上受益于前几年实施的重新定价努力以及改善的覆盖条款和条件。2005 年的承保业绩还包括往年事故年度的亏损,具体为:工伤保险准备金净增加 2.28 亿美元、石棉和环境大规模侵权风险敞口 1.02 亿美元,以及工伤保险准备金的贴现利息摊销和追溯再保险覆盖的递延费用摊销 1.36 亿美元。抵消这些往年亏损的是其他意外险和财产险业务准备金净减少带来的 4.19 亿美元收益。
2004 年 1100 万美元的净承保利润由当前事故年 1.66 亿美元的收益构成,但被往年事故年 1.55 亿美元的亏损部分抵消。2004 年当前事故年的业绩,受益于因削减某些养老金福利而一次性减少的 7000 万美元承保费用。2004 年,往年事故年的亏损包括:意外险和工伤保险索赔准备金增加 7.29 亿美元、贴现利息摊销和递延费用摊销 1.1 亿美元,但被往年财产险损失准备金减少 3.07 亿美元(主要源于世贸中心风险敞口)以及合同终止和结算带来的 3.77 亿美元收益所抵消。
国际财产/意外险业务 2006 年实现承保利润 2.46 亿美元,而 2005 年和 2004 年分别为承保亏损 1.38 亿美元和 9300 万美元。2006 年的承保业绩受益于财产险和航空险业务线 3.6 亿美元的净收益以及没有巨灾损失。部分抵消这些收益的是意外险业务 1.14 亿美元的净亏损,其中包括与有限风险业务监管调查相关的费用。2005 年和 2004 年的承保业绩分别包括了来自美国飓风的巨灾损失 2.05 亿美元和 1.1 亿美元。此外,2005 年的业绩还包括暴风埃尔文(Erwin)造成的 2900 万美元损失。过去三年的承保业绩均受益于航空险和非巨灾财产险业务的良好表现。国际财产和意外险的承保业绩中,来自往年事故年的收益分别为:2006 年 2.35 亿美元、2005 年 1.08 亿美元,而 2004 年为亏损 1.02 亿美元。2004 年的往年损失主要来自超额机动车险、工伤保险及其他意外险业务线,以及已进入清算程序的业务增加的准备金。
人寿/健康险
2006 年的已赚保费较 2005 年增长 3.0%,2005 年较 2004 年增长 13.9%。剔除汇率影响后,2006 年已赚保费增长 2.3%,2005 年增长 14.2%。2006 年已赚保费的增长主要来自欧洲人寿业务,2005 年则主要来自北美和欧洲人寿业务的共同增长。
全球人寿/健康险业务 2006 年实现承保利润 1.53 亿美元,2005 年为 1.11 亿美元,2004 年为 8500 万美元。过去三年中,美国和国际的人寿/健康险业务均保持盈利,主要得益于有利的死亡率;不过,大部分利润来自国际人寿业务。此外,2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年的承保业绩中,分别包括归属于某些已进入清算程序的美国健康险业务准备金增加的净亏损 3100 万美元、6600 万美元和 4600 万美元。
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) Property/casualty Premiums written declined in 2006 from amounts written in 2005 which declined from amounts written in 2004. The declines in North America were attributable to significant reductions in finite risk business and to a lesser extent lower casualty treaty volume. International premiums written in 2006 were essentially unchanged from 2005. In local currencies, international premiums written increased 2% over 2005 primarily due to increased volume of property business at Faraday offset by a significant reduction in finite risk business. The overall comparative declines in written premiums in the past three years reflected continued underwriting discipline by rejecting transactions where pricing is deemed inadequate with respect to the risk. Approximately half of the comparative declines in the North American premiums earned in 2006 and 2005 versus the previous year were attributable to policy cancellations and non-renewals exceeding new contracts as well as a slight impact from rate changes. The remainder of the comparative declines were primarily due to the significant decreases in finite risk business. In local currencies, 2006 international premiums earned declined 3.5% from 2005, which declined 12.3% compared with 2004. Similar to North America, the decline in premiums earned in the international segment over the past three years generally reflects reductions in premium volume due to the non-renewal of unprofitable business and the decrease in finite risk business. The North American business produced an underwriting gain of $127 million in 2006 compared with an underwriting loss of $307 million in 2005 and an underwriting gain of $11 million in 2004. Underwriting results in 2006 included $348 million in underwriting gains from property business partially offset by $221 million in underwriting losses from casualty/workers’ compensation business and includes legal and estimated settlement costs associated with the ongoing regulatory investigations of the finite risk business. The property business produced underwriting gains of $209 million for the 2006 accident year, and $139 million from favorable run-off of prior year property losses. The current accident year results benefited from a lack of catastrophe losses. The underwriting losses from casualty/workers’ compensation business in 2006 included (1) $137 million in discount accretion and deferred charge amortization, (2) increases in prior years’ workers’ compensation reserves of $103 million arising from the continuing escalation of medical utilization and cost inflation and (3) increases in asbestos and environmental reserves of $58 million. These losses were somewhat offset by net decreases in prior years’ reserves for other casualty coverages. The 2005 underwriting loss included approximately $480 million in losses from three major hurricanes in 2005 (Katrina, Rita and Wilma). Otherwise, underwriting results for the 2005 accident year generally benefited from re-pricing efforts and improved coverage terms and conditions put into place over the preceding few years. Underwriting results in 2005 also included losses attributable to prior accident years consisting of net reserve increases on workers’ compensation of $228 million, asbestos and environmental mass tort exposures of $102 million and $136 million in discount accretion on workers’ compensation reserves and deferred charge amortization on retroactive reinsurance coverages. Offsetting these prior years’ losses were $419 million in gains from net reserve decreases in other casualty lines and property lines. The net underwriting gain of $11 million in 2004 consisted of current accident year gains of $166 million partially offset by $155 million in prior accident years’ losses. The 2004 current accident year results benefited from a one-time reduction of $70 million in underwriting expenses from the curtailment of certain pension benefits. In 2004, prior accident years’ losses included reserve increases on casualty and workers’ compensation claims of $729 million and $110 million in discount accretion and deferred charge amortization offset by $307 million of reserve reductions for prior years’ property losses (primarily in World Trade Center loss exposures) and $377 million of gains from contract commutations and settlements. The International property/casualty businesses produced an underwriting gain of $246 million in 2006 compared with underwriting losses of $138 million and $93 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. Underwriting results for 2006 benefited from $360 million of net gains in property and aviation lines of business and the lack of catastrophe losses. Partially offsetting these gains were $114 million in net losses in casualty business, including costs associated with the finite risk business regulatory investigations. Underwriting results for both 2005 and 2004 included catastrophe losses from the U.S. hurricanes of $205 million and $110 million, respectively. Additionally, 2005 results included $29 million in losses from windstorm Erwin. Underwriting results for each of the last three years benefited from favorable results of the aviation and non-catastrophe property businesses. The International property and casualty underwriting results included gains associated with prior accident years of $235 million in 2006 compared with gains of $108 million in 2005 and losses of $102 million in 2004. Prior years’ losses in 2004 were primarily in motor excess, workers’ compensation and other casualty lines and increases for operations placed in run- off. Life/health Premiums earned in 2006 increased 3.0% over 2005, which increased 13.9% over 2004. Adjusting for the effects of foreign currency, premiums earned increased 2.3% in 2006 and 14.2% in 2005. The increase in premiums earned in 2006 was primarily from European life business and in 2005 was primarily due to an increase in both North American and European life business. The global life/health operations produced underwriting gains of $153 million in 2006, $111 million in 2005 and $85 million in 2004. Both the U.S. and international life/health operations were profitable in each of the past three years primarily due to favorable mortality; however, most of the gains were earned in the international life business. Additionally, included in the underwriting results for 2006, 2005 and 2004 were $31 million, $66 million and $46 million, respectively, of net losses attributable to reserve increases on certain U.S. health business in run-off.
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56
保险——承保(续)
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团(“BHRG”)为全球的保险公司和再保险公司承保超额损失再保险和成数再保险。BHRG 的业务包括巨灾超额损失再保险,以及针对大型或其他非寻常的独立财产风险——称为个体风险——的超额直接再保险和临时再保险。追溯再保险保单为过往发生的损失事件提供损失及理赔费用的赔付。其他多险种业务指以成数分保和超额分保为基础承保的其他业务、对劳合社辛迪加的参与和合同,以及航空险和工伤保险项目。巨灾损失的发生时间和金额可能导致 BHRG 的定期承保结果出现异常剧烈的波动,尤其是巨灾和个体风险业务。目前,单次事件造成的税前可能最大损失估计约为 60 亿美元。BHRG 的税前承保结果汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。
| 已赚保费 | 税前承保利润(亏损) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | |
| 巨灾和个体风险 | $2,196 | $1,663 | $1,462 | $1,588 | $(1,178) | $ 385 |
| 追溯再保险 | 146 | 10 | 188 | (173) | (214) | (412) |
| 其他多险种 | 2,634 | 2,290 | 2,064 | 243 | 323 | 444 |
| $4,976 | $3,963 | $3,714 | $1,658 | $(1,069)* | $ 417 |
Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group The Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (“BHRG”) underwrites excess-of-loss reinsurance and quota share coverages for insurers and reinsurers worldwide. BHRG’s business includes catastrophe excess-of-loss reinsurance and excess direct and facultative reinsurance for large or otherwise unusual discrete property risks referred to as individual risk. Retroactive reinsurance policies provide indemnification of losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to past loss events. Other multi-line refers to other business written on both a quota-share and excess basis, participations in and contracts with Lloyd’s syndicates, as well as aviation business and workers’ compensation programs. The timing and amount of catastrophe losses can produce extraordinary volatility in the periodic underwriting results of the BHRG, and, in particular, in the catastrophe and individual risk business. The pre-tax probable maximum loss from a single event is currently estimated to be approximately $6 billion. BHRG’s pre-tax underwriting results are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. Premiums earned Pre-tax underwriting gain (loss) 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 Catastrophe and individual risk .............................. $2,196 $1,663 $1,462 $1,588 $(1,178) $ 385 Retroactive reinsurance .......................................... 146 10 188 (173) (214) (412) Other multi-line ...................................................... 2,634 2,290 2,064 243 323 444 $4,976 $3,963 $3,714 $1,658 $(1,069)* $ 417
- 包括卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的 25 亿美元损失。
巨灾和单一风险合同可能提供极高的赔偿限额,通常为数亿美元,有时超过 10 亿美元,并覆盖巨灾风险(如飓风、地震或其他自然灾害)或其他财产风险(如航空与航天、商业多重险或恐怖主义险)。2006 年巨灾和单一风险保费收入约为 24 亿美元,2005 年为 18 亿美元,2004 年为 15 亿美元。2006 年业务量的增长主要归因于美国费率改善和巨灾再保险行业容量有限,从而带来了更多承保新业务的机会。未来期间承保的业务水平可能因市场状况和管理层对保费费率充足性的评估而出现大幅波动。
2006 年的税前承保业绩未出现重大巨灾事件损失,但发生了约 2 亿美元的已发生损失,归属于往年事件,主要是 2005 年第四季度发生的威尔玛飓风。2005 年巨灾和单一风险业务的承保业绩包括卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的约 24 亿美元预估损失。2004 年,巨灾和单一风险业务的承保业绩包括第三季度袭击美国和加勒比地区的四场飓风造成的 7.9 亿美元预估巨灾损失。损失的时间和规模导致 BHRG 巨灾和单一风险业务定期承保业绩出现极大的波动性。BHRG 通常不转分巨灾和单一风险以缓解这种波动性。管理层接受这种潜在的波动性,前提是实现承保利润的长期前景是合理的。
追溯保险合同通常针对预计将在长期内支付的过往损失事件,提供非常大但有限的未付损失和损失调整费用赔偿。追溯再保险的承保损失主要归因于对往年承保的追溯再保险合同所设立的递延费用的摊销。这些递延费用代表保费与预估最终索赔准备金之间的差额,采用利息法在预期索赔支付期间摊销。摊销费用记为已发生损失,因此产生承保损失。特定期间的摊销水平基于对未来损失支付时间和金额的估计。如果这些估计发生变化,递延费用余额将通过累计调整进行追溯调整。
2006 年追溯再保险的承保损失中扣除了约 1.45 亿美元的收益,这些收益主要来源于 2006 年下半年解除或修订的合同。2005 年追溯再保险的承保损失中扣除了约 4600 万美元的收益,该收益与一份追溯再保险协议下剩余未付损失的最终结算有关。此外,2005 年第四季度对未付损失估计进行了审查,导致损失准备金净减少 7500 万美元,同时由于损失支付慢于预期,某些其他合同的递延费用摊销率有所降低。2004 年,一份大合同未来损失支付的预计时间被提前,产生了约 1 亿美元的增量摊销费用。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,未摊销递延费用约为 17.4 亿美元,而 2005 年 12 月 31 日为 21.3 亿美元。管理层认为,考虑到这些保单相关的大量浮存金,这些费用是合理的。浮存金截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日约为 65 亿美元。
与 2005 年相比,2006 年其他多险种再保险的已赚保费有所增加,这是由于工伤保险项目的持续增长。与 2004 年相比,2005 年已赚保费增加,来自新的工伤保险和持续的航空保险项目,部分被比例再保险合同的减少所抵消。2006 年其他多险种再保险的承保业绩反映了财产合同有利的比较承保业绩,这得益于较低的巨灾损失。这些有利的比较结果在一定程度上被航空业务承保业绩的恶化所抵消。2005 年的承保业绩包括卡特里娜、丽塔和威尔玛飓风造成的约 1 亿美元预估损失,而 2004 年的业绩包括影响美国和加勒比地区的第三季度飓风造成的约 1.75 亿美元损失。然而,来自航空险种的承保收益以及 2004 年多份再保险合同解除带来的约 1.6 亿美元收益,足以抵消巨灾造成的损失。
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- Includes losses of $2.5 billion from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma.
Catastrophe and individual risk contracts may provide exceptionally large limits of indemnification, often several hundred million dollars and occasionally in excess of $1 billion, and cover catastrophe risks (such as hurricanes, earthquakes or other natural disasters) or other property risks (such as aviation and aerospace, commercial multi-peril or terrorism). Catastrophe and individual risk premiums written were approximately $2.4 billion in 2006, $1.8 billion in 2005 and $1.5 billion in 2004. The increase in volume in 2006 was principally attributable to improved rates in the U.S. and limited industry capacity for catastrophe reinsurance which led to more opportunities to write new business. The level of business written in future periods may vary significantly based upon market conditions and management’s assessment of the adequacy of premium rates. Pre-tax underwriting results in 2006 reflect no significant losses from catastrophe events and incurred losses of approximately $200 million attributable to prior years’ events, primarily Hurricane Wilma which occurred in the fourth quarter of 2005. Underwriting results from catastrophe and individual risk business in 2005 included estimated losses of approximately $2.4 billion from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma. In 2004, underwriting results from catastrophe and individual risk business included estimated catastrophe losses of $790 million from four hurricanes that struck the U.S. and Caribbean during the third quarter. The timing and magnitude of losses produce extraordinary volatility in periodic underwriting results of BHRG’s catastrophe and individual risk business. BHRG generally does not cede catastrophe and individual risks to mitigate the volatility. Management accepts such potential volatility provided that the long-term prospect of achieving underwriting profits is reasonable. Retroactive policies normally provide very large, but limited, indemnification of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses with respect to past loss events that are expected to be paid over long periods of time. The underwriting losses from retroactive reinsurance are primarily attributed to the amortization of deferred charges established on retroactive reinsurance contracts written in previous years. The deferred charges, which represent the difference between the premium and the estimated ultimate claim reserves, are amortized over the expected claim payment period using the interest method. The amortization charges are recorded as losses incurred and, therefore, generate underwriting losses. The level of amortization in a given period is based upon estimates of the timing and amount of future loss payments. To the extent there are changes in these estimates, deferred charge balances are adjusted on a retrospective basis via a cumulative adjustment. Underwriting losses from retroactive reinsurance in 2006 are net of gains of approximately $145 million which primarily derived from contracts that were commuted or amended during the last half of 2006. Underwriting losses in 2005 from retroactive reinsurance are net of a gain of approximately $46 million related to the final settlement of remaining unpaid losses under a retroactive reinsurance agreement. In addition, estimates of unpaid losses were reviewed during the fourth quarter of 2005 which resulted in a net reduction of $75 million in loss reserves and the rates of deferred charge amortization on certain other contracts were decreased due to slower than expected loss payments. During 2004 the estimated timing of future loss payments with respect to one large contract was accelerated which produced an incremental amortization charge of approximately $100 million. Unamortized deferred charges at December 31, 2006 were approximately $1.74 billion compared to $2.13 billion at December 31, 2005. Management believes that these charges are reasonable with respect to the large amounts of float related to these policies. Float was approximately $6.5 billion at December 31, 2006. Premiums earned from other multi-line reinsurance increased in 2006 as compared to 2005 due to the continued growth in workers’ compensation programs. Increased premiums were earned in 2005 as compared to 2004 from new workers’ compensation and ongoing aviation programs and were partially offset by declines in quota-share contracts. Underwriting results from other multi-line reinsurance in 2006 reflected favorable comparative underwriting results from property contracts which benefited from low catastrophe losses. These favorable comparative results were somewhat offset by a deterioration in underwriting results from aviation business. Underwriting results in 2005 included estimated losses of approximately $100 million from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Wilma, while results in 2004 included losses of approximately $175 million arising from the third quarter hurricanes affecting the U.S. and Caribbean. However, underwriting gains from aviation coverages and approximately $160 million in gains from the commutations of several reinsurance contracts during 2004 more than offset the losses arising from catastrophes. 57
管理层讨论(续)
保险业务——承保(续)
伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险集团(续)
2006 年 11 月,BHRG 与 Equitas 签订了一项协议。Equitas 是一家总部位于伦敦的实体,旨在为劳合社名下的“Names”或承保人提供 1992 年及之前年份的非寿险责任的再保险和管理服务。根据协议,BHRG 将向 Equitas 提供高达 70 亿美元的新增超额再保险。BHRG 还将接收 Equitas 的现有员工,并管理 Equitas 负债的清算流程。该协议需获得美国和英国某些监管机构的批准,并满足其他多种条件,相关条件必须在 2007 年 3 月 31 日前达成。根据该安排,BHRG 将获得的初始对价包括 Equitas 的全部资产减去 1 亿英镑。
伯克希尔·哈撒韦基础保险集团
伯克希尔的基础保险集团由一系列规模较小的保险公司组成,主要承保商业账户的负债险。这些公司包括:国民赔偿公司的基础保险集团业务(“NICO 基础保险集团”),提供机动车辆和一般责任险;美国投资公司(“USIC”),其子公司承保专业保险;公司内部称为“本州”业务的一组公司,提供标准的多险种保险;中央州立赔偿公司(“CSI”),通过金融机构向全国个人提供信贷和残障保险;以及 MedPro 和应用承保人公司(如前所述,分别于 2005 年 6 月和 2006 年 5 月收购)。
总体而言,伯克希尔的基础保险业务在 2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年分别实现已赚保费 18.58 亿美元、14.98 亿美元和 12.11 亿美元。2006 年已赚保费的增长主要归因于 MedPro 和应用承保人公司的收购影响,部分被 NICO 基础保险集团业务量的下降所抵消。2005 年 MedPro 在下半年贡献的已赚保费,是基础保险集团当年总已赚保费较 2004 年增长的主要原因。税前承保利润占已赚保费的比例分别为:2006 年约 18%,2005 年约 16%,2004 年约 13%。2006 年所有业务线均实现了承保利润。2005 年的承保利润反映了 NICO 基础保险集团对 2005 年之前损失事件的损失准备金估算下调,以及本州、USIC 和 CSI 业务业绩的改善,部分被医疗事故准备金增加导致的损失所抵消。
保险业务——投资收益
以下是伯克希尔保险业务过去三年的净投资收益汇总。金额单位为百万美元。
| 年份 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 税前投资收益 | $4,316 | $3,480 | $2,824 |
| 所得税和少数股东权益 | 1,196 | 1,068 | 779 |
| 税后及少数股东权益后投资收益 | $3,120 | $2,412 | $2,045 |
投资收益包括伯克希尔保险业务持有的现金等价物、固定期限证券及权益证券的利息和股息收入。伯克希尔保险业务 2006 年的税前投资收益较 2005 年增加了 8.36 亿美元(增长 24%),而 2005 年较 2004 年增加了 6.56 亿美元(增长 23%)。2006 年的增长反映了美国短期利率上升以及股息相比 2005 年有所增加。2005 年投资收益的增长主要反映了美国短期利率相比 2004 年上升。
以下是伯克希尔保险业务持有的投资汇总。金额单位为百万美元。
| 项目 | 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | 2004 年 12 月 31 日 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现金及现金等价物 | $34,590 | $38,814 | $38,706 |
| 权益证券 | 61,168 | 46,412 | 37,420 |
| 固定期限证券 | 25,272 | 27,385 | 22,831 |
| 其他 | 812 | 918 | 2,059 |
| 合计 | $121,842 | $113,529 | $101,016 |
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的固定期限投资如下。金额单位为百万美元。
| 类型 | 摊余成本 | 未实现损益 | 公允价值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 美国国债、政府公司及机构 | $4,941 | $(2) | $4,939 |
| 州、市及政治细分 | 2,967 | 56 | 3,023 |
| 外国政府 | 8,444 | (28) | 8,416 |
| 投资级公司债券及可赎回优先股 | 3,610 | 150 | 3,760 |
| 非投资级公司债券及可赎回优先股 | 1,858 | 1,300 | 3,158 |
| 抵押贷款支持证券 | 1,948 | 28 | 1,976 |
| 合计 | $23,768 | $1,504 | $25,272 |
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Insurance — Underwriting (Continued) Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Group (Continued) In November 2006, BHRG and Equitas, a London based entity established to reinsure and manage the 1992 and prior years’ non-life liabilities of the Names or Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London, entered into an agreement for BHRG to provide potentially up to $7 billion of new excess reinsurance to Equitas. BHRG will also employ the current staff of Equitas and manage the run-off of Equitas’ liabilities. The agreement is subject to the approval by certain regulatory authorities in the United States and the United Kingdom as well as various other conditions which must be obtained by March 31, 2007. Consideration payable to BHRG under the arrangement would initially consist of all of Equitas’ assets less 100 million Pounds Sterling. Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group Berkshire’s primary insurance group consists of a wide variety of smaller insurance businesses that principally write liability coverages for commercial accounts. These businesses include: National Indemnity Company’s primary group operation (“NICO Primary Group”), a writer of motor vehicle and general liability coverages; U.S. Investment Corporation (“USIC”), whose subsidiaries underwrite specialty insurance coverages; a group of companies referred to internally as “Homestate” operations, providers of standard multi-line insurance; Central States Indemnity Company (“CSI”), a provider of credit and disability insurance to individuals nationwide through financial institutions; and MedPro and Applied Underwriters, which as previously noted were acquired in June 2005 and May 2006, respectively. Collectively, Berkshire’s primary insurance businesses produced earned premiums of $1,858 million in 2006, $1,498 million in 2005 and $1,211 million in 2004. The increase in premiums earned in 2006 was primarily attributable to the impact of the MedPro and Applied Underwriters acquisitions partially offset by a decline in volume of the NICO Primary Group. Premiums earned in the last half of 2005 by MedPro accounted for most of the increase in total premiums earned by the primary group in 2005 compared with 2004. Pre-tax underwriting gains as percentages of premiums earned were approximately 18% in 2006, 16% in 2005 and 13% in 2004. Underwriting gains in 2006 were achieved in all of the businesses. The underwriting gain in 2005 reflected a decrease in loss reserve estimates for pre-2005 loss events in the NICO Primary Group business, improved results of Homestate, USIC and CSI operations partially offset by losses incurred from increases in medical malpractice reserves. Insurance — Investment Income Following is a summary of the net investment income of Berkshire’s insurance operations for the past three years. Amounts are in millions. 2006 2005 2004 Investment income before taxes........................................................................................ $4,316 $3,480 $2,824 Income taxes and minority interests.................................................................................. 1,196 1,068 779 Investment income after taxes and minority interests ....................................................... $3,120 $2,412 $2,045 Investment income consists of interest and dividends earned on cash equivalents and fixed maturity and equity investments of Berkshire’s insurance businesses. Pre-tax investment income earned in 2006 by Berkshire’s insurance businesses increased $836 million (24%) over 2005, which increased $656 million (23%) over 2004. The increase in 2006 reflects higher short-term interest rates in the United States and increased dividends as compared to 2005. The increase in investment income in 2005 primarily reflects higher short-term interest rates in the United States as compared to 2004. A summary of investments held in Berkshire’s insurance businesses follows. Dollar amounts are in millions. Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Dec. 31, 2006 2005 2004 Cash and cash equivalents............................................................................................... $ 34,590 $ 38,814 $ 38,706 Equity securities .............................................................................................................. 61,168 46,412 37,420 Fixed maturity securities ................................................................................................. 25,272 27,385 22,831 Other................................................................................................................................ 812 918 2,059 $121,842 $113,529 $101,016 Fixed maturity investments as of December 31, 2006 were as follows. Amounts are in millions. Amortized Unrealized cost gains/losses Fair value U.S. Treasury, government corporations and agencies ................................................. $ 4,941 $ (2) $ 4,939 States, municipalities and political subdivisions ........................................................... 2,967 56 3,023 Foreign governments..................................................................................................... 8,444 (28) 8,416 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, investment grade........................... 3,610 150 3,760 Corporate bonds and redeemable preferred stocks, non-investment grade.................... 1,858 1,300 3,158 Mortgage-backed securities........................................................................................... 1,948 28 1,976 $23,768 $ 1,504 $25,272
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保险——投资收益(续)
所有美国政府债券均被主要评级机构评为 AAA 级,而 96% 的州、市、政治分支机构、外国政府债券及抵押贷款支持证券被评为 AA 级或更高。非投资级证券指评级低于 BBB- 或 Baa3 的证券。
投资资产来源于股东资本、留存收益,以及保险合同下的净负债承担(即“浮存金”)。浮存金的主要组成部分包括:未付损失、未赚保费、其他保单持有人负债,减去保费和再保险应收款、追溯再保险合同下的递延费用以及递延保单获取成本。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,浮存金约为 509 亿美元;2005 年 12 月 31 日为 493 亿美元;2004 年 12 月 31 日为 461 亿美元。浮存金的成本(以税前承保损益与平均浮存金的比例表示)在过去三年均为负值,因为伯克希尔的保险业务每年都实现了税前承保利润。
公用事业与能源(“中美能源”)
以下汇总了中美能源过去三年的收入和利润数据。金额单位为百万美元。
| 收入 | 利润 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
| 中美能源公司 | 3,519 | 3,200 | 2,731 | 348 | 288 | 268 |
| 太平洋电力 | 2,971 | — | — | 356 | — | — |
| 天然气管道业务 | 972 | 909 | 884 | 376 | 309 | 289 |
| 英国公用事业 | 961 | 921 | 955 | 338 | 308 | 326 |
| 房地产经纪业务 | 1,724 | 1,894 | 1,777 | 74 | 148 | 130 |
| 其他 | 497 | 356 | 380 | 226 | 115 | (406) |
| 合计 | 10,644 | 7,280 | 6,727 | |||
| 企业利息与税前利润 | 1,718 | 1,168 | 607 | |||
| 利息(非伯克希尔部分) | (261) | (200) | (212) | |||
| 伯克希尔次级债务利息 | (134) | (157) | (170) | |||
| 所得税 | (407) | (248) | (55) | |||
| 净利润 | 916 | 563 | 170 | |||
| 归属于伯克希尔的利润* | 885 | 523* | 237* | |||
| 对外负债 | 16,946 | 10,296 | 10,528 | |||
| 对伯克希尔负债 | 1,055 | 1,289 | 1,478 |
- 扣除了少数股东权益,并包含了伯克希尔赚取的利息(扣除相关所得税)。此外,2005 年和 2004 年还分别包含了因伯克希尔按权益法核算中美能源而产生的额外所得税支出 4900 万美元和 1500 万美元。
伯克希尔 2005 年和 2004 年的合并财务报表反映了伯克希尔按权益法核算的中美能源净收益份额。2006 年,中美能源的收支被并入伯克希尔的财务报表。为便于比较,上表提供了中美能源 2005 年和 2004 年的收入和利润数据。公用事业与能源业务的收入和利润在一定程度上存在季节性,取决于天气引发的需求。美国电力销售收入通常在夏季空调使用量最大时较高,而天然气销售和管道收入通常在冬季取暖需求较高时较高。房地产经纪业务收入往往在第二和第三季度最高。
与 2005 年相比,2006 年中美能源收入为 106.44 亿美元,增加了 33.64 亿美元(增幅 46%);企业利息与税前利润(“EBIT”)为 17.18 亿美元,增加了 5.5 亿美元(增幅 47%)。收入和 EBIT 的增长主要归因于 2006 年 3 月 21 日对太平洋电力的收购。中美能源公司(“MEC”)收入为 35.19 亿美元,较 2005 年增加了 3.19 亿美元(增幅 10%)。导致 MEC 收入增长的主要因素包括:与某些最终用户天然气合同相关的策略变更,导致收入和成本按总额而非净额入账;以及因电价和售电量均上涨而带来的批发电力销售增长。2006 年气温温和导致的天然气销量下降,部分抵消了这些增长。MEC 的 EBIT 较 2005 年增加了 6000 万美元(增幅 21%),其中约三分之二来自受监管电力销售利润率的改善。
与 2005 年相比,2006 年天然气管道业务收入为 9.72 亿美元,增加了 6300 万美元(增幅 7%);EBIT 为 3.76 亿美元,增加了 6700 万美元(增幅 22%)。收入和 EBIT 的同比改善主要得益于有利的市场条件带来了更高的需求和费率,以及额外的运输和存储服务。2006 年英国公用事业业务的 EBIT 为 3.38 亿美元,较 2005 年增加了 3000 万美元(增幅 10%)。增长源于受监管收入的增加,以及英镑兑美元升值带来的有利影响。
与 2005 年相比,2006 年房地产经纪业务收入为 17.24 亿美元,减少了 1.7 亿美元(降幅 9%);EBIT 为 7400 万美元,减少了 7400 万美元(降幅 50%)。下降的原因是,美国住宅房地产活动显著放缓,导致成交数量大幅减少。
2006 年其他业务的 EBIT 为 2.26 亿美元,较 2005 年增加了 1.11 亿美元。这一增长主要源于出售一项因破产索赔裁决而获得的证券收益,以及其他投资的出售收益。2004 年,EBIT 包含了因中美能源矿产开采设施停产而产生的 5.79 亿美元减值支出。
Insurance — Investment Income (Continued) All U.S. government obligations are rated AAA by the major rating agencies and 96% of all state, municipal and political subdivisions, foreign government obligations and mortgage-backed securities were rated AA or higher. Non-investment grade securities represent securities that are rated below BBB- or Baa3. Invested assets derive from shareholder capital and reinvested earnings as well as net liabilities assumed under insurance contracts or “float.” The major components of float are unpaid losses, unearned premiums and other liabilities to policyholders less premiums and reinsurance receivables, deferred charges assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts and deferred policy acquisition costs. Float approximated $50.9 billion at December 31, 2006, $49.3 billion at December 31, 2005 and $46.1 billion at December 31, 2004. The cost of float, as represented by the ratio of pre-tax underwriting gain or loss to average float, was negative for the last three years, as Berkshire’s insurance businesses generated pre-tax underwriting gains in each year. Utilities and Energy (“MidAmerican”) Revenues and earnings from MidAmerican for each of the past three years are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. Revenues Earnings 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 MidAmerican Energy Company ............................... $ 3,519 $3,200 $2,731 $ 348 $ 288 $ 268 PacifiCorp .................................................................. 2,971 — — 356 — — Natural gas pipelines.................................................. 972 909 884 376 309 289 U.K. utilities............................................................... 961 921 955 338 308 326 Real estate brokerage................................................. 1,724 1,894 1,777 74 148 130 Other .......................................................................... 497 356 380 226 115 (406) $10,644 $7,280 $6,727 Earnings before corporate interest and taxes............. 1,718 1,168 607 Interest, other than to Berkshire ................................ (261) (200) (212) Interest on Berkshire junior debt ............................... (134) (157) (170) Income tax.................................................................. (407) (248) (55) Net earnings ................................................... $ 916 $ 563 $ 170 Earnings applicable to Berkshire *............................ $ 885 $ 523* $ 237* Debt owed to others................................................... 16,946 10,296 10,528 Debt owed to Berkshire ............................................. 1,055 1,289 1,478
- Net of minority interests and includes interest earned by Berkshire (net of related income taxes). Also includes additional
income tax charges of $49 million and $15 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively, related to Berkshire’s accounting for MidAmerican under the equity method. Berkshire’s 2005 and 2004 Consolidated Financial Statements reflect Berkshire’s share of MidAmerican’s net earnings as determined under the equity method. In 2006, MidAmerican’s revenues and expenses are consolidated in Berkshire’s financial statements. For comparative purposes, revenues and earnings of MidAmerican for 2005 and 2004 are provided in the table above. Revenues and earnings of the utilities and energy businesses are, to some extent, seasonal depending on weather- induced demand. Revenues from U.S. electricity sales are generally higher in the summer when air conditioning use is greatest and revenues from gas sales and pipelines are generally higher in the winter when heating needs are higher. Real estate brokerage revenues tend to be highest in the second and third quarters. MidAmerican’s revenues of $10,644 million in 2006 increased $3,364 million (46%) and earnings before corporate interest and taxes (“EBIT”) of $1,718 million in 2006 increased $550 million (47%) as compared to 2005. The increases in revenues and EBIT were largely attributable to the acquisition of PacifiCorp on March 21, 2006. Revenues of MidAmerican Energy Company (“MEC”) of $3,519 million increased $319 million (10%) as compared to 2005. Major factors giving rise to MEC’s revenue increase were a change in strategy related to certain end use natural gas contracts that resulted in revenues and costs being recorded on a gross rather than net basis and higher wholesale electricity sales due to both price and volume increases. Somewhat offsetting these increases were lower natural gas sales due to mild temperatures in 2006. EBIT of MEC increased $60 million (21%) as compared to 2005. About ⅔ of the increase was due to improved margins on regulated electricity sales. Revenues from natural gas pipelines of $972 million in 2006 increased $63 million (7%) and EBIT of $376 million in 2006 increased $67 million (22%) as compared to 2005. The comparative improvement in revenues and EBIT was primarily due to favorable market conditions resulting in higher demand and rates as well as additional transportation and storage services. EBIT of the U.K. utilities business of $338 million in 2006 increased $30 million (10%) as compared to 2005. The increase was due to an increase in regulated revenues as well as a favorable impact from the strengthening of the Pound Sterling versus the U.S. dollar. Revenues from the real estate brokerage business of $1,724 million in 2006 decreased $170 million (9%) and EBIT of $74 million in 2006 decreased $74 million (50%) as compared to 2005. The declines were due to a significant reduction in the number of closed transactions due to the significant slowdown in U.S. residential real estate activity. EBIT from other activities of $226 million in 2006 increased $111 million as compared to 2005. Most of this increase arose from a gain on the sale of a security that was received in connection with a bankruptcy claim award as well as from sales of other investments. In 2004, EBIT includes an impairment charge of $579 million related to the discontinuance of the operations of MidAmerican’s mineral extraction facility.
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管理层讨论(续)
制造业、服务业和零售业
下表为 2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年制造业、服务业和零售业的营收及税前利润对比。金额单位:百万美元。
| 营收 | 利润 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | 2006 年 | 2005 年 | 2004 年 | |
| 麦克莱恩公司 | $25,693 | $24,074 | $23,373 | $229 | $217 | $228 |
| 萧氏工业 | 5,834 | 5,723 | 5,174 | 594 | 485 | 466 |
| 其他制造业 | 11,988 | 9,260 | 8,152 | 1,756 | 1,335 | 1,160 |
| 其他服务业 * | 5,811 | 4,728 | 4,507 | 658 | 329 | 412 |
| 零售业 | 3,334 | 3,111 | 2,936 | 289 | 257 | 215 |
| $52,660 | $46,896 | $44,142 | ||||
| 税前利润 | $3,526 | $2,623 | $2,481 | |||
| 所得税及少数股东权益 | 1,395 | 977 | 941 | |||
| $2,131 | $1,646 | $1,540 |
- 2004 年,伯克希尔采纳了 EITF 00-21(“多项交付安排的收入确认会计处理”)的规定。因此,出于合并报表目的,与 NetJets 公务机部分销售相关的收入确认方法发生了变更。管理层继续按照原有收入确认标准评估 NetJets 的经营成果,因此上表所示的其他服务业营收和税前利润仍沿用原有的收入确认方法。上表所示的营收金额,比伯克希尔合并财务报表中报告的金额,分别高出 2006 年的 7.81 亿美元、2005 年的 7.04 亿美元和 2004 年的 9.02 亿美元。上表包含的 2006 年、2005 年和 2004 年税前利润,分别比合并财务报表中的金额高出 7900 万美元、6300 万美元和 7400 万美元。
麦克莱恩公司
麦克莱恩公司(“麦克莱恩”)是一家面向零售商、便利店和餐厅的食品杂货及食品分销商。麦克莱恩的业务特点是高销售额和极低的利润率。麦克莱恩 2006 年营收较 2005 年增长 16.19 亿美元(增幅 7%),而 2005 年营收较 2004 年增长 7.01 亿美元(增幅 3%)。2006 年和 2005 年的营收增长均主要来自食品杂货业务的增长,但部分被餐厅食品服务营收的同比下降所抵消,后者主要是由于 2005 年年中丢失了一个大客户。
2006 年税前利润较 2005 年增加 1200 万美元,这反映了销量的增长。2006 年税前利润受到毛利率同比下降 0.13% 的负面影响,这主要归因于食品杂货业务竞争加剧。毛利率下降的影响在很大程度上被相对较低的运营费用所抵消,运营费用的下降主要来自保险成本的降低。麦克莱恩约三分之一的年营收来自沃尔玛。沃尔玛削减采购量可能对麦克莱恩的营收和利润产生重大不利影响。
萧氏工业
萧氏工业(“萧氏”)是全球最大的簇绒地毯制造商,也是一家提供全方位服务的地板公司。萧氏 2006 年营收为 58.34 亿美元,较 2005 年增加 1.11 亿美元(增幅 2%);2006 年税前利润为 5.94 亿美元,较 2005 年增加 1.09 亿美元(增幅 22%)。营收增长反映了地毯平均售价上涨 7%,但部分被销售平方码数减少 6% 所抵消。与 2005 年相比,2006 年第三和第四季度平方码销量同比下降加速,这归因于独栋住宅建设放缓,以及客户因预期价格上涨而在 2005 年下半年加速购买。利润增长主要发生在上半年,这主要得益于单位制造成本的降低,该降低源于萧氏在 2005 年第四季度收购的地毯底衬和尼龙纤维制造业务的整合。这两项收购使萧氏能够内部生产其大部分地毯底衬需求,并获得更稳定的原材料来源。由于住房建设活动持续放缓,预计销量下降至少将持续到 2007 年上半年。
与 2004 年相比,2005 年营收为 57.23 亿美元,增加 5.49 亿美元(增幅 11%);2005 年税前利润为 4.85 亿美元,增加 1900 万美元(增幅 4%)。尽管销售价格上涨,但 2005 年的营业利润率受到石油基原材料成本多次上涨的不利影响。因此,生产成本的增长超过了销售价格的上涨。此外,与 2004 年相比,2005 年与推出新产品相关的产品样品成本增加了约 2900 万美元。
其他制造业
伯克希尔的其他制造业务涵盖多种业务。该集团包括多家建筑产品制造商(Acme Building Brands、本杰明·摩尔、约翰斯·曼维尔和 MiTek)和服装制造商(Fruit of the Loom、Garan、Russell Corporation、Fechheimers、Justin Brands 和 H.H. Brown Shoe Group)。该集团还包括 Forest River(一家领先的休闲车制造商,于 2005 年 8 月 31 日收购)和 Iscar Metalworking Companies(“IMC”),后者是一家在全球范围内运营的金属切削工具行业领导者,于 2006 年 7 月 5 日收购。此外,这个多元化的集团还包含众多其他消费品和工业品制造商。
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Manufacturing, Service and Retailing A comparison of revenues and pre-tax earnings between 2006, 2005 and 2004 for the manufacturing, service and retailing businesses follows. Amounts are in millions. Revenues Earnings 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 McLane Company.......................................................... $25,693 $24,074 $23,373 $ 229 $ 217 $ 228 Shaw Industries .............................................................. 5,834 5,723 5,174 594 485 466 Other manufacturing ...................................................... 11,988 9,260 8,152 1,756 1,335 1,160 Other service * ............................................................... 5,811 4,728 4,507 658 329 412 Retailing......................................................................... 3,334 3,111 2,936 289 257 215 $52,660 $46,896 $44,142 Pre-tax earnings.............................................................. $3,526 $2,623 $2,481 Income taxes and minority interests............................... 1,395 977 941 $2,131 $1,646 $1,540
- In 2004, Berkshire adopted the provisions of EITF 00-21 (“Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple
Deliverables”). As a result, for consolidated reporting purposes, the method of recognizing revenue related to NetJets’ fractional aircraft sales was changed. Management continues to evaluate the results of NetJets under the prior revenue recognition criteria and thus has shown revenues and pre-tax earnings for the other services businesses using the prior revenue recognition method. Revenues shown in this table are greater than the amounts reported in Berkshire’s consolidated financial statements by $781 million in 2006, $704 million in 2005 and $902 million in 2004. Pre-tax earnings included in this table for 2006, 2005 and 2004 exceed the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements by $79 million, $63 million and $74 million, respectively. McLane Company McLane Company, Inc., (“McLane”) is a distributor of grocery and food products to retailers, convenience stores and restaurants. McLane’s business is marked by high sales volume and very low profit margins. McLane’s revenues in 2006 increased $1,619 million (7%) as compared to 2005, which increased $701 million (3%) as compared to 2004. The comparative revenue increases in both 2006 and 2005 were due to increased grocery business partially offset by comparative reductions in restaurant food service revenues primarily due to the loss of a large customer in mid-2005. Pre-tax earnings in 2006 increased $12 million over 2005 which reflects the increase in sales volume. Pre-tax earnings in 2006 were negatively affected by a comparative 0.13% reduction in gross margin percentage which was primarily attributable to increased competition in the grocery business. The impact from the decline in gross margin in 2006 was largely offset by comparatively lower operating expenses that were primarily attributable to lower insurance costs. About ⅓ of McLane’s annual revenues are to Wal-Mart. A curtailment of purchasing by Wal-Mart could have a material adverse impact on revenues and earnings of McLane. Shaw Industries Shaw Industries (“Shaw”) is the world’s largest manufacturer of tufted broadloom carpets and is a full-service flooring company. Shaw’s revenues of $5,834 million in 2006 increased $111 million (2%) and pre-tax earnings of $594 million in 2006 increased $109 million (22%) as compared to 2005. The increase in revenues reflected a 7% increase in average selling price for carpet, partially offset by a 6% reduction in square yards sold. The comparative decline in 2006 square yards sold versus 2005 accelerated during the third and fourth quarters, which is attributed to a slowing of single-family housing construction and the acceleration of customer purchases during the second half of 2005 in anticipation of price increases. The increase in earnings was primarily generated in the first six months of the year and was mainly attributable to a reduction in manufacturing cost per unit deriving from the integration of carpet backing and nylon-fiber manufacturing operations acquired by Shaw in the fourth quarter of 2005. These two acquisitions allow Shaw to internally produce most of its carpet backing needs and to secure a more stable raw material source. As a result of the continued slowdown in housing construction activity, the decline in volume is expected to continue at least during the first half of 2007. Revenues of $5,723 million in 2005 increased $549 million (11%) and pre-tax earnings of $485 million in 2005 increased $19 million (4%) as compared to 2004. Despite increases in selling prices, operating margins in 2005 were adversely affected by repeated increases in petroleum-based raw material costs. Consequently, increases in production costs outpaced increases in selling prices. In addition, product sample costs pertaining to the introduction of new products increased approximately $29 million in 2005 as compared to 2004. Other manufacturing Berkshire’s other manufacturing businesses include a wide array of businesses. Included in this group are several manufacturers of building products (Acme Building Brands, Benjamin Moore, Johns Manville and MiTek) and apparel (Fruit of the Loom, Garan, Russell Corporation, Fechheimers, Justin Brands and the H.H. Brown Shoe Group). Also included in this group are Forest River, a leading manufacturer of leisure vehicles that was acquired on August 31, 2005 and the Iscar Metalworking Companies (“IMC”), an industry leader in the metal cutting tools business with operations worldwide that was acquired on July 5, 2006. Additionally, there are numerous other manufacturers of consumer and commercial products in this diverse group.
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制造、服务与零售业务(续)
其他制造业务(续)
2006 年,这些制造业务的营业收入为 119.88 亿美元,较 2005 年增加 27.28 亿美元(增幅 29%);税前利润为 17.56 亿美元,增加 4.21 亿美元(增幅 32%)。2005 年 8 月收购 Forest River、2006 年 7 月收购 IMC、2006 年 8 月收购 Russell Corporation,贡献了这些增长中的大部分。2005 年,其他制造业务的营业收入为 92.60 亿美元,较 2004 年增加 11.08 亿美元(增幅 14%),税前利润增加 1.75 亿美元(增幅 15%)。前述 Forest River 收购是增长的主要来源。此外,建筑产品业务群在 2006 年和 2005 年相比上一年,营业收入和税前利润均取得显著增长。然而,由于美国住宅建设活动持续放缓,与 2006 年相比,建筑产品业务在 2007 年的盈利预计将受到负面影响。
其他服务
伯克希尔的其他服务业务包括 NetJets(全球领先的公务机部分所有权计划提供商)和 FlightSafety(为飞机和船舶操作人员提供高科技培训)。该业务群还包括 Pampered Chef(高品质厨具直销商)、International Dairy Queen(向约 6,000 家门店提供乳制品甜点和食品许可及服务的公司)、《布法罗新闻》(一家出版日报和周日版报纸的出版商),以及 Business Wire(领先的企业新闻、多媒体和监管文件分发商)。
2006 年,服务业务的营业收入为 58.11 亿美元,较 2005 年增加 10.83 亿美元(增幅 23%);税前利润为 6.58 亿美元,增加 3.29 亿美元(增幅 100%)。这些增长中最大一部分来自 NetJets 经营业绩的极大改善,其营业收入较 2005 年增加 7.59 亿美元。NetJets 在 2006 年实现税前利润 1.43 亿美元,而 2005 年税前亏损 8,000 万美元,这反映出其飞行运营和管理服务收入增长了 23%,且部分所有权飞机销售也增加了。2006 年,客户实际占用飞行小时数增长了 19%,平均小时费率也有所提高。过去十二个月,NetJets 项目管理的飞机数量增加了 13%。NetJets 经营业绩的改善还反映了为满足客户高峰需求而外包的飞行次数大幅减少,这使得税前利润增加了 7,700 万美元。2006 年度的对比业绩也受益于 2006 年 2 月收购的 Business Wire 的并入,以及 FlightSafety 收入和利润的同比增长。
2005 年,其他服务业务的营业收入为 47.28 亿美元,较 2004 年增加 2.21 亿美元(增幅 5%);税前利润为 3.29 亿美元,减少 8,300 万美元(降幅 20%)。NetJets 在 2005 年出现约 8,000 万美元的税前亏损,而 2004 年税前利润约 1,000 万美元。导致 2005 年亏损的原因有几个。整个 2005 年间,由于客户需求增速超出运力增长,NetJets 遭遇了异常严重的可用飞机短缺。因此,NetJets 通过包机服务外包了额外的飞机运力。这些外包航班的相关成本无法完全从客户处收回,导致 2005 年产生了约 8,500 万美元的额外成本。NetJets 已向核心机队增加飞机,并制定了解决运力问题和恢复盈利能力的策略,正如 2006 年的业绩所反映的那样。NetJets 还在 2005 年第四季度计提了 2,000 万美元的特别费用,用于支付与其飞行员和空乘人员签订新劳动合同相关的前期薪酬补偿。
零售
伯克希尔的零售业务包括几家家居用品零售商(内布拉斯加家具城、R.C. Willey、Star Furniture 和 Jordan’s)和珠宝零售商(波仙珠宝、Helzbergs 和 Ben Bridge)。该业务群还包括喜诗糖果。2006 年,这些业务的营业收入为 33.34 亿美元,较 2005 年增加 2.23 亿美元(增幅 7%),税前利润为 2.89 亿美元,增加 3,200 万美元(增幅 12%)。家居用品业务 2006 年营业收入为 21.44 亿美元,2005 年为 19.58 亿美元;珠宝业务 2006 年营业收入为 8.15 亿美元,2005 年为 8.01 亿美元。2006 年家居用品收入中包含两家新开业的 R.C. Willey 门店贡献的 7,700 万美元。此外,2006 年家居用品同店销售额较 2005 年增长约 6%。税前利润增长的主要部分来自喜诗糖果,其利润增加了约 2,700 万美元。
2005 年,零售业务群的营业收入为 31.11 亿美元,较 2004 年增加 1.75 亿美元(增幅 6%),税前利润为 2.57 亿美元,增加 4,200 万美元(增幅 20%)。同店销售增长、R.C. Willey 和 Jordan’s 新店开业以及喜诗糖果利润增加,共同促成了这些有利的对比结果。
金融与金融产品
以下是伯克希尔金融与金融产品业务的营业收入和税前利润摘要。金额单位为百万美元。
| 营业收入 | 税前利润 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | |
| 活动房屋与金融 | $3,570 | $3,175 | $2,024 | $513 | $416 | $192 |
| 家具/运输设备租赁 | 880 | 856 | 789 | 182 | 173 | 92 |
| 其他 | 674 | 528 | 961 | 462 | 233 | 300 |
| $5,124 | $4,559 | $3,774 | ||||
| 税前利润 | 1,157 | 822 | 584 | |||
| 所得税与少数股东权益 | 425 | 308 | 211 | |||
| $732 | $514 | $373 |
与 2005 年相比,活动房屋与金融业务(Clayton Homes)的营业收入和税前利润分别增长 12% 和 23%。2006 年,活动房屋销售额较 2005 年增加 3.02 亿美元。
Manufacturing, Service and Retailing (Continued) Other manufacturing (Continued) Revenues from this group of manufacturing businesses of $11,988 million in 2006 increased $2,728 million (29%) and pre-tax earnings of $1,756 million in 2006 increased $421 million (32%) as compared to 2005. The acquisitions of Forest River in August 2005, IMC in July 2006 and Russell Corporation in August 2006 account for a substantial portion of these increases. Revenues from other manufacturing businesses of $9,260 million in 2005 increased $1,108 million (14%) and pre-tax earnings increased $175 million (15%) as compared to 2004. The aforementioned acquisition of Forest River accounted for a significant portion of the increase. Additionally, the building products group of businesses reported significant increases in revenues and pre-tax earnings in both 2006 and 2005 as compared to the prior year. However, due to the continued slowdown in housing construction activity in the United States, earnings of the building products businesses are expected to be negatively impacted in 2007 as compared to 2006. Other service Berkshire’s other service businesses include NetJets, the world’s leading provider of fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft and FlightSafety, a provider of high technology training to operators of aircraft and ships. Among other businesses included in this group are Pampered Chef, a direct seller of high quality kitchen tools; International Dairy Queen, a licensor and service provider to about 6,000 stores that offer prepared dairy treats and food; the Buffalo News, a publisher of a daily and Sunday newspaper; and Business Wire, a leading distributor of corporate news, multimedia and regulatory filings. Revenues from the service businesses of $5,811 million in 2006 increased $1,083 million (23%) and pre-tax earnings of $658 million in 2006 increased $329 million (100%) as compared to 2005. The largest portion of these increases arose from greatly improved comparative operating results at NetJets where revenues increased $759 million over 2005. NetJets generated pre-tax earnings of $143 million in 2006 as compared to a pre-tax loss of $80 million in 2005 reflecting a 23% increase in flight operations and management service revenues and increased fractional aircraft sales. In 2006, occupied flight hours increased 19% and average hourly rates increased as well. The number of aircraft managed within the NetJets program over the past twelve months increased 13%. The improvement in operating results at NetJets also reflected a substantial decline in subcontracted flights that are necessary to meet peak customer demand, which resulted in a $77 million improvement in pre-tax earnings. Comparative results in 2006 also benefited from the inclusion of Business Wire which was acquired in February 2006 as well as comparative increases in revenues and earnings for FlightSafety. Revenues from other service businesses of $4,728 million in 2005 increased $221 million (5%) and pre-tax earnings of $329 million in 2005 declined $83 million (20%) as compared to 2004. NetJets incurred a pre-tax loss of about $80 million in 2005 compared to pre-tax earnings of about $10 million in 2004. Several factors contributed to the loss in 2005. Throughout 2005, NetJets experienced unusually high shortages of available aircraft due to increases in owner demand outpacing increases in capacity. Consequently, NetJets subcontracted additional aircraft capacity through charter services. The costs associated with subcontracted flights were not fully recoverable from clients and caused an incremental cost of approximately $85 million in 2005. NetJets has added aircraft to the core fleet and has developed strategies to address capacity issues and restore profitability as the results in 2006 reflect. NetJets also recorded a special charge of $20 million in the fourth quarter of 2005 for prior periods’ compensation related to a new labor contract with its pilots and flight attendants. Retailing Berkshire’s retailing operations consist of several home furnishings (Nebraska Furniture Mart, R.C. Willey, Star Furniture and Jordan’s) and jewelry (Borsheim’s, Helzbergs and Ben Bridge) retailers. Also included in this group is See’s Candies. Revenues from this group of businesses of $3,334 million in 2006 increased $223 million (7%) and pre-tax earnings of $289 million increased $32 million (12%) as compared to 2005. Revenues of the home furnishings businesses were $2,144 million in 2006 and $1,958 million in 2005 and jewelry revenues were $815 million in 2006 and $801 million in 2005. Home furnishings revenues in 2006 included sales from two new R.C. Willey stores of $77 million. In addition, same store home furnishings sales in 2006 increased approximately 6% compared to 2005. A significant portion of the increase in pre-tax earnings was due to See’s Candies which reported an increase of approximately $27 million. Revenues from the retailing group of $3,111 million in 2005 increased $175 million (6%) and pre-tax earnings of $257 million in 2005 increased $42 million (20%) in 2005 as compared to 2004. Same store sales as well as new stores opened at R.C. Willey and Jordan’s and increased earnings at See’s contributed to these favorable comparative results. Finance and Financial Products A summary of revenues and pre-tax earnings from Berkshire’s finance and financial products businesses follows. Amounts are in millions. Revenues Earnings 2006 2005 2004 2006 2005 2004 Manufactured housing and finance............................. $3,570 $3,175 $2,024 $ 513 $ 416 $ 192 Furniture/transportation equipment leasing................ 880 856 789 182 173 92 Other........................................................................... 674 528 961 462 233 300 $5,124 $4,559 $3,774 Pre-tax earnings ............................................................. 1,157 822 584 Income taxes and minority interests.............................. 425 308 211 $ 732 $ 514 $ 373 Revenues and pre-tax earnings from manufactured housing and finance activities (Clayton Homes) increased 12% and 23%, respectively, as compared to 2005. In 2006, manufactured home sales increased $302 million as compared to 2005 which
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管理层讨论(续)
金融与金融产品(续)
主要原因是高价房销量略有增长以及总销售单元增加。然而,2006 年下半年的单元销量相比 2005 年下半年有所下降。2006 年分期贷款利息收入较 2005 年增加 1.04 亿美元,原因是平均分期贷款余额增加,这主要源于 2005 年期间的贷款组合收购。在近几年大幅增长后,分期贷款余额已趋于稳定。若无大规模的贷款组合收购或贷款发放量显著增加,预计随着 2004 年和 2005 年收购的贷款组合逐步偿还,分期贷款余额将逐渐下降。因此,利息收入的增长速度可能在未来一年放缓,并且绝对金额最终可能低于 2006 年的水平。
2005 年与 2004 年相比,克莱顿住宅的收入增长主要归因于活动房屋销售额增加 4.91 亿美元,以及因分期贷款余额增加而带来的利息收入增加 5.83 亿美元。自伯克希尔于 2003 年收购克莱顿住宅以来,截至 2005 年底,分期贷款余额增加了约 85 亿美元,这反映了数次贷款组合收购以及贷款发放的影响。克莱顿住宅 2005 年的税前利润为 4.16 亿美元,较 2004 年增加 2.24 亿美元(增长 117%)。税前利润的显著增长主要源于 2004 年和 2005 年收购的贷款组合带来的更高利息收入,部分被更高的利息支出所抵消。
其他金融业务 2006 年的税前利润为 4.62 亿美元,较 2005 年增加 2.29 亿美元。其他金融业务包括通用再保险的衍生品业务(该业务的清理收尾工作已完成大部分),以及伯克希尔对 Value Capital 合伙企业的投资收益,该合伙企业已于 2006 年 6 月 30 日基本清算完毕。这两项业务在 2006 年实现了盈亏平衡,而 2005 年为税前亏损 1.37 亿美元。2006 年其他税前利润还包括一笔 6700 万美元的费用,与伯克希尔与 USG 公司(“USG”)签署的股权承诺协议有关。根据该股权承诺协议,伯克希尔同意购买至少 650 万股、至多 4490 万股 USG 普通股,以支持其股权发行。
投资与衍生品损益
以下为投资与衍生品损益的汇总。金额单位为百万美元。
2006 年 2005 年 2004 年
投资损益——
销售及其他处置投资——
保险及其他 1,782 5,831 1,527
金融与金融产品 6 544 61
非暂时性减值 (142) (114) (19)
人寿保单结算合约 92 (82) (207)
其他 73 17 267
1,811 6,196 1,629
衍生品损益——
外币远期合约 186 (955) 1,839
其他 638 253 21
824 (702) 1,860
扣除所得税及少数股东权益前损益 2,635 5,494 3,489
所得税及少数股东权益 926 1,964 1,230
净损益 1,709 3,530 2,259
投资利得或损失在投资出售时或根据公认会计原则(GAAP)其他要求时确认。出售带来的已实现利得或损失的时点可能对各期收益产生重大影响。然而,这些利得或损失对股东权益总额通常几乎没有影响,因为大部分权益类和固定期限投资均按公允价值计量,未实现利得或损失作为其他综合收益的组成部分。非暂时性减值损失是指,当管理层根据 GAAP 要求判断投资的公允价值低于成本的下跌为非暂时性时,将成本调整至公允价值。减值损失代表对收益的非现金扣减。
多年以来,伯克希尔持有吉列公司(“吉列”)的普通股投资。2005 年 10 月 1 日,宝洁公司(“PG”)完成了对吉列的收购,并以 0.975 股宝洁普通股交换每一股流通的吉列普通股。在将吉列股票换为宝洁股票时,伯克希尔确认了约 50 亿美元的非现金税前投资收益。伯克希尔管理层不认为这种按 GAAP 要求确认的收益有意义。伯克希尔打算像持有吉列股票那样持有宝洁股票。为财务报告目的确认的利得在税务上予以递延。该交易对伯克希尔的合并股东权益实质上没有影响,因为 2005 年第四季度收益中确认的利得伴随着累积其他综合收益中包含的未实现投资收益的相应减少。
2004 年和 2005 年,人寿保单结算投资根据财务会计准则委员会技术公告(“FTB”)85-4 “购买人寿保险的会计处理”按现金退保价值计量。购买这些合约时支付的现金超过购买日现金退保价值的部分立即确认为损失,而定期维护成本(例如保持保单有效所需的保费)则计入损益。自 2006 年 1 月 1 日起,伯克希尔采用了新的会计公告 FTB 85-4-1,并选择使用投资法,将前述成本资本化。该会计变更的累计影响使合约的账面价值增加。
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Finance and Financial Products (Continued) was primarily due to slightly increased sales of higher priced homes and an increase in total units sold. However, unit sales during the second half of 2006 declined as compared to the second half of 2005. Interest income from installment loans in 2006 increased $104 million as compared to 2005 due to higher average installment loan balances primarily from loan portfolio acquisitions during 2005. The balance of installment loans has stabilized after significant increases in recent years. Absent major new loan portfolio acquisitions or significant increases in loan originations, installment loan balances are expected to gradually decline as loan portfolios acquired in 2004 and 2005 are repaid. Consequently, the rate of growth in interest income may decline over the next year and amounts may eventually decline in comparison with amounts earned in 2006. The increase in revenues in 2005 as compared to 2004 from Clayton Homes was primarily attributable to increased sales of manufactured homes of $491 million and increased interest income of $583 million from higher installment loan balances. Installment loan balances at the end of 2005 increased approximately $8.5 billion since Berkshire’s acquisition of Clayton Homes in 2003, reflecting the impact of several loan portfolio acquisitions as well as loan originations. Pre-tax earnings from Clayton Homes of $416 million in 2005, increased $224 million (117%) as compared to 2004. The significant increase in pre-tax earnings was primarily due to higher interest income from the loan portfolios acquired during 2004 and 2005, partially offset by higher interest expenses. Pre-tax earnings from other finance activities of $462 million, increased $229 million as compared to 2005. Other finance activities include the General Re derivatives business, which has completed a major portion of its run-off, and Berkshire’s earnings from its investment in Value Capital, a partnership that was substantially liquidated as of June 30, 2006. These two activities generated breakeven results in 2006 compared to pre-tax losses of $137 million in 2005. Other pre-tax earnings for 2006 also include a fee of $67 million in connection with an Equity Commitment Agreement that Berkshire entered into with USG Corporation (“USG”). Under the Equity Commitment Agreement, Berkshire agreed to purchase no less than 6.5 million and up to 44.9 million additional shares of USG common stock to facilitate an equity rights offering. Investment and Derivative Gains/Losses A summary of investment and derivative gains and losses follows. Amounts are in millions. 2006 2005 2004 Investment gains/losses from - Sales and other disposals of investments - Insurance and other ...................................................................................... $1,782 $5,831 $1,527 Finance and financial products .................................................................... 6 544 61 Other-than-temporary impairments.................................................................... (142) (114) (19) Life settlement contracts .................................................................................... 92 (82) (207) Other .................................................................................................................. 73 17 267 1,811 6,196 1,629 Derivative gains/losses from - Foreign currency forward contracts ................................................................... 186 (955) 1,839 Other .................................................................................................................. 638 253 21 824 (702) 1,860 Gains/losses before income taxes and minority interests ........................................ 2,635 5,494 3,489 Income taxes and minority interests............................................................. 926 1,964 1,230 Net gains/losses ....................................................................................................... $1,709 $3,530 $2,259 Investment gains or losses are recognized upon the sales of investments or as otherwise required under GAAP. The timing of realized gains or losses from sales can have a material effect on periodic earnings. However, such gains or losses usually have little, if any, impact on total shareholders’ equity because most equity and fixed maturity investments are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gain or loss included as a component of other comprehensive income. Other-than-temporary impairment losses represent the adjustment of cost to fair value when, as required by GAAP, management concludes that an investment’s decline in value below cost is other than temporary. The impairment loss represents a non-cash charge to earnings. For many years, Berkshire held an investment in common stock of The Gillette Company (“Gillette”). On October 1, 2005, The Procter & Gamble Company (“PG”) completed its acquisition of Gillette and issued 0.975 shares of its common stock for each outstanding share of Gillette common stock. Berkshire recognized a non-cash pre-tax investment gain of approximately $5 billion upon the exchange of the Gillette shares for PG shares. Berkshire’s management does not regard the gain that was recorded, as required by GAAP, as meaningful. Berkshire intends to hold the shares of PG just as it held the Gillette shares. The gain recognized for financial reporting purposes is deferred for income tax purposes. The transaction essentially had no effect on Berkshire’s consolidated shareholders’ equity because the gain included in earnings in the fourth quarter of 2005 was accompanied by a corresponding reduction of unrealized investment gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income. In 2004 and 2005, life settlement investments were carried at the cash surrender value pursuant to FASB Technical Bulletin (“FTB”) 85-4 “Accounting for Purchases of Life Insurance.” The excess of the cash paid to purchase these contracts over the cash surrender value at the date of purchase was recognized as a loss immediately and periodic maintenance costs, such as premiums necessary to keep the underlying policies in force, were charged to earnings. Effective January 1, 2006, Berkshire adopted the new accounting pronouncement FTB 85-4-1 and elected to use the investment method, whereby the aforementioned costs were capitalized. The cumulative effect of the accounting change which increased the carrying value of the contracts
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投资及衍生品损益(续)
在核算方法变更当日持有的保险合同,扣除相关所得税后,账面价值增加了 1.8 亿美元,计入留存收益。2006 年,伯克希尔处置了绝大部分生命结算合同。处置所得超过这些合同账面价值的部分,构成了 2006 年此类合同的大部分收益。
外汇远期合约的衍生品损益,产生于美元兑某些外币的汇率变动。某些外币汇率的小幅变动,会导致这些合约公允价值发生重大变化,进而造成报告收益的波动。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日,未平仓外汇远期合约的名义金额分别约为 10 亿美元和 140 亿美元。2005 年,大多数外币相对美元贬值,这些合约产生了亏损。相反,2004 年许多外币相对美元升值,伯克希尔的合约头寸则带来了巨额收益。
过去三年,伯克希尔还签订了若干其他衍生品合约,涉及其他实体的信用违约风险,以及主要股票指数的股权价格风险。此类合约按公允价值估计入账,公允价值估计的变动计入当期损益。2006 年的其他衍生品合约收益主要来自信用违约合约。管理层将收益归因于利率息差的收紧,以及市场认为许多相关信用发行人的信誉度有所改善。
财务状况
伯克希尔的资产负债表继续体现出充裕的流动性和强大的资本基础。2006 年 12 月 31 日,合并股东权益为 1084 亿美元。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,合并现金及投资资产(不包括金融和金融产品业务资产)约为 1261 亿美元(包括 383 亿美元现金及现金等价物),而 2005 年 12 月 31 日为 1156 亿美元(包括 405 亿美元现金及现金等价物)。伯克希尔的投资资产主要持有在其保险业务中。伯克希尔认为,其目前保持的流动性足以覆盖合同义务,并为或有流动性需求提供保障。
2006 年,伯克希尔进行了数次业务收购,总现金对价为 101 亿美元。有关这些收购的更多信息,请参阅合并财务报表附注 3。伯克希尔在其保险子公司中保持了大量资本,用于战略目的,并支持未决损失准备金。特别是在美国,保险公司支付股息须事先获得州监管机构批准。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的财年,伯克希尔的保险子公司支付了 71 亿美元的股息。
公用事业和能源业务 2006 年的资本支出为 24 亿美元。预计截至 2007 年 12 月 31 日的财年,资本支出、建设及其他开发成本约为 30 亿美元。中美能源计划以运营现金流和发行债务来为这些资本支出提供资金。中美能源利用债务融资建设寿命较长的受监管电力及燃气公用事业资产,包括发电厂、输电和配电资产,以及天然气管道,也可能发行债务来为运营提供资金。其受监管公用事业子公司的某些借款,以这些子公司的资产作为担保。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,中美能源 2007 年和 2008 年到期的未偿债务为 36 亿美元,另有 17 亿美元债务在 2012 年前到期。2006 年,伯克希尔做出五年承诺,向中美能源提供最高 35 亿美元的额外资本,以便其偿还债务或为其受监管公用事业子公司提供资金。伯克希尔此前不曾、也不打算为中美能源或其任何子公司的债务偿还提供担保。
伯克希尔保险及其他业务的合并应付票据及其他借款,2006 年 12 月 31 日为 37 亿美元,2005 年 12 月 31 日为 36 亿美元。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,未偿还借款包括母公司借款 6.12 亿美元,该借款于 2007 年到期,其中包括 2002 年作为 SQUARZ 证券一部分发行的优先票据。未偿还的 SQUARZ 证券包括本金 3.34 亿美元的优先票据(2007 年 11 月到期)和未行使的认股权证(2007 年 5 月到期),可购买 3716 股伯克希尔 A 类等价普通股。认股权证溢价按年率 3.75% 支付给伯克希尔,票据持有人则按年率 3.00% 获得利息。每份认股权证赋予持有人以 1 万美元购买 0.1116 股 A 类股票或 3.348 股 B 类股票的权利。短期借款主要包括 NetJets 的商业票据和银行贷款,用于日常经营。此类借款的足额及时偿付由伯克希尔提供担保。
金融和金融产品业务的资产,2006 年 12 月 31 日为 246 亿美元,2005 年 12 月 31 日为 245 亿美元,主要包括贷款和应收融资款、固定期限证券,以及现金及现金等价物。负债分别为 2006 年 12 月 31 日的 194 亿美元和 2005 年 12 月 31 日的 203 亿美元,其中包括 2006 年 12 月 31 日 120 亿美元的票据及其他借款,以及 2005 年 12 月 31 日 109 亿美元的票据及其他借款。应付票据包括伯克希尔·哈撒韦金融公司(“BHFC”)发行的面值 88.5 亿美元的中期票据。这些票据在 2007 年(7 亿美元)至 2015 年间的不同日期到期。发行这些票据的收益,用于为 Clayton Homes 发起和收购的贷款提供资金。BHFC 发行的票据的本金和利息的足额及时偿付,由伯克希尔提供担保。此外,2006 年第四季度,Clayton Homes 通过非公开转手安排借入 13 亿美元,预期加权平均期限约为八年。此类借款由制造房屋贷款组合作为担保,伯克希尔不提供担保。这些借款的收益将用于偿还 BHFC 的某些债务。
Investment and Derivative Gains/Losses (Continued) owned as of the adoption date was recorded, net of applicable income tax, as an increase to retained earnings of $180 million. In 2006, Berkshire disposed of most of the life settlement contracts. The excess of the proceeds over the carrying value of the contracts disposed of represents most of the gain from these contracts in 2006. Derivative gains and losses from foreign currency forward contracts arise as the value of the U.S. dollar changes against certain foreign currencies. Small changes in certain foreign currency exchange rates produce material changes in the fair value of these contracts and consequently can produce volatility in reported earnings. The notional values of open foreign currency forward contracts were approximately $1 billion and $14 billion as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. During 2005, the value of most foreign currencies decreased relative to the U.S. dollar and these contracts produced losses. Conversely, the value of many foreign currencies rose relative to the U.S. dollar in 2004, and Berkshire’s contract positions produced significant gains. Over the past three years, Berkshire has also entered into several other derivative contracts pertaining to credit default risks of other entities as well as equity price risk associated with major equity indices. Such contracts are carried at estimated fair value and the change in estimated fair value is included in earnings in the period of the change. Other derivative contract gains in 2006 derived primarily from credit default contracts. Management attributes the gains to tightening of interest rate spreads and market perceptions that the creditworthiness of many of the underlying credit issuers has improved. Financial Condition Berkshire’s balance sheet continues to reflect significant liquidity and a strong capital base. Consolidated shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2006 was $108.4 billion. Consolidated cash and invested assets, excluding assets of finance and financial products businesses, was approximately $126.1 billion at December 31, 2006 (including cash and cash equivalents of $38.3 billion) and $115.6 billion at December 31, 2005 (including cash and cash equivalents of $40.5 billion). Berkshire’s invested assets are held predominantly in its insurance businesses. Berkshire believes that it currently maintains sufficient liquidity to cover its contractual obligations and provide for contingent liquidity. During 2006, Berkshire made several business acquisitions for aggregate cash consideration of $10.1 billion. See Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information concerning these acquisitions. Berkshire maintains a large amount of capital in its insurance subsidiaries for strategic purposes and in support of reserves for unpaid losses. In the United States, in particular, dividend payments by insurance companies are subject to prior approval by state regulators. For the year ending December 31, 2006, Berkshire’s insurance subsidiaries paid dividends of $7.1 billion. Capital expenditures of the utilities and energy businesses were $2.4 billion in 2006. Capital expenditures, construction and other development costs for the year ending December 31, 2007 are forecasted to be approximately $3.0 billion. MidAmerican expects to fund these capital expenditures with cash flows from operations and the issuance of debt. MidAmerican utilizes debt to finance the construction of long-lived regulated electric and gas utility assets, including power plants, transmission and distribution assets and natural gas pipelines and may also issue debt to finance operations. Certain borrowings of its regulated utility subsidiaries are secured by the assets of those subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2006, outstanding debt of MidAmerican maturing in 2007 and 2008 was $3.6 billion, with an additional $1.7 billion due before 2012. During 2006, Berkshire made a five year commitment to provide up to $3.5 billion of additional capital to MidAmerican to permit the repayment of its debt obligations or to fund its regulated utility subsidiaries. Berkshire has not and does not intend to guarantee the repayment of debt by MidAmerican or any of its subsidiaries. Berkshire’s consolidated notes payable and other borrowings of insurance and other businesses, was $3.7 billion at December 31, 2006 and $3.6 billion at December 31, 2005. As of December 31, 2006, outstanding borrowings include parent company borrowings of $612 million that mature in 2007, including senior notes issued as part of the SQUARZ securities in 2002. The outstanding SQUARZ securities consist of $334 million principal amount of senior notes due in November 2007 and outstanding warrants that expire in May 2007 to purchase 3,716 Class A equivalent shares of Berkshire common stock. A warrant premium is payable to Berkshire at an annual rate of 3.75% and interest is payable to note holders at a rate of 3.00%. Each warrant provides the holder the right to purchase either 0.1116 shares of Class A or 3.348 shares of Class B stock for $10,000. Short-term borrowings consist primarily of commercial paper and bank loans of NetJets, which are used in the ordinary course of business. The full and timely payment of such borrowings is guaranteed by Berkshire. Assets of the finance and financial products businesses were $24.6 billion as of December 31, 2006 and $24.5 billion as of December 31, 2005, consisting primarily of loans and finance receivables, fixed maturity securities and cash and cash equivalents. Liabilities were $19.4 billion as of December 31, 2006 and $20.3 billion as of December 31, 2005 and include notes and other borrowings of $12.0 billion at December 31, 2006 and $10.9 billion at December 31, 2005. Notes payable include $8.85 billion par amount of medium-term notes issued by Berkshire Hathaway Finance Corporation (“BHFC”). The notes mature at various dates beginning in 2007 ($700 million) through 2015. The proceeds from these notes were used to finance originated and acquired loans of Clayton Homes. Full and timely payment of principal and interest on the notes issued by BHFC is guaranteed by Berkshire. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 2006, Clayton Homes borrowed $1.3 billion under non- public pass-through arrangements having an expected weighted average life of approximately eight years. Such borrowings are secured by portfolios of manufactured housing loans and are not guaranteed by Berkshire. The proceeds from these borrowings will be used to repay certain debt of BHFC.
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管理层讨论(续)
合同义务
伯克希尔及其子公司是与持续性业务和融资活动相关合同的当事方,这些合同将在未来期间导致向对手方支付现金。应付票据以及截至资产负债表日的应计未付利息已在合并财务报表中反映。此外,伯克希尔在资产负债表日之后仍有义务根据债务工具支付利息。尽管某些本金余额可能在到期日前提前偿还,从而减少未来利息义务,但为了本次披露的目的,假设不会发生本金提前偿还。此外,虽然短期借款和回购协议目前预计会在到期时续期,但为了本次披露的目的,假设这些金额不会续期。
伯克希尔及其子公司也是未来购买商品或服务的长期合同的当事方,这些合同目前未在财务报表中反映。此类义务,包括经营租赁下的未来最低租金,将在货物交付或服务提供时的未来期间反映。对于已收到商品和服务且已产生负债的采购,如果相关金额在资产负债表日起一年内到期,则不包括在本次披露中。
财产和意外保险合同项下未付赔款和理赔费用的合同义务为估算值。此类付款的时间和金额取决于未来多年内理赔结算的最终结果。下表中列示的金额是基于过去理赔结算活动估算得出的。付款的时间和金额存在重大估计误差。影响索赔最终金额的因素在随后关于伯克希尔关键会计政策的章节中讨论。因此,实际付款的时间和金额可能与表中显示的金额存在重大差异。
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的长期合同义务汇总如下。金额代表随时间推移应付的估算未折现总额。此外,财产和意外损失准备金中的某些损失和理赔费用根据再保险合同分保给其他方,因此可以收回。此类可收回金额未在表中反映。金额单位:百万美元。
| 合计 | 2007 年 | 2008-2009 年 | 2010-2011 年 | 2011 年后 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 应付票据及其他借款 (1) | 51,189 | 6,794 | 9,125 | 5,765 | 29,505 |
| 经营租赁 | 2,314 | 503 | 757 | 453 | 601 |
| 采购义务 (2) | 25,017 | 6,441 | 6,436 | 4,848 | 7,292 |
| 未付赔款和理赔费用 (3) | 50,405 | 11,679 | 13,156 | 7,291 | 18,279 |
| 其他长期保单持有人负债 | 4,050 | 130 | 178 | 336 | 3,406 |
| 其他 (4) | 11,797 | 1,072 | 983 | 1,133 | 8,609 |
| 合计 | 144,772 | 26,619 | 30,635 | 19,826 | 67,692 |
(1) 包含利息。
(2) 主要涉及 NetJets 的飞机采购及中美能源的煤炭、电力和天然气采购。
(3) 未扣除 27.93 亿美元的准备金折让。
(4) 主要为年金准备金、员工福利和衍生品合同负债。
关键会计政策
某些会计政策要求管理层对将在多年后结算的交易做出估计和判断。基于此类估计在财务报表中确认的金额必然建立在众多假设之上,这些假设涉及不同程度的、可能重大的判断和不确定性。因此,随着更多信息的获得,目前财务报表中反映的金额未来很可能会增加或减少。
财产和意外损失
下表列示了伯克希尔未付财产和意外损失合并负债的摘要。除某些工伤保险准备金外,未付财产和意外损失负债(本节中称为“未付损失毛额”)在合并资产负债表中反映时均不计提时间价值折现,无论理赔尾期长短。金额单位:百万美元。
| 未付损失毛额 | 未付损失净额* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | 2006 年 12 月 31 日 | 2005 年 12 月 31 日 | |
| GEICO | 6,095 | 5,578 | 5,814 | 5,285 |
| 通用再保险 | 20,444 | 21,524 | 18,361 | 20,429 |
| BHRG | 16,832 | 17,202 | 14,255 | 14,577 |
| 伯克希尔·哈撒韦基本组 | 4,241 | 3,730 | 3,741 | 3,271 |
| 合计 | 47,612 | 48,034 | 42,171 | 43,562 |
*扣除再保险可收回金额和承担的再保险递延费用,且未考虑外币折算影响。
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Contractual Obligations Berkshire and its subsidiaries are parties to contracts associated with ongoing business and financing activities, which will result in cash payments to counterparties in future periods. Notes payable are reflected in the Consolidated Financial Statements along with accrued but unpaid interest as of the balance sheet date. In addition, Berkshire is obligated to pay interest under debt obligations for periods subsequent to the balance sheet date. Although certain principal balances may be prepaid in advance of the maturity date, thus reducing future interest obligations, it is assumed that no principal prepayments will occur for purposes of this disclosure. Further, while short-term borrowings and repurchase agreements are currently expected to be renewed as they mature, such amounts are not assumed to renew for purposes of this disclosure. Berkshire and subsidiaries are also parties to long-term contracts to acquire goods or services in the future, which are not currently reflected in the financial statements. Such obligations, including future minimum rentals under operating leases, will be reflected in future periods as the goods are delivered or services provided. Amounts due as of the balance sheet date for purchases where the goods and services have been received and a liability incurred are not included to the extent that such amounts are due within one year of the balance sheet date. Contractual obligations for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses arising under property and casualty insurance contracts are estimates. The timing and amount of such payments are contingent upon the ultimate outcome of claim settlements that will occur over many years. The amounts presented in the following table have been estimated based upon past claim settlement activities. The timing and amount of such payments are subject to significant estimation error. The factors affecting the ultimate amount of claims are discussed in the following section regarding Berkshire’s critical accounting policies. Accordingly, the actual timing and amount of payments may differ materially from the amounts shown in the table. A summary of long-term contractual obligations as of December 31, 2006 follows. Amounts represent estimates of gross undiscounted amounts payable over time. In addition, certain losses and loss adjustment expenses for property and casualty loss reserves are ceded to others under reinsurance contracts and therefore are recoverable. Such recoverables are not reflected in the table. Amounts are in millions. Estimated payments due by period Total 2007 2008-2009 2010-2011 After 2011 (1) Notes payable and other borrowings .......... $ 51,189 $ 6,794 $ 9,125 $ 5,765 $29,505 Operating leases ............................................. 2,314 503 757 453 601 Purchase obligations (2) .................................. 25,017 6,441 6,436 4,848 7,292 Unpaid losses and loss expenses (3) ................ 50,405 11,679 13,156 7,291 18,279 Other long-term policyholder liabilities......... 4,050 130 178 336 3,406 Other (4) .......................................................... 11,797 1,072 983 1,133 8,609 Total ............................................................... $144,772 $26,619 $30,635 $19,826 $67,692 (1) Includes interest. (2) Principally relates to NetJets’ aircraft purchases and MidAmerican purchases of coal, electricity and natural gas. (3) Before reserve discounts of $2,793 million. (4) Principally annuity reserves, employee benefits and derivative contract liabilities. Critical Accounting Policies Certain accounting policies require management to make estimates and judgments concerning transactions that will be settled several years in the future. Amounts recognized in the financial statements from such estimates are necessarily based on numerous assumptions involving varying and potentially significant degrees of judgment and uncertainty. Accordingly, the amounts currently reflected in the financial statements will likely increase or decrease in the future as additional information becomes available. Property and casualty losses A summary of Berkshire’s consolidated liabilities for unpaid property and casualty losses is presented in the table below. Except for certain workers’ compensation reserves, liabilities for unpaid property and casualty losses (referred to in this section as “gross unpaid losses”) are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets without discounting for time value, regardless of the length of the claim-tail. Amounts are in millions. Gross unpaid losses Net unpaid losses* Dec. 31, 2006 Dec. 31, 2005 Dec. 31, 2006 Dec. 31, 2005 GEICO.......................................................... $ 6,095 $ 5,578 $ 5,814 $ 5,285 General Re.................................................... 20,444 21,524 18,361 20,429 BHRG........................................................... 16,832 17,202 14,255 14,577 Berkshire Hathaway Primary Group ............ 4,241 3,730 3,741 3,271 Total ............................................................. $47,612 $48,034 $42,171 $43,562
- Net of reinsurance recoverable and deferred charges reinsurance assumed and before foreign currency translation effects.
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财产与意外损失(续)
伯克希尔根据对截至资产负债表日已发生损失在合同项下最终应付金额的估计,记录财产与意外保险及再保险合同项下的未付损失与损失调整费用负债。根据所估计的损失类型不同,损失赔付的时间和金额存在极大变数,并取决于(除其他事项外)被保险人与分出公司报告索赔的时间,以及通过损失调整程序确定和支付最终损失金额的时间。公司采用多种技术来确定和复核截至资产负债表日所记录的未付损失负债。尽管技术可能各有不同,但在预测已发生损失事件未来最终应付金额时,均需作出重大判断与假设。因此,不确定因素内嵌于并贯穿伯克希尔所有财产与意外保险及再保险业务的精算损失准备金计提技术与流程的始终。
在任何一个资产负债表日,已发生的索赔并非都已报告,而已报告的索赔也可能尚未结案。损失与损失调整费用准备金包括为已报告索赔(称为“个案准备金”)和为已发生但尚未报告(IBNR)的索赔而计提的准备金。损失发生之日与赔付之日之间的期间称为“索赔尾部”。财产险索赔的尾部通常相当短,若无诉讼,一般在发生后不过数年即可报告并结案。意外险损失通常有极长的索赔尾部,有时可延续数十年。意外险索赔更易引发诉讼,并可能因合同解释的变化与法律环境的演变而受到重大影响,从而导致索赔尾部延长。
根据再保险合同分保给其他再保险人的保险损失应收款项,其估计方式与保险损失负债类似,因而同样面临估计误差。除上述因素外,如果再保险人无法履行合同义务,再保险可收回金额最终可能无法收回。再保险合同并不免除分出公司对其自身保单持有人的赔付义务。
伯克希尔旗下各家保险业务均采用据信最适合其业务的损失准备金计提技术。以下补充说明各重要业务(GEICO、通用再保险及 BHRG)计提准备金的相关信息。
GEICO
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,GEICO 未付损失与损失调整费用毛准备金为 60.95 亿美元,扣除再保险可收回金额后的净额为 58.14 亿美元。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,毛准备金包括已报告平均准备金、个案准备金及个案发展准备金 43.15 亿美元,以及 IBNR 准备金 17.80 亿美元。
GEICO 主要承保私人乘用车保险,其索赔尾部相对较短。因此,估计误差风险被认为远低于通用再保险或 BHRG。影响 GEICO 准备金的关键假设包括对最终索赔次数(“频率”)和每次索赔的平均损失(“严重程度”)的预测,后者含损失调整费用。
GEICO 的准备金计提方法基于单个索赔(即“自下而上”法)得出准备金估计,加总后形成对最终损失与损失调整费用的点估计。损失估计区间并非通过加总得出。下文详细讨论计提准备金时所考虑的程序与重要因素。
精算师运用公认的标准统计损失进展方法与技术,确立并评估未付损失准备金。主要准备金构成(及其占毛准备金的百分比)为:(1)平均准备金(20%);(2)个案准备金与个案发展准备金(50%);(3)IBNR 准备金(30%)。损失准备金的每一构成均受预期索赔频率与平均严重程度的影响。相关金额运用统计技术对历史索赔数据进行分析,并在适当情况下进行调整,以反映所察觉的损失模式变化。数据按保单保障范围、已评级州、报告日期和发生日期等因素进行分析。下文简要讨论各组成部分。
平均准备金金额系为已报告的车辆损坏索赔及新责任索赔而设立,设立时尚未建立个案准备金。平均准备金作为对已发生、但理赔人员尚无足够时间和信息作出具体索赔估计的索赔的合理估计而设立。其也涵盖大量在报告后较短时间内赔付的小额物损索赔。平均准备金金额由每次索赔的估计平均严重程度和新立索赔数量驱动。每次索赔的平均严重程度通过预测每个事故季度的最终严重程度,并以已报告索赔与估计未报告索赔加权得出。
一旦能够评估每笔索赔的具体事实与理据,理赔人员通常会立即对单项责任索赔确立个案损失与损失调整费用准备金估计。个案准备金代表理赔人员据其判断,为未来完全解决索赔(含费用)而合理预期将支付的金额。随着更多信息获知,个案准备金会予以修订。
对于大多数责任险种,仅凭个案准备金不足以衡量最终成本,部分原因在于索赔尾部较长、发生旷日持久诉讼的可能性更大,以及设立个案准备金时可用事实尚不完整。因此,通常会设立额外的个案发展准备金估计,通常取个案准备金的一定百分比。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,个案发展准备金平均约为已设个案准备金总额的 20%。一般而言,个案发展因子系通过对历史个案准备金整体充足性的回顾性分析加以选定。个案发展因子会定期复核与修订。
Property and casualty losses (Continued) Berkshire records liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses under property and casualty insurance and reinsurance contracts based upon estimates of the ultimate amounts payable under the contracts with respect to losses occurring on or before the balance sheet date. Depending on the type of loss being estimated, the timing and amount of loss payments are subject to a great degree of variability and are contingent, among other things, upon the timing of the claim reporting from insureds and cedants and the determination and payment of the ultimate loss amount through the loss adjustment process. A variety of techniques are used to establish and review the liabilities for unpaid losses recorded as of the balance sheet date. While techniques may vary, significant judgments and assumptions are necessary in projecting the ultimate amount payable in the future with respect to loss events that have occurred. As a result, uncertainties are imbedded in and permeate the actuarial loss reserving techniques and processes for all of Berkshire’s property and casualty insurance and reinsurance businesses. As of any balance sheet date, claims that have occurred have not all been reported, and if reported may not have been settled. Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves include provisions for those claims that have been reported (referred to as “case reserves”) and for those claims that have not been reported, referred to as incurred but not yet reported (“IBNR”) reserves. The time period between the occurrence date and payment date of a loss is referred to as the “claim-tail.” Property claims usually have fairly short claim-tails and, absent litigation, are reported and settled within no more than a few years after occurrence. Casualty losses usually have very long claim-tails, occasionally extending for decades. Casualty claims are more susceptible to litigation and can be significantly affected by changing contract interpretations and the legal environment which contributes to the extended claim-tails. Receivables recorded with respect to insurance losses ceded to other reinsurers under reinsurance contracts are estimated in a manner similar to liabilities for insurance losses and, therefore, are also subject to estimation error. In addition to the factors cited above, reinsurance recoverables may ultimately prove to be uncollectible if the reinsurer is unable to perform under the contract. Reinsurance contracts do not relieve the ceding company of its obligations to indemnify its own policyholders. Each of Berkshire’s insurance businesses utilize loss reserving techniques that are believed to best fit the business. Additional information regarding reserves established by each of the significant businesses (GEICO, General Re and BHRG) follows. GEICO GEICO’s gross unpaid losses and loss adjustment expense reserves as of December 31, 2006 were $6,095 million and net of reinsurance recoverables were $5,814 million. As of December 31, 2006, gross reserves included $4,315 million of reported average, case and case development reserves and $1,780 million of IBNR reserves. GEICO predominantly writes private passenger auto insurance which has a relatively short claim-tail. Accordingly, the risk of estimation error is thought to be much less at GEICO than for either General Re or BHRG. The key assumptions affecting GEICO’s reserves include projections of ultimate claim counts (“frequency”) and average loss per claim (“severity”), which includes loss adjustment expenses. GEICO’s reserving methodologies produce reserve estimates based upon the individual claims (or a “ground-up” approach), which in the aggregate yields a point estimate of the ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses. Ranges of loss estimates are not determined in the aggregate. A detailed discussion of the process and significant factors considered in establishing reserves follows. Actuaries establish and evaluate unpaid loss reserves using recognized standard statistical loss development methods and techniques. The significant reserve components (and percentage of gross reserves) are: (1) average reserves (20%), (2) case and case development reserves (50%), and (3) IBNR reserves (30%). Each component of loss reserves is affected by the expected frequency and average severity of claims. Such amounts are analyzed using statistical techniques on historical claims data and adjusted when appropriate to reflect perceived changes in loss patterns. Data is analyzed by policy coverage, rated state, reporting date and occurrence date, among other factors. A brief discussion of each component follows. Average reserve amounts are established for reported auto damage claims and new liability claims prior to the development of an individual case reserve. The average reserves are established as a reasonable estimate for incurred claims for which claims adjusters have insufficient time and information to make a specific claim estimate. It also includes a large number of minor physical damage claims that are paid within a reasonably short time after being reported. Average reserve amounts are driven by the estimated average severity per claim and the number of new claims opened. The average severity per claim amount is developed by projecting the ultimate severity for each accident quarter and weighting with both reported claims and estimated unreported claims. Claims adjusters generally establish individual liability claim case loss and loss adjustment expense reserve estimates as soon as the specific facts and merits of each claim can be evaluated. Case reserves represent the amounts that in the judgment of the adjusters are reasonably expected to be paid in the future to completely settle the claim, including expenses. Individual case reserves are revised as more information becomes known. For most liability coverages, case reserves alone are an insufficient measure of the ultimate cost due in part to the longer claim-tail, the greater chance of protracted litigation and the incompleteness of facts available at the time the case reserve is established. Therefore, additional case development reserve estimates are established, usually as a percentage of the case reserve. As of December 31, 2006, case development reserves averaged approximately 20% of total established case reserves. In general, case development factors are selected by a retrospective analysis of the overall adequacy of historical case reserves. Case development factors are reviewed and revised periodically.
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管理层讨论(续)
财产与意外损失(续)
GEICO(续)
对于未报告的索赔,已发生未报告(IBNR)准备金估算的方法是:首先,利用历史季度和月度索赔数量,对每个重要险种预期的最终索赔数量(包括已报告和未报告的)进行预测,按事故季度生成向最终结案逐年递进的预测数量。从最终索赔预测数量中减去已报告索赔,得出未报告索赔数量的估计值。将未报告索赔数量乘以每件未报告索赔的平均成本估计值,得出 IBNR 准备金金额。在某些情况下,精算技术很难可靠运用,比如面对新的法律判例、集体诉讼或近期发生的巨灾。因此,对于这类事件,可能会通过精算、理赔及其他管理部门的协作,设立补充性 IBNR 准备金。
对于每个主要险种,GEICO 使用一种或多种基于结案模型、已付赔款三角形和已发生赔款三角形的精算预测,来检验总赔款准备金的充足性。每种预测类型都会分析某一时期发生的索赔的损失数据,并预测最终成本。
2006 年,索赔频率普遍低于预期,严重程度的增幅也普遍未达到最初预测的水平。2005 年底记录的损失准备金估计,在 2006 年 12 月 31 日重新评估时向下调整了约 4.1 亿美元,导致 2006 年税前收益相应增加。这些准备金的向下发展约占 2006 年已赚保费的 4%,约占上一年度末准备金金额的 7%。2006 年 12 月 31 日的准备金假设已相应修改,以反映最新的频率和严重程度结果。未来准备金的发展将取决于频率和严重程度是高于还是低于预期。在汽车险业务中,不确定性最大的准备金来自汽车责任险,因为该险种下的大部分保障理赔尾期较长。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,GEICO 约 90% 的准备金属于汽车责任险,其中人身伤害(“BI”)险约占汽车责任险准备金的 60%。管理层认为,平均 BI 严重程度存在合理可能,会与所采用的严重程度至少相差一个百分点。如果实际 BI 严重程度与设定准备金时采用的严重程度相差一个百分点,准备金将向上或向下发展约 9000 万美元,从而导致税前收益相应减少或增加。许多可能导致 BI 严重程度偏离预期的经济力量,同样很可能导致其他伤害险种的严重程度朝同一方向偏离。
据认为,GEICO 面临的高度不确定性损失风险仅限于 1981 年至 1984 年期间承保的某些商业超额伞式保单。与此类风险相关的剩余准备金目前占 GEICO 总准备金的比例相对较小(不足 3%),且几乎不存在明显的石棉或环境责任风险。过去一年的相关索赔活动微乎其微。
通用再保险与 BHRG
通用再保险和 BHRG 的财产与意外损失准备金主要来自承接的分入再保险。再保险损失准备金处理过程中特有的其他不确定性如下所述。从分出公司收到的信息的性质、范围、时间及所感知的可靠性,因险种类型、合同报告条款(受市场状况和惯例影响)及其他因素而差异极大。由于再保险合同条款和条件缺乏标准化、个别客户保障需求的广泛变异性,以及这些需求随市场状况迅速变化的趋势,这些不确定性本身持续产生的经济影响无法可靠计量。
在公司人员与分出公司密切合作处理个别索赔的许多临分合同、逐次超赔合同或追溯合同下,损失信息的性质和范围可能与直接保险项下收到的信息没有显著差异。来自累积超赔合同(包括巨灾损失)和比例分保条约的损失信息往往不太详细。有时,此类信息以汇总格式而非逐案索赔为基础进行报告。损失数据通过定期报告提供,可能包括已支付并请求摊回的赔款金额,以及逐案损失准备金估计。分出公司很少向再保险人提供 IBNR 准备金估计。
伯克希尔的每一家再保险业务都已建立起识别并收集客户所需信息的操作流程。这些流程包括,例如,将预期保费与已报告保费进行比较,以帮助识别延迟的客户定期报告;以及进行索赔审查,以促进损失报告并识别不准确或不完整的索赔报告。当条件、风险因素和未预料到的风险暴露领域被识别出来后,这些流程会定期评估并修改。
与直接保险相比,向再保险人报告索赔的时间会有所延迟。在某些情况下,有多个再保险人承担和分出同一基础风险的不同部分,导致通用再保险或 BHRG 与原始被保险人之间存在多层合同中间人。在这些情况下,报告延迟可能进一步叠加。报告延迟对再保险人的相对影响因险种类型、合同报告条款及其他因素而异。承保逐次超赔基础伤亡损失的合同,由于基础索赔的理赔尾期较长,可能会经历更长的报告延迟。此外,分出公司可能直到有合理可能影响到再保险人之时,才向再保险人报告索赔,这通常取决于其索赔金额估计占再保险合同自留额的比例。另一方面,大额逐次超赔财产损失或财产巨灾损失的报告时间,可能与直接保险没有显著差异。
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Property and casualty losses (Continued) GEICO (Continued) For unreported claims, IBNR reserve estimates are calculated by first projecting the ultimate number of claims expected (reported and unreported) for each significant coverage by using historical quarterly and monthly claim counts, to develop age-to-age projections of the ultimate counts by accident quarter. Reported claims are subtracted from the ultimate claim projections to produce an estimate of the number of unreported claims. The number of unreported claims is multiplied by an estimate of the average cost per unreported claim to produce the IBNR reserve amount. Actuarial techniques are difficult to apply reliably in certain situations, such as to new legal precedents, class action suits or recent catastrophes. Consequently, supplemental IBNR reserves for these types of events may be established through the collaborative effort of actuarial, claims and other management. For each of its major coverages, GEICO tests the adequacy of the total loss reserves using one or more actuarial projections based on claim closure models, paid loss triangles and incurred loss triangles. Each type of projection analyzes loss occurrence data for claims occurring in a given period and projects the ultimate cost. In 2006, claim frequencies were generally lower than expected and severity increases were generally not as great as originally projected. Loss reserve estimates recorded at the end of 2005 developed downward by approximately $410 million when reevaluated at December 31, 2006 producing a corresponding increase to pre-tax earnings in 2006. These downward reserve developments represented approximately 4% of earned premiums in 2006 and approximately 7% of the prior year-end reserve amount. Reserving assumptions at December 31, 2006 were modified appropriately to reflect the most recent frequency and severity results. Future reserve development will depend on whether frequency and severity turn out to be more or less than anticipated. Within the automobile line of business the reserves with the most uncertainty are for automobile liability, due to the longer claim-tails for most of these coverages. Approximately 90% of GEICO’s reserves as of December 31, 2006 were for automobile liability, of which bodily injury (“BI”) coverage accounted for nearly 60% of the automobile liability reserves. Management believes it is reasonably possible that the average BI severity will change by at least one percentage point from the severity used. If actual BI severity changes one percentage point from what was used in establishing the reserves, the reserves would develop up or down by approximately $90 million resulting in a corresponding decrease or increase in pre-tax earnings. Many of the same economic forces that would likely cause BI severity to be different from expected would likely also cause severities for other injury coverages to differ in the same direction. GEICO’s exposure to highly uncertain losses is believed to be limited to certain commercial excess umbrella policies written during a period from 1981 to 1984. Remaining reserves associated with such exposure are currently a relatively insignificant component of GEICO’s total reserves (less than 3%) and there is little, if any, apparent asbestos or environmental liability exposure. Related claim activity over the past year was insignificant. General Re and BHRG General Re’s and BHRG’s property and casualty loss reserves derive primarily from assumed reinsurance. Additional uncertainties unique to loss reserving processes for reinsurance are described below. The nature, extent, timing and perceived reliability of information received from ceding companies varies widely depending on the type of coverage, the contractual reporting terms (which are affected by market conditions and practices) and other factors. Due to the lack of standardization of the terms and conditions of reinsurance contracts, the wide variability of coverage needs of individual clients and the tendency for those needs to change rapidly in response to market conditions, the ongoing economic impact of such uncertainties, in and of themselves, cannot be reliably measured. The nature and extent of loss information provided under many facultative, per occurrence excess contracts or retroactive contracts where company personnel work closely with the ceding company in settling individual claims may not differ significantly from the information received under a primary insurance contract. Loss information from aggregate excess of loss contracts, including catastrophe losses and quota-share treaties, is often less detailed. Occasionally such information is reported in summary format rather than on an individual claim basis. Loss data is provided through periodic reports and may include the amount of ceded losses paid where reimbursement is sought as well as case loss reserve estimates. Ceding companies infrequently provide IBNR estimates to reinsurers. Each of Berkshire’s reinsurance businesses has established practices to identify and gather needed information from clients. These practices include, for example, comparison of expected premiums to reported premiums to help identify delinquent client periodic reports, and claim reviews to facilitate loss reporting and identify inaccurate or incomplete claim reporting. These practices are periodically evaluated and changed as conditions, risk factors, and unanticipated areas of exposures are identified. The timing of claim reporting to reinsurers is delayed in comparison with primary insurance. In some instances there are multiple reinsurers assuming and ceding parts of an underlying risk causing multiple contractual intermediaries between General Re or BHRG and the primary insured. In these instances, the delays in reporting can be compounded. The relative impact of reporting delays on the reinsurer varies depending on the type of coverage, contractual reporting terms and other factors. Contracts covering casualty losses on a per occurrence excess basis may experience longer delays in reporting due to the length of the claim-tail as regards to the underlying claim. In addition, ceding companies may not report claims to the reinsurer until it becomes reasonably possible that the reinsurer will be affected, usually determined as a function of its estimate of the claim amount as a percentage of the reinsurance contract retention. On the other hand, the timing of reporting large per occurrence excess property losses or property catastrophe losses may not vary significantly from primary insurance.
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财产和意外损失(续)
通用再保险和 BHRG(续)
对于要求分出公司定期提交保费和理赔报告的业务合同,此类报告通常要求按季提交,在美国,提交时限为会计期间结束后 30 至 90 天。在欧洲大陆,再保险报告做法各不相同。按季报告保费、损失和个案准备金的客户较少。在某些国家,客户按年度报告,且通常要在年度结束后 90 至 180 天才提交。保费和损失的估计值按预期结果计提,如有必要,再根据中间时段内发生的重大已知事件估计数加以补充。为监控应报送信息的报送时间和接收情况,公司会跟踪客户的报告要求。当客户错过报告截止日期时,公司会主动联系客户。
保费和损失数据至少通过一个中介机构(原保险公司)提供,因此损失数据不完整、不准确或超出承保条款的风险更大。公司会对分出公司提供的信息进行审核,检查其完整性和是否符合合同条款。再保险合同一般允许伯克希尔的再保险子公司查阅分出公司有关标的业务的账簿和记录,并使其有权进行审计,以确定信息的准确性和完整性。管理层认为适当时,便会开展此类审计。
在日常业务过程中,可能会与客户就某些索赔是否属于再保险保单的承保范围产生争议。大多数争议由理赔部门通过与相关客户人员讨论承保范围,或由独立外部法律顾问审查和裁定来解决。如果争议无法解决,合同通常会具体说明采用仲裁、诉讼还是替代性争议解决方式。目前不存在尚未解决的承保范围争议,一旦作出不利裁决,可能会对伯克希尔的经营业绩或财务状况产生重大影响。
总而言之,由于上文讨论的种种因素,通用再保险和 BHRG 的再保险合同在估计最终损失时所要求的假设,无论在范围、数量,还是潜在变动性方面,均比直接从事财产和意外保险业务的保险公司更具不确定性。以下是关于通用再保险和 BHRG 的补充信息。
通用再保险
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,通用再保险按主要业务线划分的毛未付损失及损失调整费用、净未付损失及损失调整费用,以及毛准备金汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。
类型 业务线
已报个案准备金 $11,074 工伤保险 (1) $ 3,206
IBNR 准备金 9,370 职业责任险 (2) 1,832
毛准备金 20,444 大规模侵权—石棉/环境 1,853
分出准备金及递延费用 (2,083) 机动车责任险 2,902
净准备金 $18,361 其他意外险 (3) 4,129
其他一般责任险 3,588
财产险 2,934
总计 $20,444
(1) 扣除折现 27.61 亿美元。
(2) 包括董事及高级职员责任险和错误与遗漏责任险。
(3) 包括医疗事故险和伞式责任险。
通用再保险建立损失准备金估计的方法采用自下而上的方式,从个案估计开始,并辅以额外个案准备金和 IBNR 准备金。建立这些损失准备金的关键判断可能涉及:理赔审核员设定额外个案准备金、决定驱动 IBNR 准备金金额的最终损失率预期,以及将个案准备金报告趋势与预期损失报告模式进行比较。已记录的准备金金额面临“尾部风险”,即已报告损失的发展超出了最大的预期损失显现模式时间范围。
公司通常不确定损失准备金的范围区间,因为它认为所需的相关技术尚不成熟,且所需的大量假设会使得由此得出的范围区间并不可靠。此外,公司也不采用索赔件数或每件索赔平均金额的分析方法,因为客户无法始终如一地提供足够详细且可靠的数据。
收到分出公司的再保险索赔通知后,理赔审核员会对损失金额进行独立评估。在某些情况下,审核员的估计与分出公司报告的金额存在差异。如果审核员的估计显著高于分出公司的估计,则会进一步对相关索赔开展调查。若认为适当,会在分出公司报告金额之上设立额外个案准备金。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,折现前 34 亿美元的额外个案准备金主要集中在工伤保险,其次是职业责任险准备金。审核员还会定期在客户公司进行索赔审查,此后个案准备金通常会被调高。2006 年,理赔审核员进行了约 450 次索赔审查。
精算师将所有损失和保费数据分类为若干“准备金单元”,主要根据产品(例如,合约再保险、临分再保险和计划业务)和业务线(例如,机动车责任险、财产险等)划分。对于每个准备金单元,损失按事故年度汇总,并进行时间序列分析。根据客户的报告惯例,部分损失和保费按保单年度汇总。这些损失汇总数据在公司内部被称为损失三角形,是计算 IBNR 准备金的主要依据。北美业务审查超过 300 个准备金单元,国际业务审查约 900 个准备金单元。
Property and casualty losses (Continued) General Re and BHRG (Continued) Under contracts where periodic premium and claims reports are required from ceding companies, such reports are generally required at quarterly intervals which in the U.S. range from 30 to 90 days after the end of the accounting period. In continental Europe, reinsurance reporting practices vary. Fewer clients report premiums, losses, and case reserves on a quarterly basis. In certain countries, clients report on an annual basis and generally not until 90 to 180 days after the end of the annual period. Estimates of premiums and losses are accrued based on expected results supplemented when necessary for estimates of significant known events occurring in the interim. To monitor the timing and receipt of information due, client reporting requirements are tracked. When clients miss reporting deadlines, the clients are contacted. Premium and loss data is provided through at least one intermediary (the primary insurer), so there is a greater risk that the loss data provided is incomplete, inaccurate or outside the coverage terms. Information provided by ceding companies is reviewed for completeness and compliance with the contract terms. Reinsurance contracts generally allow for Berkshire’s reinsurance subsidiaries to have access to the cedant’s books and records as regards to the subject business and provide them the ability to conduct audits to determine the accuracy and completeness of information. Such audits are conducted when management deems it appropriate. In the regular course of business, disputes with clients may arise concerning whether certain claims are covered under the reinsurance policies. Most disputes are resolved by the claims departments by discussing coverage aspects with the appropriate client personnel or independent outside counsel review and determination. If disputes cannot be resolved, contracts generally specify whether arbitration, litigation, or alternative dispute resolution will be invoked. There are no coverage disputes at this time for which an adverse resolution would likely have a material impact on Berkshire’s results of operations or financial condition. In summary, the scope, number and potential variability of assumptions required in estimating ultimate losses from reinsurance contracts of General Re and BHRG are more uncertain than primary property and casualty insurers due to the factors previously discussed. Additional information concerning General Re and BHRG follows. General Re General Re’s gross and net unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and gross reserves by major line of businesses as of December 31, 2006 are summarized below. Amounts are in millions. Type Line of business Reported case reserves ............................... $11,074 Workers’ compensation (1) ......................... $ 3,206 IBNR reserves ............................................ 9,370 Professional liability (2) .............................. 1,832 Gross reserves ............................................ 20,444 Mass tort–asbestos/environmental ............. 1,853 Ceded reserves and deferred charges.......... (2,083) Auto liability.............................................. 2,902 Net reserves................................................ $18,361 Other casualty (3) ........................................ 4,129 Other general liability ................................ 3,588 Property ..................................................... 2,934 Total ............................................. $20,444 (1) Net of discounts of $2,761 million. (2) Includes directors and officers and errors and omissions coverage. (3) Includes medical malpractice and umbrella coverage. General Re’s process of establishing loss reserve estimates is based upon a ground-up approach, beginning with case estimates and supplemented by additional case reserves (“ACRs”) and IBNR reserves. Critical judgments in the establishment of these loss reserves may involve the establishment of ACRs by claim examiners, the expectation of ultimate loss ratios which drive IBNR reserve amounts and the case reserve reporting trends compared to the expected loss reporting patterns. Recorded reserve amounts are subject to “tail risk” where reported losses develop beyond the maximum expected loss emergence pattern time period. The company does not routinely determine loss reserve ranges because it believes that the techniques necessary have not sufficiently developed and the myriad of assumptions required render such resulting ranges to be unreliable. In addition, counts of claims or average amounts per claim are not utilized because clients do not consistently provide reliable data in sufficient detail. Upon notification of a reinsurance claim from a ceding company, claim examiners make independent evaluations of loss amounts. In some cases, examiners’ estimates differ from amounts reported by ceding companies. If the examiners’ estimates are significantly greater than the ceding company’s estimates, the claims are further investigated. If deemed appropriate, ACRs are established above the amount reported by the ceding company. As of December 31, 2006, ACRs of $3.4 billion before discounts were concentrated in workers’ compensation and to a lesser extent in professional liability reserves. Examiners also periodically conduct claim reviews at client companies and case reserves are often increased as a result. In 2006, claim examiners conducted about 450 claim reviews. Actuaries classify all loss and premium data into segments (“reserve cells”) primarily based on product (e.g., treaty, facultative, and program) and line of business (e.g., auto liability, property, etc.). For each reserve cell, losses are aggregated by accident year and analyzed over time. Depending on client reporting practices, some losses and premiums are aggregated by policy year. These loss aggregations are internally called loss triangles, which serve as the primary basis for IBNR reserve calculations. Over 300 reserve cells are reviewed for North American business and approximately 900 reserve cells are reviewed with respect to international business.
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管理层讨论(续)
财产与意外险损失(续)
通用再保险(续)
损失三角形用于确定大多数险种的预期个案损失显现模式,并与分意外事故年的预期损失率相结合,进而确定已发生未报告(IBNR)准备金。其他一些计算为估算预期损失显现模式奠定了基础。预期损失显现模式的确定并不是一个严格的机械过程。当历史损失数据不足时,会使用估算公式,并借助其他损失三角形和主观判断。影响损失发展三角形的因素包括但不限于以下各项:客户索赔实务的变化、理赔员对名义个案准备金(ACR)使用方式的变化或客户公司理赔审查频率的变化、保单条款和保障范围的变化(如客户自留损失水平以及单次事故限额和累计保单限额)、损失趋势的变化,以及导致非预期损失的法律环境变化,此外还有其他统计变异性来源。以上各项均会影响预期损失显现模式的选定。
预期损失率是按准备金单元、分意外事故年选定的,其依据是对预测损失的审查,以及从汇总的定价统计数据中推导出的指示性最终损失率。指示性最终损失率使用所选定的损失显现模式、已报告损失和已赚保费计算得出。如果所选定的显现模式不准确,则指示性最终损失率也将不准确,进而会影响所选定的损失率并最终影响 IBNR 准备金。与选定损失显现模式时一样,选定预期损失率也不是一个严格的机械过程,在分析指示性最终损失率和部门定价损失率时均需运用判断。
IBNR 准备金是按准备金单元、分意外事故年,使用预期损失显现模式和预期损失率进行估算的。预期损失显现模式和预期损失率是计提 IBNR 准备金的关键假设,且每年都会更新。年度 IBNR 准备金一旦确定,精算师便会计算下一日历年的预期个案损失显现情况。该项计算不涉及新的假设,只使用上年年末的预期损失显现模式和预期损失率。随后,将预期损失分配到各个中期估计值中,并与下一年的实际已报告损失进行比较。此项比较是对上一年年末 IBNR 准备金充足性的一次检验,也为年内可能调整 IBNR 准备金假设提供了依据。
2006 年,北美工伤保险风险(主要为 2002 年以前发生的事故)的已报告损失超出预期。理赔数据持续显示长期医疗护理费用和处方药成本上升,以及索赔人对医疗护理的使用率提高。这些变化情况导致了对已报告索赔未来发展预期的改变,并造成名义个案准备金(ACR)上调。对于以往年度的工伤保险损失,2006 年已报告索赔超出预期 1900 万美元。这些变化情况进一步促使针对未报告事故的名义 IBNR 准备金估计净额增加 1.32 亿美元。扣除当年净准备金贴现变动 3300 万美元后,以往年度的工伤保险损失使 2006 年税前收益减少了 1.18 亿美元。为说明通用再保险重大超额损失工伤保险准备金单元中预期损失显现模式和预期损失率变化的敏感性:若预期显现模式尾部增加十个百分点,且预期损失率提高百分之十,则截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,名义 IBNR 准备金将净增加约 5.48 亿美元,折现后净增约 2.78 亿美元。折现后准备金的增加将导致税前收益相应减少。管理层认为,预期损失显现模式的尾部和预期损失率以这一幅度上升属于合理可能。
其他意外险和一般责任险的已报告损失(不含大规模侵权损失)在历经数年相对较高的已报告损失之后,于 2006 年好于预期。意外险损失通常属于长尾性质,不应因为单一年份(2006 年)有利的损失经验,就假定当前已计提的损失准备金金额将会持续有利地发展。就通用再保险的重要其他意外险和一般责任险准备金单元(包括医疗事故险、伞式责任险、汽车险和一般责任险)而言,若预期显现模式尾部增加五个百分点,且预期损失率增加百分之五,将导致名义 IBNR 准备金净增,同时税前收益相应减少约 5.5 亿美元。管理层认为,在上述任何一个准备金单元中,预期损失显现模式的尾部和预期损失率以这一幅度上升属于合理可能。然而,鉴于全球业务具有分散性,更可能出现的结果被认为会低于 5.5 亿美元。
财产损失(包括与世贸中心相关的损失)低于预期,但受巨灾和大型单一财产损失的影响,财产损失经验往往波动更大。得益于有利的理赔发展状况和又一年的新信息,2006 年世贸中心损失的剩余估计额减少了 6200 万美元,从而导致税前收益相应增加。
在超额董事及高级职员责任险和错误及疏漏险(“D&O 和 E&O”)中的某些准备金单元里,IBNR 准备金仅根据估计的最终损失来计算,而不考虑预期显现模式。这些单元往往涉及因近期行业发展而出现的理赔活动激增,致使难以选定预期损失显现模式。例如,近期公司丑闻频发已导致已报告损失增加。就通用再保险的大型 D&O 和 E&O 准备金单元而言,(就其中考虑了显现模式的单元而言)预期显现模式尾部增加十个百分点,同时预期损失率增加百分之十,将导致名义 IBNR 准备金净增,同时税前收益相应减少约 1.33 亿美元。管理层认为,预期损失显现模式的尾部和预期损失率以这一幅度上升属于合理可能。
当内部损失数据可靠性有限时,例如在设定大规模侵权、石棉和危险废物(统称“大规模侵权”)索赔的估计值时,会使用全行业的整体损失经验数据和基于经验的判断。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,未付大规模侵权准备金毛额约为 19 亿美元,扣除再保险后净额约为 12 亿美元。此类
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Property and casualty losses (Continued) General Re (Continued) Loss triangles are used to determine the expected case loss emergence patterns for most coverages and, in conjunction with expected loss ratios by accident year, are further used to determine IBNR reserves. Additional calculations form the basis for estimating the expected loss emergence pattern. The determination of the expected loss emergence pattern is not strictly a mechanical process. In instances where the historical loss data is insufficient, estimation formulas are used along with reliance on other loss triangles and judgment. Factors affecting loss development triangles include but are not limited to the following: changing client claims practices, changes in claim examiners’ use of ACRs or the frequency of client company claim reviews, changes in policy terms and coverage (such as client loss retention levels and occurrence and aggregate policy limits), changes in loss trends and changes in legal trends that result in unanticipated losses, as well as other sources of statistical variability. These items influence the selection of the expected loss emergence patterns. Expected loss ratios are selected by reserve cell, by accident year, based upon reviewing forecasted losses and indicated ultimate loss ratios predicted from aggregated pricing statistics. Indicated ultimate loss ratios are calculated using the selected loss emergence pattern, reported losses and earned premium. If the selected emergence pattern is not accurate, then the indicated ultimate loss ratios will not be accurate and this can affect the selected loss ratios and hence the IBNR reserve. As with selected loss emergence patterns, selecting expected loss ratios is not a strictly mechanical process and judgment is used in the analysis of indicated ultimate loss ratios and department pricing loss ratios. IBNR reserves are estimated by reserve cell, by accident year, using the expected loss emergence patterns and the expected loss ratios. The expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios are the critical IBNR reserving assumptions and are updated annually. Once the annual IBNR reserves are determined, actuaries calculate expected case loss emergence for the upcoming calendar year. This calculation does not involve new assumptions and uses the prior year-end expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios. The expected losses are then allocated into interim estimates that are compared to actual reported losses in the subsequent year. This comparison provides a test of the adequacy of prior year-end IBNR reserves and forms the basis for possibly changing IBNR reserve assumptions during the course of the year. In 2006, reported losses for North American workers’ compensation risks (primarily pre-2002 occurrences) exceeded expectations. Claims data continued to show increased costs of long-term medical care and prescription drug costs and increased medical care utilization by claimants. These developments produced changes in expectations for future development of reported claims and resulted in increases in nominal ACRs. For prior years’ workers’ compensation losses, reported claims exceeded expected claims in 2006 by $19 million. These developments further precipitated a $132 million net increase in nominal IBNR reserve estimates for unreported occurrences. After deducting $33 million for the change in net reserve discounts during the year, workers’ compensation losses from prior years’ reduced pre-tax earnings in 2006 by $118 million. To illustrate the sensitivity of changes in expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios for General Re’s significant excess of loss workers’ compensation reserve cells, an increase of ten points in the tail of the expected emergence pattern and an increase of ten percent in the expected loss ratios would produce a net increase in nominal IBNR reserves of approximately $548 million and $278 million on a discounted basis as of December 31, 2006. The increase in discounted reserves would produce a corresponding decrease in pre-tax earnings. Management believes it is reasonably possible for the tail of the expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios to increase at these rates. Other casualty and general liability reported losses (excluding mass tort losses) were favorable in 2006 relative to expectations after several years of relatively higher reported losses. Casualty losses tend to be long-tail and it should not be assumed that favorable loss experience in a single year (2006) means that loss reserve amounts currently established will continue to develop favorably. For General Re’s significant other casualty and general liability reserve cells (including medical malpractice, umbrella, auto and general liability), an increase of five points in the tails of the expected emergence patterns and an increase of five percent in expected loss ratios would produce a net increase in nominal IBNR reserves and a corresponding reduction in pre-tax earnings of approximately $550 million. Management believes it is reasonably possible for the tail of the expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios to increase at these rates in any of the aforementioned reserve cells. However, given the diversification in worldwide business, more likely outcomes are believed to be less than $550 million. Property losses were lower than expected (including losses related to the World Trade Center) but the nature of property loss experience tends to be more volatile because of the effect of catastrophes and large individual property losses. In response to favorable claim developments and another year of information, estimated remaining World Trade Center losses were reduced by $62 million in 2006, producing a corresponding increase in pre-tax earnings. In certain reserve cells within excess directors and officers and errors and omissions (“D&O and E&O”) coverages, IBNR reserves are based on estimated ultimate losses without consideration of expected emergence patterns. These cells often involve a spike in loss activity arising from recent industry developments making it difficult to select an expected loss emergence pattern. For example, the recent wave of corporate scandals has caused an increase in reported losses. For General Re’s large D&O and E&O reserve cells an increase of ten points in the tail of the expected emergence pattern (for those cells where emergence patterns are considered) and an increase of ten percent in the expected loss ratios would produce a net increase in nominal IBNR reserves and a corresponding reduction in pre-tax earnings of approximately $133 million. Management believes it is reasonably possible for the tail of the expected loss emergence patterns and expected loss ratios to increase at these rates. Overall industry-wide loss experience data and informed judgment are used when internal loss data is of limited reliability, such as in setting the estimates for mass tort, asbestos and hazardous waste (collectively, “mass tort”) claims. Unpaid mass tort reserves at December 31, 2006 were approximately $1.9 billion gross and $1.2 billion net of reinsurance. Such
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财产与意外险损失(续)
通用再保险(续)
截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日,与此类损失相关的准备金毛额约为 18 亿美元,扣除再保险后净额约为 13 亿美元。2006 年,为此类损失支付的赔款约为 9,700 万美元。2006 年,由于持续接获损失报告,且此类损失在未来如何、何时出现以及金额大小越发难以确定,大规模侵权索赔的准备金有所上调。2006 年,石棉及环境索赔的已发生未报告(IBNR)准备金估计增加 5,800 万美元,导致税前利润减少 5,800 万美元。除前述方法外,通用再保险还参考“生存比率”,以近年净赔款支出与未付净损失的比值,作为准备金充足性的粗略参考。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,该生存比率约为 13 年。保险行业石棉及污染准备金的可比生存比率约为 9 年。由于法律环境持续变化,估算大规模侵权损失极为困难。尽管管理层认为当前准备金充足,但若发现新的风险敞口或索赔人、报告新的索赔,或出现新的责任理论,未来仍可能需大幅上调准备金。
BHRG
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,BHRG 的未付损失及损失调整费用汇总如下。金额单位为百万美元。
| 财产险 | 意外险 | 合计 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 已报告个案准备金 | $ 2,385 | $ 2,244 | $ 4,629 |
| IBNR 准备金 | 1,082 | 3,067 | 4,149 |
| 追溯性合同 | — | 8,054 | 8,054 |
| 毛准备金 | $ 3,467 | $13,365 | 16,832 |
| 递延费用及分出准备金 | (2,577) | ||
| 净准备金 | $14,255 |
总体而言,确定损失准备金的方法差异较大,涵盖了当今精算领域常用的多种方法,如已付及已发生损失进展法、已发生及已付损失 Bornhuetter-Ferguson 法,以及频率与严重度法。此外,还需就合同条件与条款的变动、诉讼情况或法律与监管的变化作出额外判断。
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,BHRG 与追溯再保险合同相关的毛损失准备金,均归属于意外险损失。追溯合同包括超额损失合同——对超过合同约定自留额部分的损失予以赔偿,且该等损失须源于合同签订日或之前某一特定日期前发生的损失事件——或对手方在保单生效日后支付的所有损失均获赔偿的合同。2006 年支付的追溯损失为 8.58 亿美元,几乎全部涉及 2006 年之前的合同。“已报告个案准备金”这一分类对追溯合同并无实际分析价值,因其金额往往源自分出公司的大宗报告,各家对“个案准备金”的定义可能不尽相同。准备金按合同整体审视并确定,其中包括 IBNR 准备金。
在确定追溯再保险准备金时,需分析历史总体损失支付模式,并在多种情景下推演至未来。许多保单的索赔尾部预计极长,可能延续数十年。管理层对上述总体损失支付情景赋予带有判断性的概率权重,从而得出期望结果。管理层持续监测赔款支付活动,并查阅分出公司报告或其他涉及基础损失的信息。由于此类合同的索赔尾部预计极长,在监测和查阅过程中,若接获或获知与基础损失相关的重大事件,管理层会重新评估预期最终损失。2006 年,追溯准备金释放了约 2.35 亿美元,主要原因是多项合同达成终止协议,最终损失赔付低于已计提的准备金。
BHRG 的环境、石棉及潜伏性伤害损失和损失调整费用负债,目前主要集中在追溯再保险合同内。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,此类损失准备金约为 38 亿美元,2005 年 12 月 31 日约为 40 亿美元。2006 年支付赔款约 3 亿美元。作为再保险公司,BHRG 通常无法持续从分出公司获得关于石棉、环境和潜伏性伤害索赔数量的可靠信息,尤其是涉及多险种合约或总额超赔保单时。公司会定期对所承接再保险业务的基础损失数据进行由下至上的分析,以估算最终再保险损失。在无法取得详细损失信息时,只能将近期行业趋势和预测应用于总体客户数据以得出估算。该领域的判断必然包含对审理此类索赔的法律与监管环境稳定性的考量。近年来,石棉制造商破产数量的上升,对趋势造成了不利影响。潜在的法律改革和立法,也可能对未来大规模侵权索赔损失准备金的确定产生重大冲击。
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,BHRG 在追溯保单下的最大应付损失,预计不超过约 108 亿美元。若无影响石棉、环境或潜伏性伤害风险敞口的重大司法或立法变化,管理层认为,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的未付损失(81 亿美元)向上触及最大应付损失或向下释放超过 15% 的可能性,均相当低。
近期签入的相当一部分再保险合同,预计呈现低出险频率与高单次损失严重度并存的特征,涵盖巨灾、恐怖主义和航空风险等,通过巨灾及特定风险合同承保。巨灾及特定风险合同相关的损失准备金,从 2005 年底的约 35 亿美元下降至 2006 年底的约 22 亿美元。准备金减少,主要反映了 2006 年约 17 亿美元的赔款支出,该支出主要源于 2005 年发生的重大飓风。
Property and casualty losses (Continued) General Re (Continued) reserves were approximately $1.8 billion gross and $1.3 billion net of reinsurance as of December 31, 2005. Claims paid attributable to such losses were about $97 million in 2006. In 2006, reserves for mass tort claims were increased in response to continued reports of losses and the increased uncertainty of how, when and how much these types of losses will develop over time. In 2006, IBNR reserve estimates for asbestos and environmental claims were increased by $58 million, which decreased pre-tax earnings by $58 million. In addition to the previously described methodologies, General Re considers “survival ratios” based on net claim payments in recent years versus net unpaid losses as a rough guide to reserve adequacy. The survival ratio was approximately 13 years as of December 31, 2006. The insurance industry’s comparable survival ratio for asbestos and pollution reserves was approximately nine years. Estimating mass tort losses is very difficult due to the changing legal environment. Although such reserves are believed to be adequate, significant reserve increases may be required in the future if new exposures or claimants are identified, new claims are reported or new theories of liability emerge. BHRG BHRG’s unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2006 are summarized as follows. Amounts are in millions. Property Casualty Total Reported case reserves ...................................................... $ 2,385 $ 2,244 $ 4,629 IBNR reserves ................................................................... 1,082 3,067 4,149 Retroactive ........................................................................ — 8,054 8,054 Gross reserves ................................................................... $ 3,467 $13,365 16,832 Deferred charges and ceded reserves................................. (2,577) Net reserves....................................................................... $14,255 In general, the methodologies used to establish loss reserves vary widely and encompass many of the common methodologies employed in the actuarial field today. Certain traditional methodologies such as paid and incurred loss development techniques, incurred and paid loss Bornhuetter-Ferguson techniques and frequency and severity techniques are utilized. Additional judgments must also be employed to consider changes in contract conditions and terms as well as the incidence of litigation or legal and regulatory change. As of December 31, 2006, BHRG’s gross loss reserves related to retroactive reinsurance policies were attributed to casualty losses. Retroactive policies include excess-of-loss contracts, in which losses (relating to loss events occurring before a specified date on or before the contract date) above a contractual retention are indemnified or contracts that indemnify all losses paid by the counterparty after the policy effective date. Retroactive losses paid in 2006 were $858 million, essentially all of which pertained to pre-2006 contracts. The classification “reported case reserves” has no practical analytical value with respect to retroactive policies since the amount is often derived from reports in bulk from ceding companies, who may have inconsistent definitions of “case reserves.” Reserves are reviewed and established in the aggregate by contract including provisions for IBNR reserves. In establishing retroactive reinsurance reserves, historical aggregate loss payment patterns are analyzed and projected into the future under various scenarios. The claim-tail is expected to be very long for many policies and may last several decades. Management assigns judgmental probability factors to these aggregate loss payment scenarios and an expectancy outcome is determined. Management monitors claim payment activity and reviews ceding company reports or other information concerning the underlying losses. Since the claim-tail is expected to be very long for such contracts, management reassesses expected ultimate losses as significant events related to the underlying losses are reported or revealed during the monitoring and review process. During 2006, retroactive reserves developed downward by approximately $235 million, due primarily to commutations of contracts where final loss payments were less than the recorded reserves. BHRG’s liabilities for environmental, asbestos, and latent injury losses and loss adjustment expenses are presently concentrated within retroactive reinsurance contracts. Reserves for such losses were approximately $3.8 billion at December 31, 2006 and $4.0 billion at December 31, 2005. Losses paid in 2006 were approximately $300 million. BHRG, as a reinsurer, does not regularly receive reliable information regarding numbers of asbestos, environmental and latent injury claims from ceding companies on a consistent basis, particularly with respect to multi-line treaty or aggregate excess of loss policies. Periodically, a ground-up analysis of the underlying loss data of the reinsured is conducted to make an estimate of ultimate reinsured losses. When detailed loss information is unavailable, estimates can only be developed by applying recent industry trends and projections to aggregate client data. Judgments in these areas necessarily include the stability of the legal and regulatory environment under which these claims will be adjudicated. The increasing number of bankruptcies of asbestos manufacturers has adversely impacted trends in recent years. Potential legal reform and legislation could also have a significant impact on establishing loss reserves for mass tort claims in the future. The maximum losses payable by BHRG under retroactive policies are not expected to exceed approximately $10.8 billion as of December 31, 2006. Absent significant judicial or legislative changes affecting asbestos, environmental or latent injury exposures, management believes it unlikely that unpaid losses as of December 31, 2006 ($8.1 billion) will develop upward to the maximum loss payable or downward by more than 15%. A significant number of recent reinsurance contracts are expected to have a low frequency of claim occurrence combined with a potential for high severity of claims. These include losses from catastrophes, terrorism, and aviation risks under catastrophe and individual risk contracts. Loss reserves related to catastrophe and individual risk contracts decreased from approximately $3.5 billion at year end 2005 to approximately $2.2 billion at year end 2006. The decrease in reserves reflected loss payments in 2006 of approximately $1.7 billion that were primarily attributable to the major hurricanes that occurred in 2005.
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管理层讨论(续)
财产险与意外险损失(续)
BHRG(续)
损失赔款的支付对税前收益的影响,在一定程度上被约 2 亿美元针对 2006 年之前事件计提的损失准备金的增提所抵消,这笔增提对 2006 年税前收益产生了相应的扣减。准备金增提的主要原因是 2005 年第四季度发生的飓风威尔玛的报告损失高于预期。巨灾合同与单一风险合同的准备金评估方法,相比分析历史损失的演进模式,通常更依赖于对与单个损失事件相关的最终成本的逐保单评估。巨灾损失准备金在以下情况下予以计提:已很可能发生了承保损失,且损失金额能够合理估计。在没有诉讼影响承保条款解释的情况下,预期的理赔尾部相对较短,因此初始准备金估计中的估计误差通常会在损失事件发生后的 24 个月内显现。
其他再保险准备金金额通常基于分出公司报告的损失估计以及已发生未报告(IBNR)准备金,后者主要取决于分出公司报告的损失和基于单个合同设定的预期损失率,并辅以管理层在获悉重大巨灾事件后对每份合同所受影响做出的判断。预期损失率基于管理层的判断,考虑的因素包括所承保的业务类型、对每家分出公司损失历史的分析,以及对每家分出公司所承保的底层合同中最终分保给 BHRG 的那部分进行的评估。公司并未编列由于基础假设变化而可能导致的准备金金额范围。
其他关键会计政策
伯克希尔将就追溯再保险合同所承担负债相关的递延费用确认为资产。在这些合同生效时,递延费用等于收到的对价与未付损失最终估计负债之间的差额。递延费用采用利息法在预计的最终赔款支付期内摊销,并作为损失和损失费用的组成部分计入收益。递延费用余额会定期调整,以反映对损失赔付金额和时间的新的预测。对这些假设的调整自各合同生效日起追溯适用。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,未摊销递延费用为 20 亿美元。估计未付损失的金额和赔付时间若发生重大变化,可能对未摊销递延费用以及定期摊销的金额产生重大影响。
伯克希尔截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日的合并资产负债表包含收购企业的商誉约 322 亿美元。执行商誉减值测试需要大量的专业判断。此类测试包括定期确定或复核伯克希尔各报告单元的可估计公允价值。估计报告单元公允价值的方法有若干种,包括市场报价、单项资产和负债的公允价值,以及其他估值技术,例如未来预计净收益折现和盈利倍数等。如果某一报告单元包含商誉在内的账面金额超过了其可估计公允价值,则需对该报告单元的单项资产(包括可辨认无形资产)和负债进行公允价值估计。报告单元的可估计公允价值超过其可估计净资产公允价值的部分,即为商誉的隐含价值。已入账的商誉金额超过该隐含价值的部分,将作为减值损失计入收益。
伯克希尔的合并财务状况中反映了规模极其庞大的已投资资产。其中相当大一部分按公允价值列示,公允价值的确定基于当前市场报价,在无法取得市场报价时则基于公允价值定价模型。伯克希尔持有的部分固定期限证券在金融市场上交易并不活跃。此外,伯克希尔旗下的金融业务持有大量的应收融资款,按摊余成本列示。在确定某些估值模型所使用的假设时,包括利率、贷款提前偿还速度、信用风险和流动性风险等假设,都需要进行大量的专业判断。这些假设若发生重大变化,可能对账面价值产生重大影响。
有关近期发布但尚未生效的会计准则的信息,包含在合并财务报表附注 1(r) 中。伯克希尔预计,采用任何近期发布的会计准则都不会对其财务状况产生重大影响。
市场风险披露
伯克希尔的合并资产负债表中包含大量公允价值受市场风险影响的资产和负债。伯克希尔面临的重大市场风险主要与利率、股权价格、外汇汇率和商品价格相关。以下部分阐述与伯克希尔业务活动相关的重大市场风险。
利率风险
伯克希尔管理层更倾向于依据下一节“股权价格风险”中所讨论的原则,投资于权益类证券或收购整个企业。当无法进行此类投资时,管理层可能转而投资于债券、贷款或其他对利率敏感的工具。伯克希尔的策略是购买相对于所认知的信用风险而言定价具有吸引力的证券。管理层承认并接受可能发生损失。此外,伯克希尔致力于维持最高的信用评级,以尽量降低债务成本。伯克希尔在有限程度内利用衍生品(例如利率掉期)来管理利率风险。
伯克希尔所持固定期限投资、应付票据及其他借款的公允价值,将随市场利率变动而波动。市场利率的上升与下降,通常分别转换为这些工具公允价值的下降与上升。此外,利率敏感型工具的公允价值还可能受到发行人信用状况、提前偿付选择权、替代投资的相对价值、工具本身的流动性以及其他一般市场条件的影响。固定利率投资可能比浮动利率投资对利率变动更为敏感。
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Management’s Discussion (Continued) Property and casualty losses (Continued) BHRG (Continued) Partially offsetting the effect of the loss payments were increases in loss reserves on pre-2006 events of approximately $200 million that produced a corresponding charge to pre-tax earnings in 2006. The reserve increases were primarily due to higher than expected reported losses on Hurricane Wilma which occurred in the fourth quarter of 2005. Reserving techniques for catastrophe and individual risk contracts generally rely more on a per-policy assessment of the ultimate cost associated with the individual loss event rather than with an analysis of the historical development patterns of past losses. Catastrophe loss reserves are provided when it is probable that an insured loss has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Absent litigation affecting the interpretation of coverage terms, the expected claim-tail is relatively short and thus the estimation error in the initial reserve estimates usually emerges within 24 months after the loss event. Other reinsurance reserve amounts are generally based upon loss estimates reported by ceding companies and IBNR reserves that are primarily a function of reported losses from ceding companies and anticipated loss ratios established on an individual contract basis, supplemented by management’s judgment of the impact on each contract of major catastrophe events as they become known. Anticipated loss ratios are based upon management’s judgment considering the type of business covered, analysis of each ceding company’s loss history and evaluation of that portion of the underlying contracts underwritten by each ceding company, which are in turn ceded to BHRG. A range of reserve amounts as a result of changes in underlying assumptions is not prepared. Other Critical Accounting Policies Berkshire records as assets deferred charges with respect to liabilities assumed under retroactive reinsurance contracts. At the inception of these contracts, the deferred charges represent the difference between the consideration received and the estimated ultimate liability for unpaid losses. Deferred charges are amortized using the interest method over an estimate of the ultimate claim payment period and are reflected in earnings as a component of losses and loss expenses. The deferred charge balances are adjusted periodically to reflect new projections of the amount and timing of loss payments. Adjustments to these assumptions are applied retrospectively from the inception of the contract. Unamortized deferred charges were $2.0 billion at December 31, 2006. Significant changes in the amount and payment timing of estimated unpaid losses may have a significant effect on unamortized deferred charges and the amount of periodic amortization. Berkshire’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2006 includes goodwill of acquired businesses of approximately $32.2 billion. A significant amount of judgment is required in performing goodwill impairment tests. Such tests include periodically determining or reviewing the estimated fair value of Berkshire’s reporting units. There are several methods of estimating a reporting unit’s fair value, including market quotations, asset and liability fair values and other valuation techniques, such as discounted projected future net earnings and multiples of earnings. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the estimated fair value, then individual assets, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities of the reporting unit are estimated at fair value. The excess of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit over the estimated fair value of net assets would establish the implied value of goodwill. The excess of the recorded amount of goodwill over the implied value is then charged to earnings as an impairment loss. Berkshire’s consolidated financial position reflects very significant amounts of invested assets. A substantial portion of these assets are carried at fair values based upon current market quotations and, when not available, based upon fair value pricing models. Certain of Berkshire’s fixed maturity securities are not actively traded in the financial markets. Further, Berkshire’s finance businesses maintain significant balances of finance receivables, which are carried at amortized cost. Considerable judgment is required in determining the assumptions used in certain valuation models, including interest rate, loan prepayment speed, credit risk and liquidity risk assumptions. Significant changes in these assumptions can have a significant effect on carrying values. Information concerning recently issued accounting pronouncements which are not yet effective is included in Note 1(r) to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Berkshire does not expect that the adoption of any of the recently issued accounting pronouncements will have a material effect on its financial condition. Market Risk Disclosures Berkshire’s Consolidated Balance Sheets include a substantial amount of assets and liabilities whose fair values are subject to market risks. Berkshire’s significant market risks are primarily associated with interest rates, equity prices, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The following sections address the significant market risks associated with Berkshire’s business activities. Interest Rate Risk Berkshire’s management prefers to invest in equity securities or to acquire entire businesses based upon the principles discussed in the following section on equity price risk. When unable to do so, management may alternatively invest in bonds, loans or other interest rate sensitive instruments. Berkshire’s strategy is to acquire securities that are attractively priced in relation to the perceived credit risk. Management recognizes and accepts that losses may occur. Further, Berkshire strives to maintain the highest credit ratings so that the cost of debt is minimized. Berkshire utilizes derivative products, such as interest rate swaps, to manage interest rate risks on a limited basis. The fair values of Berkshire’s fixed maturity investments and notes payable and other borrowings will fluctuate in response to changes in market interest rates. Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into decreases and increases in fair values of those instruments. Additionally, fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by the creditworthiness of the issuer, prepayment options, relative values of alternative investments, the liquidity of the instrument and other general market conditions. Fixed interest rate investments may be more sensitive to interest rate changes than variable rate investments. 70
利率风险(续)
Interest Rate Risk (Continued)
下表汇总了利率的假设性上升和下降对受利率风险影响的资产和负债的估计影响。假设这些变化立即且均匀地作用于每一类包含利率风险的金融工具。市场利率的假设性变化并不反映可被视为最佳或最差的情景。由于存在提前还款选择权,市场利率的波动可能导致还款时间发生重大变化。出于这些原因,实际结果可能与表中反映的结果不同。金额单位为百万美元。
假设利率变动后的估计公允价值
(bp=基点)
降息 100 bp 加息 100 bp 加息 200 bp 加息 300 bp
保险及其他业务 公允价值 减少 增加 增加 增加
2006 年 12 月 31 日
固定期限证券投资 $25,300 $25,939 $24,663 $24,079 $23,558
应付票据及其他借款 3,815 3,872 3,765 3,720 3,679
2005 年 12 月 31 日
固定期限证券投资 $27,420 $28,199 $26,655 $25,942 $25,327
应付票据及其他借款 3,653 3,693 3,616 3,584 3,553
金融及金融产品业务*
2006 年 12 月 31 日
固定期限证券投资及贷款和金融应收款 $14,987 $15,994 $13,986 $13,062 $12,224
应付票据及其他借款** 11,949 12,363 11,525 11,152 10,805
2005 年 12 月 31 日
固定期限证券投资及贷款和金融应收款 $14,817 $15,508 $14,068 $13,358 $12,699
应付票据及其他借款** 11,476 11,902 11,004 10,607 10,239
公用事业及能源业务
2006 年 12 月 31 日
应付票据及其他借款 $17,789 $19,256 $16,548 $15,486 $14,569
- 不包括通用再保险证券。
** 包括根据回购协议出售的证券以及利率互换的影响。
股权价格风险
从战略上讲,伯克希尔力求投资于那些拥有卓越经济特性、由能干且诚实的管理层经营、且价格合理的生意。伯克希尔的管理层倾向于对每家被投资公司投入有意义的资金。因此,伯克希尔的股权投资通常集中在相对较少的被投资公司上。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,股权投资总公允价值的 54% 集中在四家被投资公司。
伯克希尔的首选策略是极长期地持有股权投资。因此,只要被投资公司的底层业务、经济和管理特性仍然有利,伯克希尔的管理层就不会因其投资带来的短期股价波动而困扰。伯克希尔力求保持高于平均水平的股东资本,以提供应对短期股价波动的安全边际。
在几乎所有情况下,受股权价格风险影响的投资的账面价值均基于资产负债表日的市场报价。市场价格会波动,因此,后续出售投资所实现的金额可能与报告的市场价值存在显著差异。证券市场价格波动的原因可能包括:市场对被投资公司底层经济特性的感知变化、替代投资品的相对价格以及整体市场状况。此外,出售某一特定证券所实现的金额还可能受该证券出售相对数量的影响。
下表汇总了伯克希尔截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年 12 月 31 日的股权价格风险,并显示了在这些日期市场价格假设性上升 30% 和下降 30% 的影响。所选定的假设性变化并不反映可被视为最佳或最差的情景。实际上,鉴于股票市场的性质以及伯克希尔股权投资组合中存在的上述集中度,结果可能远比这更糟。金额单位为百万美元。
假设性价格变动后的 假设性价格变动对股东
估计假设性公允价值 假设性价格变动 估计公允价值 权益的百分比(增减)
The following table summarizes the estimated effects of hypothetical increases and decreases in interest rates on assets and liabilities that are subject to interest rate risk. It is assumed that the changes occur immediately and uniformly to each category of instrument containing interest rate risk. The hypothetical changes in market interest rates do not reflect what could be deemed best or worst case scenarios. Variations in market interest rates could produce significant changes in the timing of repayments due to prepayment options available. For these reasons, actual results might differ from those reflected in the table. Dollars are in millions. Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Change in Interest Rates (bp=basis points) 100 bp 100 bp 200 bp 300 bp Insurance and other businesses Fair Value decrease increase increase increase December 31, 2006 Investments in fixed maturity securities........................ $25,300 $25,939 $24,663 $24,079 $23,558 Notes payable and other borrowings ............................. 3,815 3,872 3,765 3,720 3,679 December 31, 2005 Investments in fixed maturity securities........................ $27,420 $28,199 $26,655 $25,942 $25,327 Notes payable and other borrowings ............................. 3,653 3,693 3,616 3,584 3,553 Finance and financial products businesses * December 31, 2006 Investments in fixed maturity securities and loans and finance receivables.............................. $14,987 $15,994 $13,986 $13,062 $12,224 Notes payable and other borrowings ** ........................ 11,949 12,363 11,525 11,152 10,805 December 31, 2005 Investments in fixed maturity securities and loans and finance receivables.............................. $14,817 $15,508 $14,068 $13,358 $12,699 Notes payable and other borrowings ** ........................ 11,476 11,902 11,004 10,607 10,239 Utilities and energy businesses December 31, 2006 Notes payable and other borrowings ............................. $17,789 $19,256 $16,548 $15,486 $14,569
- Excludes General Re Securities.
** Includes securities sold under agreements to repurchase and effects of interest rate swaps. Equity Price Risk Strategically, Berkshire strives to invest in businesses that possess excellent economics, with able and honest management and at sensible prices. Berkshire’s management prefers to invest a meaningful amount in each investee. Accordingly, Berkshire’s equity investments are generally concentrated in relatively few investees. At December 31, 2006, 54% of the total fair value of equity investments was concentrated in four investees. Berkshire’s preferred strategy is to hold equity investments for very long periods of time. Thus, Berkshire’s management is not troubled by short-term equity price volatility with respect to its investments provided that the underlying business, economic and management characteristics of the investees remain favorable. Berkshire strives to maintain above average levels of shareholder capital to provide a margin of safety against short-term equity price volatility. The carrying values of investments subject to equity price risk are, in almost all instances, based on quoted market prices as of the balance sheet dates. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and, consequently, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic characteristics of the investee, the relative price of alternative investments and general market conditions. Furthermore, amounts realized in the sale of a particular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the security being sold. The table which follows summarizes Berkshire’s equity price risk as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 and shows the effects of a hypothetical 30% increase and a 30% decrease in market prices as of those dates. The selected hypothetical change does not reflect what could be considered the best or worst case scenarios. Indeed, results could be far worse due both to the nature of equity markets and the aforementioned concentrations existing in Berkshire’s equity investment portfolio. Dollars are in millions. Estimated Hypothetical Fair Value after Percentage Hypothetical Hypothetical Increase (Decrease) in Fair Value Price Change Change in Prices Shareholders’ Equity
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日 $61,533 30% 增长 $79,993 11.0
30% 下降 43,073 (11.0)
截至 2005 年 12 月 31 日 $46,721 30% 增长 $60,737 9.9
30% 下降 32,705 (9.9)
As of December 31, 2006....................... $61,533 30% increase $79,993 11.0 30% decrease 43,073 (11.0) As of December 31, 2005....................... $46,721 30% increase $60,737 9.9 30% decrease 32,705 (9.9)
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经营层讨论(续)
股权价格风险(续)
伯克希尔还因某些长久期股票指数期权合约而面临股权价格风险。对于此类合约,伯克希尔的最大风险敞口在 2006 年 12 月 31 日约为 210 亿美元,在 2005 年同日约为 140 亿美元。这些合约通常自签订之日起 15 至 20 年到期,且不得在其各自到期日之前结算。这些合约对应四个主要股票指数,其中三个是外国指数。虽然伯克希尔在这些合约上的最终潜在损失与标的股票指数从合约签订日到到期日之间的走势直接相关,但指数当前变动导致的公允价值变化,并不会使合约的估计公允价值按比例变化。其他因素(如预期未来利率、股息率、合约剩余期限以及一般性市场假设)也会影响财务报表中反映的公允价值估计。因此,如果标的指数立即下跌 30%,且在其他因素不变的情况下,伯克希尔估计,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,未平仓合约的估计公允价值变化会导致其产生约 20 亿美元的非现金税前亏损。
外汇风险
与外汇汇率变化相关的市场风险目前集中在一组针对外国股票指数的长久期股票指数期权合约组合中。2005 年,伯克希尔还因一组短久期远期合约而面临显著的外汇风险敞口。截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,远期合约的总名义金额约为 10 亿美元,而 2005 年 12 月 31 日约为 138 亿美元。
下表汇总了截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日和 2005 年同日的、具有外汇风险的未平仓衍生品合约,并显示了假设标的外汇汇率立即且统一地按不同比例变化时,这些合约价值的估计变化。价值变化未必反映最佳或最差情景,实际结果可能有所不同。金额单位为百万美元。
假设外币兑美元汇率(升值)或(贬值)一定百分比下的估计公允价值
公允价值 (20%) (10%) (1%) 1% 10% 20%
2006 年 12 月 31 日 $(2,041) $(1,819) $(1,936) $(2,031) $(2,051) $(2,131) $(2,200)
2005 年 12 月 31 日 (1,603) (3,789) (2,752) (1,724) (1,481) (305) 1,198
大宗商品价格风险
伯克希尔通过其拥有的中美能源公司而面临大宗商品风险。风险敞口包括所购买和销售的批发电价变动、发电燃料成本变动,以及为受监管的零售燃气客户供应天然气的成本变动。电力和天然气价格容易大幅波动,因为需求会对多种因素做出反应,其中包括天气变化、储存能力有限、输电和运输约束,以及来自其他地区的替代供应不足。为缓解部分风险,中美能源使用衍生工具,包括远期合约、期货、期权、互换及其他场外协议,以有效锁定未来供应或按固定价格出售未来产量。这些合约的结算成本通常通过受监管的费率从客户处回收。因此,与此类合约期间价格变动相关的未实现损益净额被记为监管资产或负债。如果批发电价、燃料和/或天然气的成本高于费率允许回收的水平,财务结果可能会受到负面影响。中美能源还使用期货、期权和互换协议,为向不受监管客户进行的实物交付在经济上对冲天然气和电力的大宗商品价格。中美能源不从事重大自营交易活动。
下表汇总了截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日伯克希尔在能源衍生品合约上的大宗商品风险,并显示了假设远期市场价格按预期交易量计算分别上涨 10% 和下跌 10% 的影响。所选假设变化并不反映可被视为最佳或最差的情景。金额单位为百万美元。
Management’s Discussion (Continued) Equity Price Risk (Continued) Berkshire is also subject to equity price risk with respect to certain long duration equity index option contracts. Berkshire’s maximum exposure with respect to such contracts was approximately $21 billion and $14 billion at December 31, 2006 and 2005, respectively. These contracts generally expire 15 to 20 years from inception and they may not be settled before their respective expiration dates. The contracts have been written on four major equity indexes including three that are foreign. While Berkshire’s ultimate potential loss with respect to these contracts is directly correlated to the movement of the underlying stock index between contract inception date and expiration, the change in fair value from current changes in the indices do not produce a proportional change in the estimated fair value of the contracts. Other factors (such as expected future interest rates, dividend rates and the remaining duration of the contract as well as the general market assumptions) affect the estimates of fair value reflected in the financial statements. Thus, if the underlying indices declined 30% immediately, and absent changes in other factors, Berkshire estimates that it could incur a non-cash pre-tax loss of approximately $2 billion from the change in the estimated fair value of open contracts as of December 31, 2006. Foreign Currency Risk Market risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates are currently concentrated in a portfolio of long duration equity index option contracts on foreign equity indexes. In 2005, Berkshire also had significant exposure to foreign currency risk from a portfolio of short duration forward contracts. The aggregate notional value of forward contracts was approximately $1 billion as of December 31, 2006 compared to approximately $13.8 billion as of December 31, 2005. The following table summarizes the outstanding derivatives contracts as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 with foreign currency risk and shows the estimated changes in values of the contracts assuming changes in the underlying exchange rates applied immediately and uniformly across all currencies. The changes in value do not necessarily reflect the best or worst case scenarios and actual results may differ. Dollars are in millions. Estimated Fair Value Assuming a Hypothetical Fair Value Percentage Increase (Decrease) in the Value of assets Foreign Currencies Versus the U.S. Dollar (liabilities) (20%) (10%) (1%) 1% 10% 20% December 31, 2006............................. $(2,041) $(1,819) $(1,936) $(2,031) $(2,051) $(2,131) $(2,200) December 31, 2005............................. (1,603) (3,789) (2,752) (1,724) (1,481) (305) 1,198 Commodity Price Risk Berkshire, through its ownership of MidAmerican, is subject to commodity risk. Exposures include variations in the price of wholesale electricity that is purchased and sold, fuel costs to generate electricity, and natural gas supply for regulated retail gas customers. Electricity and natural gas prices are subject to wide price swings as demand responds to, among many other items, changing weather, limited storage, transmission and transportation constraints, and lack of alternative supplies from other areas. To mitigate a portion of the risk, MidAmerican uses derivative instruments, including forwards, futures, options, swaps and other over-the-counter agreements, to effectively secure future supply or sell future production at fixed prices. The settled cost of these contracts is generally recovered from customers in regulated rates. Accordingly, the net unrealized gains and losses associated with interim price movements on such contracts are recorded as regulatory assets or liabilities. Financial results may be negatively impacted if the costs of wholesale electricity, fuel and or natural gas are higher than what is permitted to be recovered in rates. MidAmerican also uses futures, options and swap agreements to economically hedge gas and electric commodity prices for physical delivery to non-regulated customers. MidAmerican does not engage in a material amount of proprietary trading activities. The table that follows summarizes Berkshire’s commodity risk on energy derivative contracts as of December 31, 2006 and shows the effects of a hypothetical 10% increase and a 10% decrease in forward market prices by the expected volumes for these contracts as of that date. The selected hypothetical change does not reflect what could be considered the best or worst case scenarios. Dollars are in millions.
截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日 公允价值 假设价格变动 假设变动后公允价值
$(273) 10% 上涨 $(220)
10% 下跌 $(326)
Estimated Fair Value after Hypothetical Price Hypothetical Change in Fair Value Change Price As of December 31, 2006 $ (273) 10% increase $ (220) 10% decrease $ (326)
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管理层关于财务报告内部控制的报告
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司的管理层负责建立和维护对财务报告的充分内部控制,该术语在 1934 年《证券交易法》规则 13a-15(f)中有定义。在管理层的监督和参与下,包括我们的主要执行官和主要财务官,我们按照 1934 年《证券交易法》规则 13a-15(c)的要求,对截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日公司财务报告内部控制的有效性进行了评估。在作出此评估时,我们使用了特雷德韦委员会发起组织委员会发布的《内部控制——整合框架》中的标准。根据我们在《内部控制——整合框架》下的评估,我们的管理层得出结论认为,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,我们的财务报告内部控制是有效的。
我们管理层对截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日财务报告内部控制有效性的评估,已由独立注册公共会计师事务所德勤会计师事务所进行审计,其报告见下文。
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Management of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 as required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rule 13a-15(c). In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth in the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2006. Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears below.
伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
2007 年 2 月 26 日
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. February 26, 2007
独立注册公共会计师事务所报告
致伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司董事会及全体股东
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
我们审计了随附的《管理层关于财务报告内部控制的报告》中所含的管理层评估,该评估认为,截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日,伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司及其子公司(“公司”)基于特雷德韦委员会发起人委员会(The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission)发布的《内部控制——整合框架》确立的标准,维持了有效的财务报告内部控制。公司管理层负责维持有效的财务报告内部控制,也负责对财务报告内部控制的有效性作出评估。我们的责任是根据我们的审计,对管理层的评估和公司财务报告内部控制的有效性发表意见。
我们按照美国公众公司会计监督委员会(Public Company Accounting Oversight Board)的准则执行了审计。这些准则要求我们计划和执行审计,以合理确信财务报告内部控制是否在所有重大方面得到有效维持。我们的审计工作包括:了解财务报告内部控制,评估管理层的评估,测试和评价内部控制的设计和运行有效性,以及执行我们在当时情形下认为必要的其他程序。我们认为,我们的审计为发表意见提供了合理基础。
公司的财务报告内部控制是一个流程,由公司首席执行官和首席财务官,或履行类似职能的人员设计,或在其监督下设计,并由公司董事会、管理层及其他人员付诸实施,旨在为财务报告的可靠性以及按照公认会计原则编制对外财务报表提供合理保证。公司的财务报告内部控制包括如下政策和程序:(1)涉及合理详细、准确且公允反映公司资产交易和处置情况的记录维护;(2)为下列事项提供合理保证:按编制符合公认会计原则的财务报表所需进行交易记录,且公司的收支仅依据公司管理层和董事的授权进行;以及(3)针对可能对财务报表产生重大影响的未经授权获取、使用或处置公司资产的行为,提供合理保证以预防或及时发现。
由于财务报告内部控制存在固有局限,包括可能发生合谋或管理层不当凌驾于控制之上,因此,因错误或舞弊导致的重大错报可能无法被及时预防或发现。此外,将任何财务报告内部控制有效性的评估推及至未来期间,均面临这样的风险:因情况变化,控制可能变得不充分,或政策与程序的遵循程度可能下降。
我们认为,基于特雷德韦委员会发起人委员会发布的《内部控制——整合框架》确立的标准,管理层关于公司截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日维持了有效财务报告内部控制的评估,在所有重大方面均得到公允陈述。同样,我们认为,基于同一标准,公司在所有重大方面截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日维持了有效的财务报告内部控制。
我们还按照美国公众公司会计监督委员会的准则,审计了公司截至 2006 年 12 月 31 日及该日止年度的合并财务报表,我们于 2007 年 2 月 28 日出具的报告对这些财务报表发表了无保留意见,并附有解释性段落,涉及公司为遵循财务会计准则公告第 158 号《雇主对设定受益养老金及其他离职后福利计划的会计处理》(该公告是对财务会计准则委员会第 87、88、106 和 132[R] 号公告的修订)而变更其养老金及其他离职后福利会计处理方法的事项。
德勤会计师事务所(DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP)
内布拉斯加州,奥马哈
2007 年 2 月 28 日
We have audited management’s assessment, included in the accompanying, Management’s Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, that Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on management’s assessment and an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions. A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. In our opinion, management’s assessment that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on the criteria established in Internal Control— Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2006 of the Company and our report dated February 28, 2007 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements with an explanatory paragraph relating to the change in the Company’s accounting for pension and other postretirement benefits to conform to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 158, Employers’ Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans, an amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R). DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP Omaha, Nebraska February 28, 2007
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1996 年 6 月,伯克希尔董事长沃伦·E·巴菲特(Warren E. Buffett)向伯克希尔的 A 类股和 B 类股股东发布了一本名为《所有者手册》(An Owner’s Manual)的小册子。该手册的目的是阐释伯克希尔基本的经济运营原则。更新后的版本转载于本页及随后四页。
In June 1996, Berkshire’s Chairman, Warren E. Buffett, issued a booklet entitled “An Owner’s Manual” to Berkshire’s Class A and Class B shareholders. The purpose of the manual was to explain Berkshire’s broad economic principles of operation. An updated version is reproduced on this and the following four pages.
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与所有者相关的企业原则
在 1983 年蓝筹印花合并时,我写下了 13 条与所有者相关的企业原则,希望对刚加入的股东理解我们的管理方式有所帮助。既是“原则”,到今天它们依然全都成立并沿用至今,以下用斜体列出。
1. 尽管我们的组织形式是公司,我们的态度是合伙制。查理·芒格和我把股东视为所有者合伙人,把自己视为管理合伙人。(由于我们持股规模巨大,不论好坏,我们同时也是控股合伙人。)我们不把公司本身看作所经营资产的最终所有者,而是把公司看作一条管道,股东通过它来拥有这些资产。
查理和我希望你不要只把自己当成一张纸片的所有者——这张纸片的价格每天都在波动,一旦出现什么让你紧张的经济或政治事件,它的报价就等着你将它卖出。我们希望你换一个视角:把自己视为一家企业的部分所有者,并打算无限期地持有下去,就像你和家人合伙拥有一座农场或一栋公寓楼那样。就我们而言,我们不把伯克希尔股东看作一群面目模糊、不断更换的人,而是看作把自己的资金托付给我们、很可能会伴随他们余生的共同投资者。
事实表明,大多数伯克希尔股东确实接受了这种长期合伙的理念。伯克希尔股票每年的换手率,相对于其他美国大公司股票而言,只是一个很小的零头——即便把我个人持有的股份从计算中剔除,结果依然如此。
实际上,我们的股东对待伯克希尔股票的态度,与伯克希尔对待自己所投资公司的态度如出一辙。例如,作为可口可乐或美国运通股票的所有者,我们把伯克希尔视为这两家非凡企业中的非管理合伙人。我们衡量成功的标准,是这些公司的长期进步,而不是它们股价每月的涨跌。事实上,就算那两家公司有好几年既没有股票交易也没有报价,我们也毫不在意。只要我们对它们的长期预期良好,短期价格变化对我们便毫无意义——除非这些变化给了我们以诱人价格提升持股比例的机会。
2. 与伯克希尔以所有者为导向的理念一脉相承,我们大多数董事都将自己绝大部分的净资产投在了公司里。我们吃自己做的饭。
查理家族 90% 以上的净资产是伯克希尔股票;我的这一比例大约是 99%。此外,我的许多亲戚——例如我的姐妹和表亲——也把净资产的很大一部分放在了伯克希尔股票上。
查理和我对这种“鸡蛋放在一个篮子里”的局面完全安心,因为伯克希尔本身就拥有了一大批名副其实的非凡企业。实际上,我们相信,就所拥有的控股权或重要少数股权的业务的质量和多样性而言,伯克希尔几乎独一无二。
查理和我无法向你承诺结果,但我们可以保证:不管你选择做我们的合伙人多长时间,你的财务命运都将与我们同步。我们对高薪、期权或任何其他想取得相对你的“优势”的手段毫无兴趣。我们只想在合伙人也赚钱的时候赚钱,而且严格按照同样的比例。此外,当我干了蠢事,我希望你能从“我的财务损失也和你等比例承受”这件事里,得到些许宽慰。
- 我们的长期经济目标(有待后文提及的若干限定条件)是:最大化伯克希尔每股内在商业价值的平均年增长率。我们不以规模大小来衡量伯克希尔的经济意义或业绩表现,而是以每股的进步为尺度。我们确信,未来每股的进步速率会下降——大幅扩大的资本基础注定了这一点;但如果我们这个速率还赶不上美国大公司的平均水平,我们就会感到失望。
- 我们更希望能通过直接持有一组多元化的业务来实现目标,这些业务能产生现金,并且能持续取得高于平均水平的资本回报率。我们的次选是持有类似业务的部分权益,这主要通过我们旗下的保险公司收购可流通的普通股来实现。任一特定年份的资本配置,都取决于业务的价格与可获得性,以及对保险资本的需求情况。
*版权 © 1996 沃伦·E·巴菲特
保留所有权利
OWNER-RELATED BUSINESS PRINCIPLES At the time of the Blue Chip merger in 1983, I set down 13 owner-related business principles that I thought would help new shareholders understand our managerial approach. As is appropriate for “principles,” all 13 remain alive and well today, and they are stated here in italics. 1. Although our form is corporate, our attitude is partnership. Charlie Munger and I think of our shareholders as owner- partners, and of ourselves as managing partners. (Because of the size of our shareholdings we are also, for better or worse, controlling partners.) We do not view the company itself as the ultimate owner of our business assets but instead view the company as a conduit through which our shareholders own the assets. Charlie and I hope that you do not think of yourself as merely owning a piece of paper whose price wiggles around daily and that is a candidate for sale when some economic or political event makes you nervous. We hope you instead visualize yourself as a part owner of a business that you expect to stay with indefinitely, much as you might if you owned a farm or apartment house in partnership with members of your family. For our part, we do not view Berkshire shareholders as faceless members of an ever-shifting crowd, but rather as co-venturers who have entrusted their funds to us for what may well turn out to be the remainder of their lives. The evidence suggests that most Berkshire shareholders have indeed embraced this long-term partnership concept. The annual percentage turnover in Berkshire’s shares is a small fraction of that occurring in the stocks of other major American corporations, even when the shares I own are excluded from the calculation. In effect, our shareholders behave in respect to their Berkshire stock much as Berkshire itself behaves in respect to companies in which it has an investment. As owners of, say, Coca-Cola or American Express shares, we think of Berkshire as being a non-managing partner in two extraordinary businesses, in which we measure our success by the long-term progress of the companies rather than by the month-to-month movements of their stocks. In fact, we would not care in the least if several years went by in which there was no trading, or quotation of prices, in the stocks of those companies. If we have good long-term expectations, short-term price changes are meaningless for us except to the extent they offer us an opportunity to increase our ownership at an attractive price. 2. In line with Berkshire’s owner-orientation, most of our directors have a major portion of their net worth invested in the company. We eat our own cooking. Charlie’s family has 90% or more of its net worth in Berkshire shares; I have about 99%. In addition, many of my relatives — my sisters and cousins, for example — keep a huge portion of their net worth in Berkshire stock. Charlie and I feel totally comfortable with this eggs-in-one-basket situation because Berkshire itself owns a wide variety of truly extraordinary businesses. Indeed, we believe that Berkshire is close to being unique in the quality and diversity of the businesses in which it owns either a controlling interest or a minority interest of significance. Charlie and I cannot promise you results. But we can guarantee that your financial fortunes will move in lockstep with ours for whatever period of time you elect to be our partner. We have no interest in large salaries or options or other means of gaining an “edge” over you. We want to make money only when our partners do and in exactly the same proportion. Moreover, when I do something dumb, I want you to be able to derive some solace from the fact that my financial suffering is proportional to yours. 3. Our long-term economic goal (subject to some qualifications mentioned later) is to maximize Berkshire’s average annual rate of gain in intrinsic business value on a per-share basis. We do not measure the economic significance or performance of Berkshire by its size; we measure by per-share progress. We are certain that the rate of per-share progress will diminish in the future — a greatly enlarged capital base will see to that. But we will be disappointed if our rate does not exceed that of the average large American corporation. 4. Our preference would be to reach our goal by directly owning a diversified group of businesses that generate cash and consistently earn above-average returns on capital. Our second choice is to own parts of similar businesses, attained primarily through purchases of marketable common stocks by our insurance subsidiaries. The price and availability of businesses and the need for insurance capital determine any given year’s capital allocation. *Copyright © 1996 By Warren E. Buffett All Rights Reserved
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近年来我们进行了一系列收购。虽然会有颗粒无收的年份,但我们预计未来几十年还会进行更多收购,而且我们希望是大型收购。如果这些收购的品质能接近我们过去完成的那几笔,伯克希尔将受益匪浅。
我们面临的挑战是,在现金源源不断涌入的同时,如何同样快速地产出投资创意。在这方面,股市低迷很可能给我们带来显著优势。首先,市场低迷往往会压低整个公司的收购价格。其次,低迷的市场让我们的保险公司更容易以诱人的价格买入优质企业的一小部分股份——包括增持我们已经持有的企业股份。第三,一些同样优秀的公司,比如可口可乐,会持续回购自己的股票,这意味着它们和我们都能从更低的回购价格中受益。
总体而言,伯克希尔及其长期股东能从股市下跌中获益,就像普通消费者能从食品价格下跌中获益一样。所以当市场暴跌时——这种情况未来还会反复出现——不必恐慌,也不必哀叹。这对伯克希尔来说是好消息。
5. 由于我们采用双轨制持有企业股权,再加上传统会计方法的局限性,合并报表反映的盈利数字可能很难揭示我们真实的经济表现。查理和我作为所有者和经营者,实际上并不关注这些合并数字。但我们会向你报告我们控制的每家主要企业的盈利情况——这些数字我们认为非常重要。这些数据,连同我们提供的关于各家企业的其他信息,通常应该能帮助你做出判断。
简单来说,我们力求在年报中向你提供那些确实重要的数字和其他信息。查理和我非常关注各家企业的经营状况,同时也会努力理解每项业务所处的经营环境。例如,我们旗下的某家企业是享受着行业顺风,还是正面临逆风?查理和我必须确切了解当前处于哪种状况,并相应调整我们的预期。我们也会把我们的判断分享给你。
随着时间的推移,我们大部分企业的表现都超出了我们的预期。但有时也会遇到失望的情况,对于这些不如意之处,我们会像描述那些更令人欣喜的经历一样,坦诚地告知你。当我们使用非常规的指标来衡量进展时——比如你会在年报中读到保险“浮存金”——我们会努力解释这些概念,以及为什么我们认为它们很重要。换句话说,我们相信告诉你我们的思考方式,这样你不仅能评估伯克希尔的各项业务,也能评估我们在管理和资本配置上的方法。
6. 会计结果不会影响我们的经营或资本配置决策。当收购成本相近时,我们更愿意购买 2 美元但在标准会计原则下无法向我们报告的盈利,而不是购买 1 美元可以报告的盈利。这正是我们经常面临的选择,因为整个企业(其盈利将完全被报告)的售价往往是同等比例的小额股权(其盈利大部分无法报告)的两倍。从整体和长远来看,我们预期这些未报告的盈利将通过资本利得完全反映在我们的内在商业价值中。
随着时间的推移,我们发现,投资标的公司未分配的利润,总体上对伯克希尔的贡献,不亚于这些利润分配给我们(因而出现在我们正式报告的盈利中)。这种令人愉快的结果之所以出现,是因为我们投资的大多数企业都从事着极为出色的业务,它们往往能将增量资本非常有效地运用起来,要么投入自身业务,要么回购股票。显然,投资标的公司所做的每一项资本决策并非都让我们作为股东受益,但总体而言,它们每留存 1 美元,我们获得的价值远超过 1 美元。因此,我们将透视盈余视为如实反映我们年度经营成果的指标。
7. 我们谨慎使用债务,并且当确实需要借款时,我们力求构建长期固定利率的贷款结构。我们会拒绝诱人的机会,也不愿让资产负债表过度杠杆化。这种保守主义拖累了我们的业绩,但考虑到我们对保单持有人、贷款人以及众多将异常大比例净资产托付给我们的股东的受托责任,这是唯一能让我们安心的做法。(正如一位印第安纳波利斯 500 大赛获胜者所说:“要想第一个完赛,你得先完赛。”)
查理和我采用的财务计算方法,绝不允许我们为了多赚几个百分点的回报而牺牲一夜好眠。我从来不相信,为了追求家人和朋友所没有、也不需要的东西,去拿他们已经拥有并且需要的东西去冒险。
此外,伯克希尔拥有两种低成本、低风险的杠杆来源,这让我们能安全持有远超净资产所能支撑的资产规模:递延所得税和“浮存金”——这是我们的保险业务在支付理赔款之前预先收取的保费,从而持有的他人资金。这两种资金来源都增长迅速,目前总计约 690 亿美元。
In recent years we have made a number of acquisitions. Though there will be dry years, we expect to make many more in the decades to come, and our hope is that they will be large. If these purchases approach the quality of those we have made in the past, Berkshire will be well served. The challenge for us is to generate ideas as rapidly as we generate cash. In this respect, a depressed stock market is likely to present us with significant advantages. For one thing, it tends to reduce the prices at which entire companies become available for purchase. Second, a depressed market makes it easier for our insurance companies to buy small pieces of wonderful businesses — including additional pieces of businesses we already own — at attractive prices. And third, some of those same wonderful businesses, such as Coca-Cola, are consistent buyers of their own shares, which means that they, and we, gain from the cheaper prices at which they can buy. Overall, Berkshire and its long-term shareholders benefit from a sinking stock market much as a regular purchaser of food benefits from declining food prices. So when the market plummets — as it will from time to time — neither panic nor mourn. It’s good news for Berkshire. 5. Because of our two-pronged approach to business ownership and because of the limitations of conventional accounting, consolidated reported earnings may reveal relatively little about our true economic performance. Charlie and I, both as owners and managers, virtually ignore such consolidated numbers. However, we will also report to you the earnings of each major business we control, numbers we consider of great importance. These figures, along with other information we will supply about the individual businesses, should generally aid you in making judgments about them. To state things simply, we try to give you in the annual report the numbers and other information that really matter. Charlie and I pay a great deal of attention to how well our businesses are doing, and we also work to understand the environment in which each business is operating. For example, is one of our businesses enjoying an industry tailwind or is it facing a headwind? Charlie and I need to know exactly which situation prevails and to adjust our expectations accordingly. We will also pass along our conclusions to you. Over time, the large majority of our businesses have exceeded our expectations. But sometimes we have disappointments, and we will try to be as candid in informing you about those as we are in describing the happier experiences. When we use unconventional measures to chart our progress — for instance, you will be reading in our annual reports about insurance “float” — we will try to explain these concepts and why we regard them as important. In other words, we believe in telling you how we think so that you can evaluate not only Berkshire’s businesses but also assess our approach to management and capital allocation. 6. Accounting consequences do not influence our operating or capital-allocation decisions. When acquisition costs are similar, we much prefer to purchase $2 of earnings that is not reportable by us under standard accounting principles than to purchase $1 of earnings that is reportable. This is precisely the choice that often faces us since entire businesses (whose earnings will be fully reportable) frequently sell for double the pro-rata price of small portions (whose earnings will be largely unreportable). In aggregate and over time, we expect the unreported earnings to be fully reflected in our intrinsic business value through capital gains. We have found over time that the undistributed earnings of our investees, in aggregate, have been fully as beneficial to Berkshire as if they had been distributed to us (and therefore had been included in the earnings we officially report). This pleasant result has occurred because most of our investees are engaged in truly outstanding businesses that can often employ incremental capital to great advantage, either by putting it to work in their businesses or by repurchasing their shares. Obviously, every capital decision that our investees have made has not benefitted us as shareholders, but overall we have garnered far more than a dollar of value for each dollar they have retained. We consequently regard look-through earnings as realistically portraying our yearly gain from operations. 7. We use debt sparingly and, when we do borrow, we attempt to structure our loans on a long-term fixed-rate basis. We will reject interesting opportunities rather than over-leverage our balance sheet. This conservatism has penalized our results but it is the only behavior that leaves us comfortable, considering our fiduciary obligations to policyholders, lenders and the many equity holders who have committed unusually large portions of their net worth to our care. (As one of the Indianapolis “500” winners said: “To finish first, you must first finish.”) The financial calculus that Charlie and I employ would never permit our trading a good night’s sleep for a shot at a few extra percentage points of return. I’ve never believed in risking what my family and friends have and need in order to pursue what they don’t have and don’t need. Besides, Berkshire has access to two low-cost, non-perilous sources of leverage that allow us to safely own far more assets than our equity capital alone would permit: deferred taxes and “float,” the funds of others that our insurance business holds because it receives premiums before needing to pay out losses. Both of these funding sources have grown rapidly and now total about $69 billion.
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更妙的是,迄今为止这些资金来源常常是免费的。递延所得税负债不产生利息。而且,只要我们在保险承保业务上能够盈亏平衡,从这项业务中产生的浮存金成本就是零。当然,这两项都不是权益;它们是真实的负债。但它们是既无限制条款、也无到期日的负债。实际上,它们让我们享受了债务的好处——拥有更多资产为我们工作的能力——却无需承受债务的任何弊端。
当然,我们无法保证未来还能以零成本获取浮存金。但我们认为,实现这一目标的机会,与保险行业的任何一家公司相比都不逊色。过去我们不仅实现了这个目标(尽管你们的董事长犯过不少重大错误),而且 1996 年收购 GEICO,更极大地改善了我们在未来达成这一目标的前景。
8. 管理层的“愿望清单”不会以股东的利益为代价来满足。我们不会以忽视股东长期经济后果的控制权价格收购整个企业,来进行多元化。我们只会用你们的钱做我们用自己的钱也会做的事,充分权衡你们通过直接在股市购买证券来分散自身投资组合所能获得的价值。
查理和我只对那些我们认为能提升伯克希尔每股内在价值的收购感兴趣。我们的薪水或办公室大小,永远不会与伯克希尔的资产负债表规模挂钩。
9. 我们认为良好的意图应当定期用结果来检验。我们通过评估留存收益是否能随着时间推移,为股东每留存 1 美元就创造至少 1 美元的市场价值,来检验留存的智慧。迄今为止,这一检验已经通过。我们将继续以五年滚动周期来运用这一标准。随着我们净资产规模的增长,明智地运用留存收益正变得越来越困难。
我们仍在通过检验,但挑战日益艰巨。如果我们到了无法通过留存收益创造额外价值的地步,我们会把收益分配出去,让股东自行部署资金。
10. 只有在获得同等商业价值作为交换时,我们才会发行普通股。这一规则适用于所有形式的发行——不仅是合并或公开发行,还包括债转股、股票期权和可转换证券。我们不会以与整个企业价值不一致的方式,出售你们公司的零星股份——而发行股份正是这样一种行为。
当我们在 1996 年出售 B 类股时,我们声明伯克希尔的股票没有被低估——有些人对此感到震惊。这种反应毫无道理。该感到震惊的,应该是我们在股票被低估时还发行股份。那些在公开发行期间明说或暗示自家股票被低估的管理层,通常不是对真相有所保留,就是对他们现有股东的钱财过于小气:如果管理层故意以 80 美分的价格出售实际价值 1 美元的资产,股东就会不公平地遭受损失。我们在发行 B 类股时没有犯那种罪,将来也永远不会。(不过,我们在出售时并没有说股票被高估,尽管许多媒体声称我们说过。)
11. 你们应该充分了解查理和我共享的一种态度,这种态度损害了我们的财务表现:无论价格如何,我们对出售伯克希尔旗下任何优质企业毫无兴趣。只要预期那些平庸的企业至少能产生一些现金,只要我们对它们的经理和劳资关系感到满意,我们也非常不愿出售它们。我们希望不再重复导致我们进入这些平庸企业的资本配置错误。对于通过大量资本支出就能让糟糕的企业恢复令人满意的盈利能力的建议,我们反应极为谨慎。(预测会令人眼花缭乱,倡导者也会诚意满满,但到头来,在一个糟糕的行业进行大笔额外投资,通常与在流沙中挣扎一样得不偿失。)
尽管如此,金拉米纸牌式的管理行为(每轮都弃掉最没前途的企业)不是我们的风格。我们宁愿整体业绩稍受拖累,也不愿采取那种行为。
我们会继续避免金拉米式行为。没错,我们在 1980 年代中期关闭了纺织业务,在与它斗争了 20 年之后,但那只是因为我们认为它注定会不断产生经营亏损,永无休止。然而,我们从未考虑过出售那些能卖出极高价格的企业,也没有抛弃我们的落后者,尽管我们专注于解决导致它们落后的那些问题。
12. 我们将坦诚地向你们报告,强调对评估企业价值至关重要的正面和负面信息。我们的准则是:如果角色互换,我们想知道哪些商业事实,就告诉你们哪些。这是我们对你们最起码的交代。此外,作为一家拥有重要媒体业务的公司,如果我们在报道自己时,采用的准确、平衡和深刻的标准,低于我们期望自己的新闻人员报道他人时所应遵循的标准,那是不可原谅的。我们也相信坦诚对我们管理者自身有益:那些公开误导他人的首席执行官,最终可能在私下里也误导了自己。
在伯克希尔,你们不会看到“大洗澡”式的会计操作或重组,也不会看到对季度或年度业绩的“粉饰”。我们会始终告诉你们每打一洞用了多少杆,绝不会在记分卡上做手脚。当数字只是粗略的“猜测”时——就像在保险准备金计提中必然存在的那样——我们会努力以一贯且保守的方式来处理。
Better yet, this funding to date has often been cost-free. Deferred tax liabilities bear no interest. And as long as we can break even in our insurance underwriting the cost of the float developed from that operation is zero. Neither item, of course, is equity; these are real liabilities. But they are liabilities without covenants or due dates attached to them. In effect, they give us the benefit of debt — an ability to have more assets working for us — but saddle us with none of its drawbacks. Of course, there is no guarantee that we can obtain our float in the future at no cost. But we feel our chances of attaining that goal are as good as those of anyone in the insurance business. Not only have we reached the goal in the past (despite a number of important mistakes by your Chairman), our 1996 acquisition of GEICO, materially improved our prospects for getting there in the future. 8. A managerial “wish list” will not be filled at shareholder expense. We will not diversify by purchasing entire businesses at control prices that ignore long-term economic consequences to our shareholders. We will only do with your money what we would do with our own, weighing fully the values you can obtain by diversifying your own portfolios through direct purchases in the stock market. Charlie and I are interested only in acquisitions that we believe will raise the per-share intrinsic value of Berkshire’s stock. The size of our paychecks or our offices will never be related to the size of Berkshire’s balance sheet. 9. We feel noble intentions should be checked periodically against results. We test the wisdom of retaining earnings by assessing whether retention, over time, delivers shareholders at least $1 of market value for each $1 retained. To date, this test has been met. We will continue to apply it on a five-year rolling basis. As our net worth grows, it is more difficult to use retained earnings wisely. We continue to pass the test, but the challenges of doing so have grown more difficult. If we reach the point that we can’t create extra value by retaining earnings, we will pay them out and let our shareholders deploy the funds. 10. We will issue common stock only when we receive as much in business value as we give. This rule applies to all forms of issuance — not only mergers or public stock offerings, but stock-for-debt swaps, stock options, and convertible securities as well. We will not sell small portions of your company — and that is what the issuance of shares amounts to — on a basis inconsistent with the value of the entire enterprise. When we sold the Class B shares in 1996, we stated that Berkshire stock was not undervalued — and some people found that shocking. That reaction was not well-founded. Shock should have registered instead had we issued shares when our stock was undervalued. Managements that say or imply during a public offering that their stock is undervalued are usually being economical with the truth or uneconomical with their existing shareholders’ money: Owners unfairly lose if their managers deliberately sell assets for 80¢ that in fact are worth $1. We didn’t commit that kind of crime in our offering of Class B shares and we never will. (We did not, however, say at the time of the sale that our stock was overvalued, though many media have reported that we did.) 11. You should be fully aware of one attitude Charlie and I share that hurts our financial performance: Regardless of price, we have no interest at all in selling any good businesses that Berkshire owns. We are also very reluctant to sell sub-par businesses as long as we expect them to generate at least some cash and as long as we feel good about their managers and labor relations. We hope not to repeat the capital-allocation mistakes that led us into such sub-par businesses. And we react with great caution to suggestions that our poor businesses can be restored to satisfactory profitability by major capital expenditures. (The projections will be dazzling and the advocates sincere, but, in the end, major additional investment in a terrible industry usually is about as rewarding as struggling in quicksand.) Nevertheless, gin rummy managerial behavior (discard your least promising business at each turn) is not our style. We would rather have our overall results penalized a bit than engage in that kind of behavior. We continue to avoid gin rummy behavior. True, we closed our textile business in the mid-1980’s after 20 years of struggling with it, but only because we felt it was doomed to run never-ending operating losses. We have not, however, given thought to selling operations that would command very fancy prices nor have we dumped our laggards, though we focus hard on curing the problems that cause them to lag. 12. We will be candid in our reporting to you, emphasizing the pluses and minuses important in appraising business value. Our guideline is to tell you the business facts that we would want to know if our positions were reversed. We owe you no less. Moreover, as a company with a major communications business, it would be inexcusable for us to apply lesser standards of accuracy, balance and incisiveness when reporting on ourselves than we would expect our news people to apply when reporting on others. We also believe candor benefits us as managers: The CEO who misleads others in public may eventually mislead himself in private. At Berkshire you will find no “big bath” accounting maneuvers or restructurings nor any “smoothing” of quarterly or annual results. We will always tell you how many strokes we have taken on each hole and never play around with the scorecard. When the numbers are a very rough “guesstimate,” as they necessarily must be in insurance reserving, we will try to be both consistent and conservative in our approach.
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我们会通过多种方式与各位沟通。在年报中,我会尽力把有助于定义价值的信息,在合理的篇幅内传达给所有股东。我们还会在互联网上发布季度报告,虽然那些报告不是我写的(一年唠叨一次就够了),但也会在其中提供大量浓缩且重要的信息。另一个重要的沟通场合是我们的股东大会,会上我和查理很乐意花五个多小时回答关于伯克希尔的问题。但有一种沟通方式我们做不到:一对一交流。鉴于伯克希尔有成千上万的股东,这不可行。在所有的沟通中,我们都努力确保没有哪位股东能获得特殊优势:我们不遵循惯例,向分析师或大股东提供盈利“指引”或其他有价值的信息。我们的目标是让所有股东同时获得最新信息。
13. 尽管我们奉行坦诚政策,但关于我们在有价证券上的活动,我们只会在法律要求的范围内进行讨论。好的投资想法非常稀缺、价值极高,并且同好的产品或企业收购想法一样,容易受到竞争对手的模仿。因此,我们通常不会谈论自己的投资想法。这条禁令甚至延伸到我们已经卖出的证券(因为我们可能再次买入),以及市场上错误传闻我们正在买入的股票。如果我们否认那些传言,但其他时候却表示“无可奉告”,那么“无可奉告”就会变成确认。
尽管我们仍然不愿谈论具体股票,但我们乐于讨论自己的商业和投资理念。我从本·格雷厄姆(金融史上最伟大的老师)的慷慨分享中获益匪浅,我认为把自己从他那里学到的东西传递下去是合适的,即便这会为伯克希尔造就新的、能干的投资竞争对手——正如本当年的教导为他造就了对手一样。
两条附加原则
- 在尽可能的范围内,我们希望每位伯克希尔股东在其持股期间,其市值上的盈亏,与公司在该持股期内每股内在价值的盈亏成比例。要实现这一点,伯克希尔股价与内在价值之间的关系需要保持恒定,按我们的偏好是 1 比 1。这意味着,我们更希望看到伯克希尔的股价处于合理水平,而不是高水平。显然,我和查理无法控制伯克希尔的股价。但通过我们的政策和沟通,我们可以鼓励股东做出明智、理性的行为,这反过来又会促使股价也趋于理性。这种“高估和低估一样糟糕”的做法可能会让一些股东失望。然而,我们相信,这能为伯克希尔带来最好的前景,吸引那些寻求从公司发展而非从合伙人投资失误中获利的长期投资者。
- 我们会定期将伯克希尔每股账面价值的增长与标普 500 指数的表现进行比较。长期来看,我们希望超越这个标杆。否则,我们的投资者为什么需要我们?然而,这种衡量方法存在某些缺陷,下一节会描述。此外,它在逐年比较上的意义,现在已不如从前。这是因为,我们持有的股票投资组合的价值(其走势往往与标普 500 同步),占我们净值的比例远低于早年。另外,在计算标普 500 指数时,指数成分股的全部收益都被计入;而伯克希尔持有的股票收益,由于我们需缴纳联邦税,只有 65% 被计入。因此,我们预计在股市表现平淡的年份会跑赢标普 500,而在市场强劲的年份会跑输。
内在价值
现在,让我们聚焦一个我之前提到过、并且你会在未来年报中遇到的术语。
内在价值是一个至关重要的概念,它为评估投资和企业的相对吸引力提供了唯一合乎逻辑的方法。内在价值可以简单定义如下:它是一家企业在其余下寿命中可以提取的现金的折现值。
不过,计算内在价值并不那么简单。正如我们的定义所示,内在价值是一个估计值,而非精确数字,而且如果利率变动或对未来现金流的预测被修正,这个估计值也必须随之改变。此外,即使两个人面对相同的事实——这甚至适用于我和查理——也几乎必然会得出至少略有差异的内在价值数字。这是我们从不提供内在价值估计值的原因之一。然而,我们的年报确实提供了我们自己用来计算这一价值的所有事实。
与此同时,我们定期报告每股账面价值,这是一个容易计算的数字,尽管用途有限。其局限性并非源于我们持有的有价证券,因为这些证券在我们的账面上是按当前市价计价的。账面价值的不足之处主要在于我们控股的公司,这些公司在账面上列示的价值可能与它们的内在价值相去甚远。
这种差异可能出现在两个方向。例如,1964 年我们可以确定地说,伯克希尔的每股账面价值是 19.46 美元。然而,这个数字大大高估了公司的内在价值,因为公司所有的资源都困在了一个利润微薄的纺织业务里。我们的纺织资产,无论是作为持续经营企业还是清算价值,都与其账面价值不符。然而今天,伯克希尔的情况正好相反:现在,我们的账面价值远低于伯克希尔的内在价值,这一点成立,是因为我们控股的许多企业,其价值远高于它们的账面价值。
We will be communicating with you in several ways. Through the annual report, I try to give all shareholders as much value-defining information as can be conveyed in a document kept to reasonable length. We also try to convey a liberal quantity of condensed but important information in the quarterly reports we post on the internet, though I don’t write those (one recital a year is enough). Still another important occasion for communication is our Annual Meeting, at which Charlie and I are delighted to spend five hours or more answering questions about Berkshire. But there is one way we can’t communicate: on a one-on-one basis. That isn’t feasible given Berkshire’s many thousands of owners. In all of our communications, we try to make sure that no single shareholder gets an edge: We do not follow the usual practice of giving earnings “guidance” or other information of value to analysts or large shareholders. Our goal is to have all of our owners updated at the same time. 13. Despite our policy of candor, we will discuss our activities in marketable securities only to the extent legally required. Good investment ideas are rare, valuable and subject to competitive appropriation just as good product or business acquisition ideas are. Therefore we normally will not talk about our investment ideas. This ban extends even to securities we have sold (because we may purchase them again) and to stocks we are incorrectly rumored to be buying. If we deny those reports but say “no comment” on other occasions, the no-comments become confirmation. Though we continue to be unwilling to talk about specific stocks, we freely discuss our business and investment philosophy. I benefitted enormously from the intellectual generosity of Ben Graham, the greatest teacher in the history of finance, and I believe it appropriate to pass along what I learned from him, even if that creates new and able investment competitors for Berkshire just as Ben’s teachings did for him. TWO ADDED PRINCIPLES 14. To the extent possible, we would like each Berkshire shareholder to record a gain or loss in market value during his period of ownership that is proportional to the gain or loss in per-share intrinsic value recorded by the company during that holding period. For this to come about, the relationship between the intrinsic value and the market price of a Berkshire share would need to remain constant, and by our preferences at 1-to-1. As that implies, we would rather see Berkshire’s stock price at a fair level than a high level. Obviously, Charlie and I can’t control Berkshire’s price. But by our policies and communications, we can encourage informed, rational behavior by owners that, in turn, will tend to produce a stock price that is also rational. Our it’s-as-bad-to-be-overvalued-as-to-be-undervalued approach may disappoint some shareholders. We believe, however, that it affords Berkshire the best prospect of attracting long-term investors who seek to profit from the progress of the company rather than from the investment mistakes of their partners. 15. We regularly compare the gain in Berkshire’s per-share book value to the performance of the S&P 500. Over time, we hope to outpace this yardstick. Otherwise, why do our investors need us? The measurement, however, has certain shortcomings that are described in the next section. Moreover, it now is less meaningful on a year-to-year basis than was formerly the case. That is because our equity holdings, whose value tends to move with the S&P 500, are a far smaller portion of our net worth than they were in earlier years. Additionally, gains in the S&P stocks are counted in full in calculating that index, whereas gains in Berkshire’s equity holdings are counted at 65% because of the federal tax we incur. We, therefore, expect to outperform the S&P in lackluster years for the stock market and underperform when the market has a strong year. INTRINSIC VALUE Now let’s focus on a term that I mentioned earlier and that you will encounter in future annual reports. Intrinsic value is an all-important concept that offers the only logical approach to evaluating the relative attractiveness of investments and businesses. Intrinsic value can be defined simply: It is the discounted value of the cash that can be taken out of a business during its remaining life. The calculation of intrinsic value, though, is not so simple. As our definition suggests, intrinsic value is an estimate rather than a precise figure, and it is additionally an estimate that must be changed if interest rates move or forecasts of future cash flows are revised. Two people looking at the same set of facts, moreover — and this would apply even to Charlie and me — will almost inevitably come up with at least slightly different intrinsic value figures. That is one reason we never give you our estimates of intrinsic value. What our annual reports do supply, though, are the facts that we ourselves use to calculate this value. Meanwhile, we regularly report our per-share book value, an easily calculable number, though one of limited use. The limitations do not arise from our holdings of marketable securities, which are carried on our books at their current prices. Rather the inadequacies of book value have to do with the companies we control, whose values as stated on our books may be far different from their intrinsic values. The disparity can go in either direction. For example, in 1964 we could state with certitude that Berkshire’s per-share book value was $19.46. However, that figure considerably overstated the company’s intrinsic value, since all of the company’s resources were tied up in a sub-profitable textile business. Our textile assets had neither going-concern nor liquidation values equal to their carrying values. Today, however, Berkshire’s situation is reversed: Now, our book value far understates Berkshire’s intrinsic value, a point true because many of the businesses we control are worth much more than their carrying value.
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尽管账面数字不足以讲述整个故事,但我们仍向各位提供伯克希尔的账面价值数据,因为这些数据如今可作为一个粗略——尽管显著低估——的指标,来追踪伯克希尔的内在价值。换句话说,在任何给定年份,账面价值的百分比变动很可能与该年度内在价值的变动相当接近。
各位可以通过审视一种投资形式——大学教育——来深入了解账面价值与内在价值之间的差异。把教育的成本视为它的“账面价值”。若要这个成本准确,它应当包含学生因选择上大学而非工作所放弃的收入。
在这个练习中,我们将忽略教育带来的重要非经济收益,只严格聚焦于其经济价值。首先,我们必须估算这位毕业生一生所能获得的收入,然后从这个数字中减去他若没有接受教育时本可获得的收入估算值。这便得出一笔超额收益数字,接着必须以合适的利率将其折现到毕业那天。得到的美元金额就等于这份教育的内在经济价值。
有些毕业生会发现,他们教育的账面价值超过了其内在价值,这意味着为教育付钱的人没有物有所值。在其他情况下,教育的内在价值会远高于其账面价值,这一结果证明资本得到了明智的配置。在所有情况下,有一点是明确的:账面价值作为内在价值的指标是毫无意义的。
伯克希尔的管理
我想,以讨论伯克希尔的管理——无论是当下还是未来——来做总结是合适的。正如我们的第一条所有者相关原则告诉各位的那样,查理和我是伯克希尔的管理合伙人。但我们将这项业务中所有繁重工作都分包给了我们子公司的经理们。事实上,我们几乎放权到了放手不管的地步:尽管伯克希尔约有 217,000 名员工,但其中只有 19 人在总部。
查理和我主要专注于资本配置以及对我们关键经理人的关照和激励。这些经理人中的大多数,在不受打扰地经营自己业务时最开心,而这通常也正是我们对待他们的方式。这使得他们负责所有经营决策,并将产生的多余现金上缴总部。通过把钱送到我们这里,他们就不会因要负责配置自己业务所产生的现金,而受到各种可能出现的诱惑的干扰。此外,查理和我接触到的投资这些资金的可能性,比任何一位经理人在其自身行业中所能发现的要广泛得多。
我们的大多数经理人都已财务独立,因此就需要我们营造一种氛围,鼓励他们选择与伯克希尔共事而非去打高尔夫或钓鱼。这就要求我们公平对待他们,并且以我们之间角色互换时自己所希望被对待的那种方式来行事。
至于资本配置,这是查理和我都喜欢的一项活动,并且我们从中已积累了一些有用的经验。一般来说,在这个竞技场上,头发花白不会成为劣势:调动资金不需要良好的手眼协调能力或强健的肌肉(谢天谢地)。只要我们的头脑还能有效运转,查理和我就能像过去一样继续做好我们的工作。
我去世后,伯克希尔的持股结构会发生变化,但不会造成破坏性影响:我的任何股票都不必出售来筹集我已承诺的现金遗赠或支付税款。我的其他资产将足以满足这些需求。所有伯克希尔股票都将留给各基金会,这些基金会很可能在差不多十二年的时间里,大致分等额的批次收到这些股票。
我去世后,巴菲特家族不会参与公司管理,但作为非常重要的股东,他们将帮助遴选和监督实际负责管理的经理人。当然,具体是哪些经理人取决于我过世的时间。但我可以预见管理结构将会是怎样的:本质上,我的工作将分为两部分,一位高管负责投资,另一位担任首席执行官,负责运营。如果涉及收购新业务的可能,两人将合作做出所需决策,当然,这须经董事会批准。我们将继续拥有一个极具股东意识的董事会,其利益与各位的利益牢固地保持一致。
如果我们需要立即启用我刚才描述的管理结构,我们的董事知道我会推荐担任这两个职位的人选。所有候选人目前都在伯克希尔工作,并且都是我完全信任的人。
我会继续向董事们通报继任问题。由于伯克希尔股票将构成我几乎全部遗产,并且在我去世后相当长一段时间内,也会构成各基金会资产的类似比例部分,各位可以放心,董事们和我已经仔细思考过继任问题,并且我们已有周全准备。各位同样可以放心,我们至今用于经营伯克希尔的原则将继续指引继任我的经理人,并且我们那异常强大且定义清晰的文化将保持不变。
为了避免让大家带着阴郁的心情结束,我还想向各位保证,我的感觉从未如此好过。我热爱经营伯克希尔,如果享受生活能促进长寿,那么玛土撒拉(Methuselah)的纪录就危险了。
Inadequate though they are in telling the story, we give you Berkshire’s book-value figures because they today serve as a rough, albeit significantly understated, tracking measure for Berkshire’s intrinsic value. In other words, the percentage change in book value in any given year is likely to be reasonably close to that year’s change in intrinsic value. You can gain some insight into the differences between book value and intrinsic value by looking at one form of investment, a college education. Think of the education’s cost as its “book value.” If this cost is to be accurate, it should include the earnings that were foregone by the student because he chose college rather than a job. For this exercise, we will ignore the important non-economic benefits of an education and focus strictly on its economic value. First, we must estimate the earnings that the graduate will receive over his lifetime and subtract from that figure an estimate of what he would have earned had he lacked his education. That gives us an excess earnings figure, which must then be discounted, at an appropriate interest rate, back to graduation day. The dollar result equals the intrinsic economic value of the education. Some graduates will find that the book value of their education exceeds its intrinsic value, which means that whoever paid for the education didn’t get his money’s worth. In other cases, the intrinsic value of an education will far exceed its book value, a result that proves capital was wisely deployed. In all cases, what is clear is that book value is meaningless as an indicator of intrinsic value. THE MANAGING OF BERKSHIRE I think it’s appropriate that I conclude with a discussion of Berkshire’s management, today and in the future. As our first owner- related principle tells you, Charlie and I are the managing partners of Berkshire. But we subcontract all of the heavy lifting in this business to the managers of our subsidiaries. In fact, we delegate almost to the point of abdication: Though Berkshire has about 217,000 employees, only 19 of these are at headquarters. Charlie and I mainly attend to capital allocation and the care and feeding of our key managers. Most of these managers are happiest when they are left alone to run their businesses, and that is customarily just how we leave them. That puts them in charge of all operating decisions and of dispatching the excess cash they generate to headquarters. By sending it to us, they don’t get diverted by the various enticements that would come their way were they responsible for deploying the cash their businesses throw off. Furthermore, Charlie and I are exposed to a much wider range of possibilities for investing these funds than any of our managers could find in his or her own industry. Most of our managers are independently wealthy, and it’s therefore up to us to create a climate that encourages them to choose working with Berkshire over golfing or fishing. This leaves us needing to treat them fairly and in the manner that we would wish to be treated if our positions were reversed. As for the allocation of capital, that’s an activity both Charlie and I enjoy and in which we have acquired some useful experience. In a general sense, grey hair doesn’t hurt on this playing field: You don’t need good hand-eye coordination or well-toned muscles to push money around (thank heavens). As long as our minds continue to function effectively, Charlie and I can keep on doing our jobs pretty much as we have in the past. On my death, Berkshire’s ownership picture will change but not in a disruptive way: None of my stock will have to be sold to take care of the cash bequests I have made or for taxes. Other assets of mine will take care of these requirements. All Berkshire shares will be left to foundations that will likely receive the stock in roughly equal installments over a dozen or so years. At my death, the Buffett family will not be involved in managing the business but, as very substantial shareholders, will help in picking and overseeing the managers who do. Just who those managers will be, of course, depends on the date of my death. But I can anticipate what the management structure will be: Essentially my job will be split into two parts, with one executive becoming responsible for investments and another, who will be CEO, for operations. If the acquisition of new businesses is in prospect, the two will cooperate in making the decisions needed, subject, of course, to board approval. We will continue to have an extraordinarily shareholder-minded board, one whose interests are solidly aligned with yours. Were we to need the management structure I have just described on an immediate basis, our directors know who I would recommend for both posts. All candidates currently work for Berkshire and are people in whom I have total confidence. I will continue to keep the directors posted on the succession issue. Since Berkshire stock will make up virtually my entire estate and will account for a similar portion of the assets of various foundations for a considerable period after my death, you can be sure that the directors and I have thought through the succession question carefully and that we are well prepared. You can be equally sure that the principles we have employed to date in running Berkshire will continue to guide the managers who succeed me and that our unusually strong and well-defined culture will remain intact. Lest we end on a morbid note, I also want to assure you that I have never felt better. I love running Berkshire, and if enjoying life promotes longevity, Methuselah’s record is in jeopardy.
沃伦·E·巴菲特
董事会主席
Warren E. Buffett Chairman
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伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
普通股
基本信息
伯克希尔拥有两类普通股,分别指定为 A 类普通股和 B 类普通股。每一股 A 类普通股均可按持有人的选择转换为 30 股 B 类普通股。B 类普通股不可转换为 A 类普通股。
股票过户代理人
富国银行(Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.),地址:P. O. Box 64854, St. Paul, MN 55164-0854,担任公司普通股的过户代理人与登记机构。信件可寄至上述地址的富国银行,或访问 wellsfargo.com/shareownerservices。电话咨询可于美国中部时间上午 7:00 至下午 7:00 致电股东关系部,电话:1-877-602-7411。要求重新发放或转让的股票凭证,应寄至上述地址的过户部门。
希望将 A 类普通股转换为 B 类普通股的登记股东,可与富国银行书面联系。股东应将相关股票凭证,连同注明拟转换股数及 B 类股票登记方式的明确书面指示,一并提交给富国银行。我们建议您在寄送股票凭证和书面指示时使用认证邮件或挂号邮件。
如果 A 类股票是以“街名”持有的,希望转换其全部或部分持股的股东应联系其经纪商或银行代名人。转换请求必须由该代名人提出。
股东信息
截至 2007 年 2 月 15 日,伯克希尔 A 类普通股约有 5,100 名登记持有人,B 类普通股约有 14,000 名登记持有人。登记持有人包括代名人,他们代表受益所有人(而非登记所有人)持有至少 500,000 股 A 类普通股和 12,500,000 股 B 类普通股。
普通股价格区间
伯克希尔的 A 类和 B 类普通股在纽约证券交易所上市交易,交易代码分别为 BRK.A 和 BRK.B。下表列出了所述期间内,根据纽约证券交易所综合报价系统报告的每股最高和最低交易价格:
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC. COMMON STOCK General Berkshire has two classes of common stock designated Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock. Each share of Class A Common Stock is convertible, at the option of the holder, into 30 shares of Class B Common Stock. Shares of Class B Common Stock are not convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock. Stock Transfer Agent Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., P. O. Box 64854, St. Paul, MN 55164-0854 serves as Transfer Agent and Registrar for the Company’s common stock. Correspondence may be directed to Wells Fargo at the address indicated or at wellsfargo.com/shareownerservices. Telephone inquiries should be directed to the Shareowner Relations Department at 1-877-602- 7411 between 7:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. Central Time. Certificates for re-issue or transfer should be directed to the Transfer Department at the address indicated. Shareholders of record wishing to convert Class A Common Stock into Class B Common Stock may contact Wells Fargo in writing. Along with the underlying stock certificate, shareholders should provide Wells Fargo with specific written instructions regarding the number of shares to be converted and the manner in which the Class B shares are to be registered. We recommend that you use certified or registered mail when delivering the stock certificates and written instructions. If Class A shares are held in “street name,” shareholders wishing to convert all or a portion of their holding should contact their broker or bank nominee. It will be necessary for the nominee to make the request for conversion. Shareholders Berkshire had approximately 5,100 record holders of its Class A Common Stock and 14,000 record holders of its Class B Common Stock at February 15, 2007. Record owners included nominees holding at least 500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock and 12,500,000 shares of Class B Common Stock on behalf of beneficial-but-not-of-record owners. Price Range of Common Stock Berkshire’s Class A and Class B Common Stock are listed for trading on the New York Stock Exchange, trading symbol: BRK.A and BRK.B. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices per share, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange Composite List during the periods indicated:
2006 2005
A 类股 B 类股 A 类股 B 类股
最高 最低 最高 最低 最高 最低 最高 最低
第一季度 $90,600 $86,200 $3,013 $2,860 $92,000 $84,500 $3,067 $2,805
第二季度 93,100 85,400 3,099 2,839 88,900 82,000 2,948 2,733
第三季度 97,100 89,400 3,238 2,978 85,450 78,800 2,848 2,612
第四季度 114,500 95,200 3,825 3,165 91,200 82,100 3,032 2,728
2006 2005 Class A Class B Class A Class B High Low High Low High Low High Low First Quarter $90,600 $86,200 $3,013 $2,860 $92,000 $84,500 $3,067 $2,805 Second Quarter 93,100 85,400 3,099 2,839 88,900 82,000 2,948 2,733 Third Quarter 97,100 89,400 3,238 2,978 85,450 78,800 2,848 2,612 Fourth Quarter 114,500 95,200 3,825 3,165 91,200 82,100 3,032 2,728
股息
自 1967 年以来,伯克希尔从未宣告过现金股息。
股价表现图
下图比较了 2001 年 12 月 31 日投资 100 美元于伯克希尔普通股,与同等金额投资于标普 500 指数和标普财产-意外险指数的后续价值。**
五年累计回报对比*
Dividends Berkshire has not declared a cash dividend since 1967. Stock Performance Graph The following chart compares the subsequent value of $100 invested in Berkshire common stock on December 31, 2001 with a similar investment in the Standard and Poor’s 500 Stock Index and in the Standard and Poor’s Property - Casualty Insurance Index.** Comparison of Five Year Cumulative Return*
- 标普各指数的累计回报基于股息再投资计算。
** 很难构建一个与伯克希尔类似的可比公司群。这家公司旗下拥有从事多种不同业务的子公司,其中最重要的是财产与意外险业务,因此管理层使用标普财产-意外险指数进行对比。
- Cumulative return for the Standard and Poor’s indices based on reinvestment of dividends.
** It would be difficult to develop a peer group of companies similar to Berkshire. The Corporation owns subsidiaries engaged in a number of diverse business activities of which the most important is the property and casualty insurance business and, accordingly, management has used the Standard and Poor’s Property - Casualty Insurance Index for comparative purposes.
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伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
经营公司
| 公司 | 员工数 | 公司 | 员工数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acme 建材 | 2,892 | Justin 品牌 | 974 |
| Adalet (1) | 179 | 堪萨斯银行担保公司 | 18 |
| Altaquip (1) | 338 | Kern River 天然气管道公司 (2) | 160 |
| 应用承保公司 | 421 | Kingston (1) | 226 |
| Ben Bridge 珠宝 | 761 | Kirby (1) | 708 |
| Benjamin Moore | 2,860 | Larson-Juhl | 1,817 |
| 伯克希尔·哈撒韦本土保险公司 | 668 | McLane 公司 | 15,880 |
| 伯克希尔·哈撒韦再保险部 | 27 | 医疗保护公司 | 373 |
| Borsheim’s 珠宝 | 209 | Meriam 仪器 (1) | 67 |
| 《布法罗新闻》 | 877 | 中美能源公司 (2) | 3,131 |
| 商业资讯社 | 492 | 中美能源控股公司 (2) | 738 |
| CalEnergy (2) | 430 | MiTek 公司 | 1,736 |
| Campbell Hausfeld (1) | 683 | 国民赔偿公司 | 836 |
| 科罗拉多无忧公司 (1) | 255 | 内布拉斯加家具城 | 2,408 |
| 中央州立担保公司 | 336 | NetJets | 6,542 |
| Clayton 住宅公司 | 14,787 | 北方天然气 (2) | 935 |
| 克利夫兰木制品 (1) | 82 | 北方和约克电力 (2) | 2,409 |
| CORT 商业服务 | 2,448 | Northland (1) | 146 |
| CTB 国际 | 1,231 | PacifiCorp (2) | 3,162 |
| 冰雪皇后 | 2,336 | 太平洋电力 (2) | 1,152 |
| Douglas/Quikut (1) | 74 | The Pampered Chef | 825 |
| Fechheimer 兄弟 | 930 | 精密钢铁仓库 | 202 |
| 飞安国际 | 4,004 | 落基山电力 (2) | 2,141 |
| Forest River 公司 | 5,177 | Russell 公司 | 14,105 |
| France (1) | 153 | 其他斯科特-费泽公司 (1) | 123 |
| Fruit of the Loom | 24,026 | 喜诗糖果 | 3,000 |
| Garan | 3,895 | Shaw 工业 | 31,469 |
| GEICO | 20,098 | Stahl (1) | 375 |
| 通用再保险公司 | 2,815 | Star 家具 | 727 |
| H. H. Brown 鞋业集团 | 1,234 | 联合消费金融公司 (1) | 239 |
| Halex (1) | 113 | 美国责任保险集团 | 445 |
| Helzberg 钻石店 | 2,139 | Wayne 水系统 (1) | 153 |
| 美国家庭服务 (2) | 3,554 | 西科金融公司 | 13 |
| Iscar | 6,518 | 西部企业 (1) | 393 |
| Johns Manville | 7,885 | R. C. Willey 家居 | 2,950 |
| Jordan’s 家具 | 1,186 | World Book (1) | 197 |
| XTRA | 643 | ||
| 经营公司总计 | 217,531 | ||
| 公司总部 | 19 | ||
| 217,550 |
(1) 斯科特-费泽旗下公司
(2) 中美能源控股公司旗下公司
OPERATING COMPANIES Company Employees Company Employees Acme Building Brands 2,892 Justin Brands 974 Adalet (1) 179 Kansas Bankers Surety Company 18 Altaquip (1) 338 Kern River Gas Transmission Company (2) 160 Applied Underwriters, Inc. 421 Kingston (1) 226 Ben Bridge Jeweler 761 Kirby (1) 708 Benjamin Moore 2,860 Larson-Juhl 1,817 Berkshire Hathaway Homestate Companies 668 McLane Company 15,880 Berkshire Hathaway Reinsurance Division 27 Medical Protective Corporation 373 Borsheim’s Jewelry 209 Meriam Instrument (1) 67 The Buffalo News 877 MidAmerican Energy Company (2) 3,131 Business Wire 492 MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company (2) 738 CalEnergy (2) 430 MiTek Inc. 1,736 Campbell Hausfeld (1) 683 National Indemnity Companies 836 Carefree of Colorado (1) 255 Nebraska Furniture Mart 2,408 Central States Indemnity Co. 336 NetJets 6,542 Clayton Homes, Inc. 14,787 Northern Natural Gas (2) 935 Cleveland Wood Products (1) 82 Northern and Yorkshire Electric (2) 2,409 CORT Business Services 2,448 Northland (1) 146 CTB International 1,231 PacifiCorp (2) 3,162 Dairy Queen 2,336 Pacific Power (2) 1,152 Douglas/Quikut (1) 74 The Pampered Chef 825 Fechheimer Brothers 930 Precision Steel Warehouse 202 FlightSafety International 4,004 Rocky Mountain Power (2) 2,141 Forest River, Inc. 5,177 Russell Corporation 14,105 France (1) 153 Other Scott Fetzer Companies (1) 123 Fruit of the Loom 24,026 See’s Candies 3,000 Garan 3,895 Shaw Industries 31,469 GEICO 20,098 Stahl (1) 375 General Re Corporation 2,815 Star Furniture 727 H. H. Brown Shoe Group 1,234 United Consumer Finance Company (1) 239 Halex (1) 113 United States Liability Insurance Group 445 Helzberg’s Diamond Shops 2,139 Wayne Water Systems (1) 153 HomeServices of America (2) 3,554 Wesco Financial Corp. 13 Iscar 6,518 Western Enterprises (1) 393 Johns Manville 7,885 R. C. Willey Home Furnishings 2,950 Jordan’s Furniture 1,186 World Book (1) 197 XTRA 643 Operating Companies total 217,531 Corporate Office 19 217,550 (1) A Scott Fetzer Company (2) A MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company
纽约证券交易所公司治理事宜
NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MATTERS
作为一家在纽约证券交易所(NYSE)上市的公司,伯克希尔需要遵守纽交所和/或美国证券交易委员会(SEC)在公司治理方面的各项标准。其中一项要求是,按照纽交所《上市公司手册》第 303A.12(a) 条的规定,伯克希尔的首席执行官必须每年向纽交所书面证明,截至证明提交之日,他是否知晓公司存在任何违反纽交所公司治理上市标准的行为。2006 年 5 月 15 日,伯克希尔首席执行官沃伦·E·巴菲特向纽交所提交了这样一份证明,声明他未发现伯克希尔有任何违反纽交所公司治理上市标准的行为。
2006 年 3 月 15 日,伯克希尔向 SEC 提交了 2005 年度 10-K 报告;2007 年 3 月 1 日,伯克希尔向 SEC 提交了 2006 年度 10-K 报告。这两份 10-K 报告均以附件 31.1 和 31.2 的形式,包含了《萨班斯-奥克斯利法案》第 302 条所要求的首席执行官和首席财务官的认证声明。
As a listed Company with the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), Berkshire is subject to certain Corporate Governance standards as required by the NYSE and/or the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Among other requirements, Berkshire’s CEO, as required by Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE Listing Company Manual, must certify to the NYSE each year whether or not he is aware of any violations by the Company of NYSE Corporate Governance listing standards as of the date of the certification. On May 15, 2006, Berkshire’s CEO Warren E. Buffett, submitted such a certification to the NYSE which stated that he was not aware of any violation by Berkshire of the NYSE Corporate Governance listing standards. On March 15, 2006, Berkshire filed its 2005 Form 10-K with the SEC and on March 1, 2007, Berkshire filed its 2006 Form 10-K with the SEC. The Form 10-K’s included as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 the required CEO and CFO Sarbanes-Oxley Act Section 302 certifications.
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伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司
BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY INC.
董事 高管
沃伦·E·巴菲特, 沃伦·E·巴菲特,董事会主席兼首席执行官
伯克希尔董事会主席兼首席执行官
查理·T·芒格, 查理·T·芒格,副董事长
伯克希尔副董事长 马克·D·汉堡,副总裁兼财务主管
霍华德·G·巴菲特, 丹尼尔·J·贾克西奇,财务总监
巴菲特农场与 BioImages(一家摄影与出版
公司)总裁 福雷斯特·N·克鲁特,秘书
DIRECTORS OFFICERS WARREN E. BUFFETT, WARREN E. BUFFETT, Chairman and CEO Chairman and CEO of Berkshire CHARLES T. MUNGER, Vice Chairman CHARLES T. MUNGER, Vice Chairman of Berkshire MARC D. HAMBURG, Vice President, Treasurer HOWARD G. BUFFETT, DANIEL J. JAKSICH, Controller President of Buffett Farms and BioImages, a photography and publishing company. FORREST N. KRUTTER, Secretary
马尔科姆·G·蔡斯,
BankRI 董事会主席,BankRI 是一家位于罗德岛州的社区银行。
威廉·H·盖茨三世,
微软公司董事会主席,微软是一家软件公司。
大卫·S·戈特斯曼,
第一曼哈顿公司高级董事总经理,第一曼哈顿是一家投资咨询公司。
夏洛特·古曼,
UW Medicine 董事会财务委员会主席,UW Medicine 是一家学术医学中心。
丽贝卡·K·阿米克,
唐纳德·R·基奥, 内部审计总监
艾伦公司董事会主席,艾伦公司是一家投资银行。 马克·D·米拉德,
金融资产总监
托马斯·S·墨菲,
大都会/美国广播公司前董事会主席 乔·艾伦·里克,
兼首席执行官。 税务总监
罗纳德·L·奥尔森,
芒格、托尔斯与奥尔森律师事务所合伙人。
沃尔特·斯科特 Jr.,
Level 3 通信公司董事会主席,该公司是彼得·基威特之子公司部分业务的后续实体,从事电信和计算机外包业务。
MALCOLM G. CHACE, Chairman of the Board of Directors of BankRI, a community bank located in the State of Rhode Island. WILLIAM H. GATES III, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Microsoft Corp, a software company. DAVID S. GOTTESMAN, Senior Managing Director of First Manhattan Company, an investment advisory firm. CHARLOTTE GUYMAN, Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors of UW Medicine, an academic medical center. REBECCA K. AMICK, DONALD R. KEOUGH, Director of Internal Auditing Chairman of Allen and Company Incorporated, an investment banking firm. MARK D. MILLARD, Director of Financial Assets THOMAS S. MURPHY, Former Chairman of the Board and CEO of Capital JO ELLEN RIECK, Cities/ABC. Director of Taxes RONALD L. OLSON, Partner of the law firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP. WALTER SCOTT, JR., Chairman of Level 3 Communications, a successor to certain businesses of Peter Kiewit Sons’ Inc. which is engaged in telecommunications and computer outsourcing.
有关伯克希尔的公司年报信件(1977 年至 2006 年)、季度报告、新闻稿及其他信息,可访问互联网 berkshirehathaway.com 获取。伯克希尔 2007 年季度报告计划于 5 月 4 日、8 月 3 日和 11 月 2 日在互联网上发布。伯克希尔 2007 年年报计划于 2008 年 2 月 29 日在互联网上发布。
Letters from Annual Reports (1977 through 2006), quarterly reports, press releases and other information about Berkshire may be obtained on the Internet at berkshirehathaway.com. Berkshire’s 2007 quarterly reports are scheduled to be posted on the Internet on May 4, August 3 and November 2. Berkshire’s 2007 Annual Report is scheduled to be posted on the Internet on February 29, 2008.