Wesco金融董事长致股东信,1994财年(查理·芒格)

1994 · 书信 · 原文约 4809 词
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西科金融公司

致股东的信

致各位股东:

1994 日历年度,合并“正常”净经营利润(即下表中不包括非常规项目的部分)增至 2465.9 万美元(每股 3.46 美元),而上一年的这一数字为 2038.2 万美元(每股 2.87 美元)。合并净利润(即包括下表中非常规项目的部分)则从上一年的 1971.8 万美元(每股 2.77 美元)降至 1897.2 万美元(每股 2.66 美元)。

1994 年,西科公司拥有两大主要子公司:西科金融保险公司(简称“西科金融”),总部设在奥马哈,主要业务是再保险,并在 1994 年 1 月 1 日与互助储蓄公司完成法定合并后,涉足间接房地产贷款业务;以及精密钢铁公司,总部设在芝加哥,主要从事钢材仓储和特种金属产品业务。

过去两年的合并净利润明细如下(单位:千美元,每股数据除外):

截至 1994 年 12 月 31 日截至 1993 年 12 月 31 日
西科西科
金额每股金额每股
“正常”净经营利润:
西科金融业务$21,582$3.03$12,434$1.75
精密钢铁业务2,900.402,189.31
其他所有“正常”净经营利润(2)
互助储蓄业务2,458.3517Z.03
其他3,301.463,301.46
小计24,6593.4620,3822.87
有价证券出售收益163.021,156.16
美国航空优先股价值下跌(5,850) (3)(.82)--
异常所得税费用--(1,109) (4)(.16)
出售互助储蓄存款及部分贷款的收益--906.13
出售新美洲电气公司 80% 权益的损失(1,617)(.23)
西科合并净利润$18,972$2.66$19,718$2.77

(1) 所有数字均为税后净额。

(3) 对美国航空集团公司优先股投资的账面价值减记,详见“可转换优先股”部分。

(4) 主要包含因税率变动对投资未实现增值的递延税款产生的影响。

1

WESCO FINANCIAL CORPORATION LETTER TO SHAREHOLDERS To Our Shareholders: Consolidated "normal" net operating income (i.e., before irregularly occurring items shown in the table below) for the calendar year 1994 increased to $24,659,000 ($3.46 per share) from $20,382,000 ($2.87 per share) in the previous year. Consolidated net income (i.e., after irregularly occurring items shown in the table below) decreased to $18,972,000 ($2.66 per share) from $19,718,000 ($2.77 per share) in the previous year. Wesco in 1994 had two major subsidiaries: Wesco-Financial Insurance Com- pany ("Wes-FIC" ), headquartered in Omaha and engaged principally in the reinsur- ance business and in indirect real estate lending following its statutory merger with Mutual Savings on January 1, 1994, and Precision Steel, headquartered in Chicago and engaged in the steel warehousing and specialty metal products businesses. Consolidated net income for the two years just ended breaks down as follows (in 000s except for per-share amounts) "': Year Ended December 31, 1994 December 31, 1993 Wesco Per Per Amount Share Amount Wesco Share "Normal" net operating income of: Wes-FIC business $21,582 $3.03 $12,434 $1.75 Precision Steel businesses 2,900 .40 2,189 .31 All other "normal" net operating income(2) Mutual Savings 2,458 .35 17Z .03 3,301 46 24,659 3.46 20,382 2.87 Gain on sales of marketable securities .... 163 .02 1,156 .16 Decline in value of USAir preferred stock. (5,850) (3) (.82) - Unusual income tax charges - - (1,109) (4) (.16) Gain on disposition of Mutual Savings' deposits and Loss on disposition of 80% interest in New America some loans - - 906 .13 Electrical Corporation Wesco consolidated net income $18,972 $2.66 (1,617) (23) $19,718 $2.77 (1) All figures are net of income taxes. (3) Sore sons green of investment in preferred stock of USAir Group, Inc., explained in section "Convertible Preferred (4) Consists principally of effect of tax rate change on deferred tax on unrealized appreciation of investments. 1

这份补充性的盈利细分表与遵循标准会计惯例的经审计财务报表所使用的列报方式有所不同。提供这份补充性细分表,是因为我们认为它有助于股东了解情况。

互助储蓄银行及其后继公司

1993 年 10 月 8 日,互助储蓄银行根据其此前与 CenFed 银行(“CENFED”)签订并已公告的合同完成了出售。CENFED 是一家声誉良好、也总部设在帕萨迪纳的联邦承保机构。选择这家买家接管互助储蓄银行的分支机构,部分原因是预计它能够安全、妥善地服务储户。

在交易完成时,互助储蓄银行将导致其支付高额存款保费的那部分负债(主要是联邦承保的存款负债)转让给了 CENFED,作为换取其保留高度受监管的储蓄与贷款协会身份的交换。同时转让给 CENFED 的,还有部分抵押贷款以及一笔由被接管的存款所抵消的大量现金。

大约在同一时间,互助储蓄银行将某些问题资产转移给了 MS Property 公司(“MS Property”),这是一家新成立的西科金融房地产子公司,正在逐步清算这些资产。截至 1994 年底,MS Property 账簿上这些被转移资产的余额为:

(1)互助储蓄银行现已销售缓慢的住宅房地产项目中尚未售出的剩余部分(账面价值 1880 万美元),该项目是为了最大化从加州圣巴巴拉蒙特西托区已止赎(大多为海滨地块)的土地上获得收益而设立的;加上

(2)其他已止赎的房地产及有问题的房屋第一留置权抵押贷款,合计账面价值 830 万美元。

1994 年 1 月 1 日,在将其问题资产转移给 MS Property 之后,互助储蓄银行并入西科金融长期存在且在奥马哈注册的保险子公司 Wes-FIC,从而使得 Wes-FIC 得以延续互助储蓄银行的业务并继续持有其核心资产。因合并至 Wes-FIC 而随之转移的资产主要包括 720 万股联邦住宅贷款抵押公司(“房地美”)的股票,成本为 7170 万美元,1994 年底的市值为 3.636 亿美元(以 1994 年底纽约证券交易所房地美股票每股 50.50 美元的报价为基础),外加约 3000 万美元的高质量抵押贷款支持证券。

因此,1993 年是西科金融报告储蓄与贷款业务盈利的最后一年。自 1994 年起,原储蓄与贷款业务的所有盈利潜力,几乎都会充实西科金融子公司 Wes-FIC 的报告业绩。Wes-FIC 的净资产也因此大幅增加。

This supplementary breakdown of earnings differs somewhat from that used in audited financial statements which follow standard accounting convention. The supplementary breakdown is furnished because it is considered useful to shareholders. Mutual Savings and its Successors On October 8, 1993, Mutual Savings closed the sale covered by its contract, previously made and announced, with CenFed Bank ("CENFED"), a highly re- garded, insured institution also headquartered in Pasadena. In part, this buyer had been chosen to take over Mutual Savings' offices because it was considered likely to serve depositors safely and well. In the closing of the transaction, Mutual Savings transferred to CENFED that part of Mutual Savings' liabilities (principally insured deposit liabilities) which was causing Mutual Savings to pay substantial deposit-insurance premiums in exchange for remaining a highly regulated savings and loan association. Also transferred to CENFED were some mortgage loans and a large amount of cash offset by deposits assumed. At roughly the same time, Mutual Savings transferred certain troubled assets to MS Property Company ("MS Property"), a newly organized Wesco real estate subsidiary that is slowly liquidating those assets. The 1994 yearend balances on MS Property's books of those transferred assets were: (1) the unsold residue (with a book value of $18.8 million) of Mutual Savings' now-slow-selling residential real estate project, created in an attempt to maximize proceeds from foreclosed mostly-seaside land in the Montecito dis- trict of Santa Barbara, California, plus (2) other foreclosed real estate and troubled first mortgage loans on houses, with a combined book value of $8.3 million. On January 1, 1994, after its transfer of troubled assets to MS Property, Mutual Savings merged into Wesco's long-existing Omaha-domiciled insurance subsidiary, Wes-FIC, thus causing continuation of Mutual Savings' business and continued business holding of its main assets by Wes-FIC. Assets thus transferred incident to the merger with Wes-FIC consisted mostly of 7.2 million shares of Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac") with a cost of $71.7 million and a 1994 yearend market value of $363.6 million (based on the 1994 yearend NYSE quotation of $50.50 per Freddie Mac share), plus approximately $30 million of high quality mortgage-backed securities. Accordingly, 1993 was the last year in which Wesco reported any earnings from the savings and loan business. Beginning in 1994 roughly all former savings and loan business earning power augments reported results of Wesco's Wes-FIC subsidiary, now greatly enlarged in net worth. 2

互助储蓄与 CENFED 之间的交易实现了 90.6 万美元(每股西科 0.13 美元)的税后收益。作为交易的一部分,西科向 CENFED 的母公司提供了 400 万美元的三年期贷款,利率按市场水平,并提供了部分贷款质量担保。此外,CENFED 按市场租金向西科租赁了 15 年,租用西科保留的总部大楼一楼的原互助储蓄营业厅,该大楼原名为“互助储蓄大厦”,现根据租赁条款更名为“CENFED 银行大厦”。此后,这栋大楼由西科过户给了 MS Property。

这栋已更名的大楼,展示在本年报扉页的照片中。

由于年报应对所有失败与过错给予额外关注,我们在此重申去年强调过的一点:成功继承互助储蓄原有资产的并非只有 Wes-FIC。如上所述,西科仍持有一家新近成立的、且它大多并不想要的房地产子公司。该子公司 MS Property:(1)持有并运营西科位于加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的办公与停车场物业;(2)继续清算此前描述过的、既未转移给 CENFED、也未在互助储蓄并入 Wes-FIC 时留下的价值 2710 万美元(按 1994 年底账面价值计)的资产。这部分清算工作正逢清算市场环境欠佳。加州房地产崩盘可不是小崩盘,它对资产价值造成了巨大冲击。继互助储蓄在 1993 年进行了 200 万美元的税前减记之后,1994 年,MS Property 对互助储蓄 Montecito 住宅房地产项目的剩余资产进行了 300 万美元的税前减记。我们最好的猜测是,西科最终(且缓慢地)从 MS Property 的所有房地产资产中实现的收益将:(1)高于当前账面价值(两次减记后),但(2)低于当前账面价值加上按市场利率计算的税后利息。

总体而言,以公众持股公司形式、并需缴纳公司所得税的房地产持有乃至房地产开发业务,在为股东创造良好回报方面记录极差。这是因为房地产游戏中的大多数市场价值,是在那些不缴纳公司所得税、而且很多人几乎根本不纳税的交易方之间确定的;这个游戏通常利润率不够高,不足以让身处同一游戏、却因公司税负而处于劣势的人获得像样的回报。对于西科股东目前承受的这一普遍投资劣势中的份额,我们仍然拿不出任何解药。但幸运的是,这仅影响西科合并资产中极小的一部分。

精密钢铁公司

西科旗下精密钢铁公司子公司,总部位于伊利诺伊州富兰克林公园的芝加哥郊区,其业务在 1994 年贡献了 290 万美元的正常净经营收入,而 1993 年这一数字为 218.9 万美元。

An after-tax gain of $906,000 ($.13 per Wesco share) was realized in the transaction between Mutual Savings and CENFED. As part of this transaction Wesco loaned CENFED's parent corporation $4 million for three years at a market rate of interest and made some guarantees of loan quality. Also, CENFED leased from Wesco for 15 years at a market rental rate the ground floor space formerly occupied by Mutual Savings in Wesco's retained headquarters building, formerly named the "Mutual Savings Building" and now renamed the "CenFed Bank Building" pursuant to terms of the lease. And, later, the building was transferred by Wesco to MS Property. The building, with its new name, is shown in the photograph at the front of this annual report. Because all failures and faults deserve extra attention in annual reports, we hereby repeat what we emphasized last year: It is not only Wes-FIC that has succeeded to former assets of Mutual Savings. As indicated above, Wesco still retains a recently formed real estate subsidiary that, mostly, it does not want. The subsidiary, MS Property, both (1) holds and operates Wesco's office and parking property in Pasadena, California and (2) continues liquidation of the $27.1 million (at yearend 1994 book value) of assets heretofore described that were neither transferred to CENFED nor left in Mutual Savings when it was merged into Wes-FIC. The liquida- tion part of the game is occurring in a poor climate for liquidations. The California real estate crash has been no small crash, and it has taken a large toll on values. MS Property took a $3.0 million pre-tax writedown of the residue of Mutual Savings' Montecito residential real estate project during 1994, following a $2.0 million pre-tax writedown taken by Mutual Savings in 1993. Our best guess is that Wesco will eventually (and slowly) realize, from all real estate assets of MS Property combined, (1) more than present book value (after the two writedowns) but (2) less than such present book value plus interest imputed at a market rate, after corporate taxes. Generally, real estate holding, and even real estate development, when con- ducted in publicly held corporate form, subject to corporate income taxes, has a very poor record for serving shareholders well. This occurs because the real estate game, in which most market values are set in transactions involving people who are not paying corporate income taxes and many of whom pay virtually no taxes at all, is not ordinarily lucrative enough to create a decent return for persons in the same game, disadvantaged by a level of corporate taxes. We continue to have no antidote for the share of this general investment disadvantage now being borne by Wesco sharehold- ers. But, fortunately, it affects only a very small percentage of Wesco's consolidated assets. Precision Steel The businesses of Wesco's Precision Steel subsidiary, headquartered in the outskirts of Chicago at Franklin Park, Illinois, contributed $2,900,000 to normal net operating income in 1994, compared with $2, 189,000 in 1993. 3

在戴维·希尔斯特罗姆的精干领导下,精密钢铁公司在 1994 年继续为所使用的资源提供了极佳的回报。

西科金融保险公司(简称 Wes-FIC)

Wes-FIC 在 1994 年的正常净利润为 2158.2 万美元,显著高于 1993 年的 1243.4 万美元。这一增长主要归功于 1994 年初与共同储蓄银行合并时投入的资产所带来的收益。

截至 1994 年底,Wes-FIC 保留了约 3500 万美元的投资资产,这些资产由来自其与 Fireman's Fund 集团先前再保险安排中的索赔准备金所抵消。该安排于 1989 年 8 月 31 日终止。然而,所有索赔的结清需要很长时间,与此同时,Wes-FIC 在多年间将持续受益于投资“浮存金”所产生的收益。

在去年的年报中,我们告知股东,Wes-FIC 已通过从国民赔偿公司(简称 NICO)获得的转分保业务,进入了巨灾再保险领域。NICO 是伯克希尔·哈撒韦(Wesco 的最终母公司)的全资保险子公司。Wes-FIC 进入巨灾再保险业务,是在其通过与共同储蓄银行合并大大增强了理赔能力之后。1994 年,为表彰 Wes-FIC 稳健的财务状况,标准普尔公司授予其最高的理赔能力评级:AAA。

巨灾再保险业务对 Wes-FIC 而言,仍然是一项非常合乎逻辑的业务。毕竟,相对于每年赚取的保费,Wes-FIC 拥有庞大的净资产。而这正是一家计划成为“独立”再保险公司、承保其无法安全转嫁给他人的巨灾风险的公司所合理要求的条件。如果一场巨大的灾难降临,这样的“独立”再保险公司必须像一个诺克斯堡,随时准备在不向任何其他再保险公司求助的情况下,在单一年份支付比收到保费多出许多倍的赔款,以弥补比安德鲁飓风更严重的巨灾所造成的损失。简而言之,它需要的资产负债表与 Wes-FIC 的资产负债表非常相似。

关于 NICO 向 Wes-FIC 转分保巨灾再保险业务的情况,随着事态的发展,其性质决定了伯克希尔·哈撒韦(拥有 NICO 100% 的股份,但仅拥有 Wesco 和 Wes-FIC 80% 的股份)通常不会出于某种慈善原因,将其认为符合意愿且仅有低于自身需求量的业务(以现有条件)转分保给 Wes-FIC。相反,转分保只会偶尔发生,在有限条件下进行,并且需要向伯克希尔·哈撒韦提供一些补偿。此类转分保通常仅在以下情况发生:(1) 伯克希尔·哈撒韦因某种原因(通常是整体风险限制政策)希望获得的业务量低于现有条件所能提供的量,并且 (2) Wes-FIC 有足够的能力来承担所承担的风险。

Under the skilled leadership of David Hillstrom, Precision Steel's businesses in 1994 continued to provide an excellent return on resources employed. Wesco-Financial Insurance Company ("Wes-FIC") Wes-FIC's normal net income for 1994 was $21,582,000, up significantly from $12,434,000 for 1993. The earnings on the assets contributed in the merger with Mutual Savings at the beginning of 1994 were responsible for the greater part of this increase. At the end of 1994 Wes-FIC retained about $35 million in invested assets, offset by claims reserves, from its former reinsurance arrangement with Fireman's Fund Group. This arrangement was terminated August 31, 1989. However, it will take a long time before all claims are settled, and, meanwhile, Wes-FIC is being helped over many years by proceeds from investing "float." In last year's annual report we informed shareholders that Wes-FIC had entered into the business of super-catastrophe ("super-cat") reinsurance through retroces- sions from National Indemnity Company ("NICO"), a wholly owned insurance company subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, Wesco's ultimate parent. Wes-FIC's entry into the super-cat reinsurance business followed the large augmentation of its claims-paying capacity caused by its merger with Mutual Savings. In 1994, in recognition of Wes-FIC's sound financial condition, Standard and Poor's Corporation assigned to Wes-FIC the highest possible claims-paying-ability rating: AAA. The super-cat reinsurance business continues to be a very logical business for Wes-FIC. After all, Wes-FIC has a large net worth in relation to annual premiums being earned. And this is exactly the condition rationally required for any insurance company planning to be a "stand alone" reinsurer covering super-catastrophe risks it can't safely pass on to others sure to remain solvent if a large super-catastrophe comes. Such a "stand alone" reinsurer must be a kind of Fort Knox, prepared occasionally, without calling on any other reinsurers for help, to pay out in a single year many times more than premiums coming in, as it covers losses from some super catastrophe worse than Hurricane Andrew. In short, it needs a balance sheet a lot like Wes-FIC's. In connection with the retrocessions of super-cat reinsurance from NICO to Wes-FIC the nature of the situation as it has evolved is such that Berkshire Hathaway, owning 100% of NICO and only 80% of Wesco and Wes-FIC, is not, for some philanthropic reason, ordinarily going to retrocede to Wes-FIC any reinsurance business that Berkshire Hathaway considers desirable and that is available only in amounts below what Berkshire Hathaway wants for itself on the terms offered. Instead, retrocessions will occur only occasionally, under limited conditions and with some compensation to Berkshire Hathaway. Such retrocessions will ordinarily hap- pen only (1) when Berkshire Hathaway, for some reason (usually a policy of overall risk limitation) desires lower amounts of business than are available on the terms offered and (2) Wes-FIC has adequate capacity to bear the risk assumed and 4

(3)西科金融向国民赔偿公司支付一笔公允的分出佣金,旨在覆盖其获取和管理保险业务的部分成本。

通常,伯克希尔·哈撒韦在与部分持股的子公司打交道时,会尽量往后靠一点,以遵循卡多佐大法官所称的“最敏感荣誉的严谨标准”,但不可能期望它向西科金融这样的部分持股子公司大规模、公开地让渡伯克希尔·哈撒韦的资产或业务。

鉴于伯克希尔·哈撒韦不愿向西科金融公开让利,以及近年来巨灾再保险市场机会的减少,西科金融收购转分保的巨灾再保险业务的前景往往不佳。尽管如此,1994 年 2 月,国民赔偿公司向西科金融提供了四份非常特殊的巨灾再保险合同的参与权。考虑到国民赔偿公司自身对相同风险的敞口,它愿意将其在当时每份合同下可获得的 20% 风险转分保给西科金融,作为交换,国民赔偿公司收取相当于西科金融所收保费 3% 的分出佣金。剩余 80% 的风险由国民赔偿公司自留。稍后,第五份转分保合同被提出:国民赔偿公司一份最高损失额为 5000 万美元的一年期财产损失合同的 10%。年保费为最高可能损失的 5%。随后,在 6 月份,第六份合同也出现了。

西科金融迅速接受了国民赔偿公司提供的所有这六份特殊的巨灾再保险参与份额。

因此,在这前四份合同中,西科金融在一年内合计面临要么赚取约 400 万美元税前利润,要么亏损约 2000 万美元税前利润的局面。此外,还存在一种微小的可能性,即在这四份合同结束多年后,西科金融和国民赔偿公司可能面临巨大的“长尾”损失,因为其中少数部分保险是以“事故发生”为基础的责任险。这并不是西科金融第一次接受此类“长尾”风险。同样需要记住的是,西科金融与消防人基金集团早已终止的再保险安排,也存在多年后出现类似可能的大额“长尾”损失并带来意外冲击的可能性。西科金融,现在和那时一样,愿意承担这类“长尾”风险,但前提是经过谨慎权衡,其获利前景要好于那些更易受动物精神和机构惯性影响的保险公司,并且其资本充足程度远胜于它们。

在国民赔偿公司向西科金融提供的第五份巨灾转分保合同中(该合同只覆盖财产损失),不存在出现令人意外的“长尾”损失的可能性。然而,在覆盖的年度内,西科金融有极小的概率会亏损 500 万美元税前利润,而它最多只能获利 25 万美元,扣除 3% 的分出佣金后,西科金融的净收益为税前 24.25 万美元。

在国民赔偿公司向西科金融提供的第六份转分保合同中,西科金融参与了一个金额达 4 亿美元的合同(与 20 世纪工业公司签订),参与比例为 5%。20 世纪工业公司是一家加利福尼亚州的保险公司,目前正试图从加州北岭地震带来的毁灭性影响中恢复过来。该合同项下的再保险金额(主要覆盖地震风险)在合同期内每月递减,将于 1995 年初到期,届时 20

(3) Wes-FIC pays a fair ceding commission designed to cover part of the cost of getting and managing insurance business. Generally, Berkshire Hathaway, in dealing with partly owned subsidiaries, tries to lean over a little backward in an attempt to observe what Justice Cardozo called "the punctilio of an honor the most sensitive," but it cannot be expected to make large and plain giveaways of Berkshire Hathaway assets or business to a partially owned subsidiary like Wes-FIC. Given Berkshire Hathaway's unwillingness to make plain giveaways to Wes-FIC and reductions in opportunities in the super-cat reinsurance market in recent years, prospects are often poor for Wes-FIC's acquisition of retroceded super-cat reinsur- ance. Nonetheless, in February 1994, Wes-FIC was offered by NICO participations in four very unusual super-cat reinsurance contracts. Considering its other exposures to the same risks, NICO was willing to retrocede to Wes-FIC 20% of what was then available to NICO under each contract in return for a ceding commission amounting to 3% of Wes-FIC's premiums to be received. The remaining 80% of the risk was to be retained by NICO. A little later, a fifth retrocession was offered: 10% of a one-year NICO property loss contract with a maximum loss amount of $50 million. The annual premium is 5% of the maximum possible loss. Then, in June, a sixth contract became available. Wes-FIC promptly accepted all of these six unusual super-cat reinsurance participations offered by NICO. In the first four contracts, in aggregate, Wes-FIC thus became exposed, during a single year, to either winning about $4 million pre-tax or losing about $20 million pre-tax. In addition, there is some slight possibility of a huge "long tail" loss for Wes-FIC and NICO many years after the four contracts end, because a minority part of the insurance is liability insurance written on an "occurrence'" basis. This is not the first time such "long tail" risks have been accepted by Wes-FIC. There are also, it should be remembered, possibilities for unpleasant surprises involving similar possi- ble large "long tail" losses, many years hence, from Wes-FIC's long-terminated reinsurance arrangement with Fireman's Fund Group. Wes-FIC, now as then, is willing to run such "long tail" risks, carefully weighed against prospects for gain, provided it is much better capitalized than other insurance companies more influ- enced by animal spirits and institutional momentums. In the fifth super-cat retrocession to Wes-FIC from NICO, which covers only property loss, there is no possibility of a surprising "long tail" loss. However, for the year covered, Wes-FIC has a very small chance of losing $5 million pre-tax, while it can gain only $250,000, less 3%, leaving Wes-FIC's net proceeds $242,500, pre-tax. In the sixth retrocession from NICO, Wes-FIC is participating to the extent of 5% in a $400 million contract with 20th Century Industries, a California insurer currently attempting to recover from devastating effects of the Northridge, California earth- quake. The amount of reinsurance under the contract (covering what is mostly earthquake risk) is declining monthly over the term, expiring early in 1995, as 20th

世纪公司退出加州房屋和地震保险市场。根据合同,Wes-FIC 在 1995 年可赚取约 100 万美元的保费。

毋庸置疑,NICO 并不认为,多年大量承保一系列如部分转分给 Wes-FIC 的巨灾再保险合同后,预期的平均年损失会与收到的年度保费一样高。但这种巨灾再保险,如同其他巨灾再保险一样,不适合心脏脆弱者。年度业绩的巨大波动,伴随着一些非常不愉快的年份,是不可避免的。

但恰恰是这些坏的可能,以及其在个别年份带来的巨大且令人难堪的不利后果,从本质上必须与之关联,才使得 Wes-FIC 喜欢它参与巨灾再保险业务的方式。巨灾再保险的买家(尤其是明智的买家)往往希望与伯克希尔·哈撒韦的全资子公司(这些公司拥有最高可能的信用评级和可靠的企业个性)交易,而不是与其他不够谨慎、直率和资金雄厚的再保险公司打交道。而许多巨灾再保险的竞争性卖方正在寻求丰厚的“中介”利润,这很难获得,因为他们必须找到一个“分保”再保险公司,既要(1)足够聪明以确保能保持足够强大来支付可能的损失,又要(2)对成本如此漫不经心,以至于不会因某个不愿承担任何重大风险的中介实体赚取丰厚利润而太过烦恼。因此,现有的力量有理由被预期能为资金充足、纪律严明的决策者带来可接受的长期结果,尽管一些年份会有可怕的损失,而另一些年份承保的机会受限。并且,我们再次重申,我们只期望可接受的长期结果。我们看不到发大财的可能。

还应注意,在与 NICO 最近达成的安排中,Wes-FIC 通过利用伯克希尔·哈撒韦的整体声誉获得了特殊的业务拓展优势。在所有情况下,3% 的分出佣金对 Wes-FIC 来说似乎相当公平。显然,伯克希尔·哈撒韦不会向伯克希尔·哈撒韦关联集团以外的任何其他实体提供如此优惠的条件。

最后,我们重申关于 Wes-FIC 巨灾再保险获取机制的重要披露。当再保险的分出由伯克希尔·哈撒韦保险子公司提供时,让加州的人员为 Wes-FIC 做出复杂的接受或拒绝决定是不切实际的。但幸运的是,做出原始业务获取决策的伯克希尔·哈撒韦保险集团高管深受作者的钦佩和信任,并且他们将“自食其果”。在这种情况下,根据作者的建议,Wesco 和 Wes-FIC 的董事会已简单批准了由一个或多个伯克希尔·哈撒韦全资子公司向 Wes-FIC 提供的自动再保险转分。每笔转分将立即在内布拉斯加州由 Wes-FIC 的代理人以书面形式接受,这些代理人同时是伯克希尔·哈撒韦全资子公司的受薪雇员。此外,每笔转分的价格将比 NICO 向其他相关方收取的价格高出 6%,自 1995 年 1 月 1 日起生效。

Century withdraws from the homeowners and earthquake insurance markets in California. Wes-FIC could earn a premium of approximately $1 million in 1995 under the contract. Needless to say, NICO does not believe that the average yearly loss to be expected from writing over many years a great series of super-cat reinsurance contracts like those it has retroceded in part to Wes-FIC would be as high as the one- year premiums to be received. But such super-cat reinsurance, like other super-cat reinsurance, is not for the faint of heart. A huge variation in annual results, with some very unpleasant years, is inevitable. But it is precisely what must, in the nature of things, be associated with these bad possibilities, with their huge and embarrassing adverse consequences in occa- sional years, that makes Wes-FIC like its way of being in the super-cat business. Buyers (particularly wise buyers) of super-cat reinsurance often want to deal with wholly owned Berkshire Hathaway subsidiaries (possessing as they do the highest possible credit ratings and a reliable corporate personality) instead of other reinsur- ers less cautious, straightforward and well endowed. And many competing sellers of super-cat reinsurance are looking for a liberal "intermediary's" profit, hard to get because they must find a "layoff" reinsurer both (1) so smart that it is sure to stay strong enough to pay possible losses yet (2) so casual about costs that it is not much bothered by a liberal profit earned by some intermediary entity not willing to retain any significant risk. Thus the forces in place can rationally be expected to cause acceptable long-term results for well-financed, disciplined decision makers, despite horrible losses in some years and other years of restricted opportunity to write business. And, again, we wish to repeat that we expect only acceptable long-term results. We see no possibility for bonanza. It should also be noted that Wes-FIC, in the arrangements recently made with NICO, receives a special business-acquisition advantage from using Berkshire Hathaway's general reputation. Under all the circumstances, a 3% ceding commis- sion seems more than fair to Wes-FIC. Certainly and obviously, Berkshire Hathaway would not offer terms so good to any other entity outside the Berkshire Hathaway affiliated group. Finally, we repeat an important disclosure about Wes-FIC's super-cat-reinsur- ance-acquisition mechanics. It is impractical to have people in California make complex accept-or-reject decisions for Wes-FIC when retrocessions of reinsurance are offered by Berkshire Hathaway insurance subsidiaries. But, happily, the Berkshire Hathaway insurance group executives making original business-acquisition decisions are greatly admired and trusted by the writer and will be "eating their own cooking." Under such circumstances, Wesco's and Wes-FIC's boards of directors, on the writer's recommendation, have simply approved automatic retrocessions of reinsur- ance to Wes-FIC as offered by one or more wholly owned Berkshire Hathaway subsidiaries. Each retrocession is to be accepted forthwith in writing in Nebraska by agents of Wes-FIC who are at the same time salaried employees of wholly owned subsidiaries of Berkshire Hathaway. Moreover, each retrocession will be made at a 6

保费 3% 的分出佣金。最后,必须满足两个条件:(1)西科金融保险公司必须承担 20% 或更少的风险(在考虑分出佣金的影响之前);(2)伯克希尔·哈撒韦的全资子公司必须至少保留 80% 的同一风险(同样,不考虑分出佣金的影响)。

我们通常不会向西科股东详细描述单个巨灾再保险合同。那不符合我们的竞争利益。相反,我们会尝试像这里所做的那样,进行合理的概括。

西科金融保险公司以后还能通过伯克希尔·哈撒韦的子公司,按照上述基础和自动程序获得更多再保险吗?好吧,我们常常证明自己是不太好的预测者。我们只能说希望如此,而且如果巨灾再保险的买家是理性的,应该会有更多再保险到来,尽管可能不规律且间隔时间很长。

我们继续考察其他可能承保的机会,以及保险公司收购,这些都不涉及伯克希尔·哈撒韦。

西科金融保险公司现在是一家实力非常雄厚的保险公司,成本极低。未来,无论通过何种方式,我们期望能像过去一样,继续找到并抓住至少一些明智的保险机会。

迄今为止(1995 年 3 月 9 日),对于西科金融保险公司已接受的巨灾再保险,据我们所知,没有任何损失。然而,1994 年,西科的账面上没有承保利润流过,因为其巨灾再保险合同中没有一份在 1994 年到期。我们的会计政策要求在确认巨灾再保险承保利润之前,合同必须到期。不用说,在合同到期前报告损失,我们不会有同样的犹豫。我们的巨灾再保险会计政策并非不理性的超级保守,尽管它可能算得上是“最佳实践”的会计处理。

所有其他“正常”净营业收入

所有其他“正常”净营业收入(扣除已付利息和一般公司费用后)从 1993 年的 330.1 万美元降至 1994 年的 17.7 万美元。来源包括:(1)西科在帕萨迪纳办公楼物业的租金收入(毛租金 305 万美元,几乎全部租给外部公司,一层租户是 CENFED);(2)保险子公司以外持有的现金等价物和有价证券的利息和股息。这两项收入在 1994 年大部分被某些此前未计入此类别的成本和费用所抵消——即清算不良贷款和止赎房地产的成本和费用,包括增加损失准备金,这些费用在往年是从互助储蓄银行中扣除的。1994 年的数字还包括一笔公司间费用,即 1993 年底为促进贷款和止赎财产转移到 MS Property 公司而从西科金融保险公司借款所产生的利息费用(税后 82.6 万美元)。这笔公司间利息费用不影响西科的合并净利润,因为相同的金额已作为利息收入计入西科金融保险公司的正常净营业收入中。

证券净损益

西科 1994 年的收益包含税后证券收益 16.3 万美元,并且还反映了对 USAir 集团公司优先股投资减记 585 万美元的税后影响,这在下文“可转换优先股持股”部分有描述。1993 年的收益包含税后证券收益 115.6 万美元。

可转换优先股持股

截至 1994 年末,西科及其子公司按原始成本持有 1.35 亿美元的可转换优先股,所有这些股票都要求在购买之日起十年左右内按面值赎回。

这些投资按公允价值在西科合并资产负债表中列示。除 USAir 集团公司(“USAir”)的优先股投资外,根据会计准则,历史成本与市价之间的任何差额,在扣除所得税影响后,计入股东权益,而不影响报告的净利润。然而,对 USAir 的投资,在 1994 年末按公允价值进行了减记,由此产生的 590 万美元税后减记损失,作为单独费用列示在随附的西科 1994 年损益表中。以下是这些投资的摘要:

优先股证券股息率面值持有额转换价格(按面值可转换为普通股)12/31/94 普通股市价12/31/94 年末优先股持仓价值
所罗门公司9.00%1 亿美元38.00 美元37.50 美元1.05 亿美元
USAir 集团公司9.25%1200 万美元38.74 美元4.25 美元300 万美元
冠军国际公司9.25%2300 万美元38.00 美元36.50 美元2420 万美元

这些优先股是在西科的母公司伯克希尔·哈撒韦同时以相同每股价格购买额外数量的相同股票时购入的。

前些年我们曾指出,“很少有投资者能从投资于大型公司的可转换优先股中获得巨大成功。”我们 1994 年末持有的这三只股票似乎证实了这一点。我们估计:(1)我们 1 亿美元的所罗门持仓价值比我们买入时高出约 5%;(2)我们 2300 万美元的冠军持仓价值比我们买入时高出约 5%。这些数字合计产生了 620 万美元的税前增值,而我们在 USAir 的投资则刚刚录得 900 万美元的税前亏损。然而,读者应牢记,西科迄今在投资吉列公司可转换优先股方面经验良好,该投资于 1989 年以 4000 万美元的成本作出,并于 1991 年转换为吉列普通股。这项投资在 1994 年末的西科合并资产负债表中以 1.198 亿美元的市值列示,比投资成本高出 7980 万美元。然而,即使将吉列的良好经验考虑在内,我们从可转换优先股持仓中获得的总投资回报并不令人兴奋,正如我们之前所预测的那样。

新美洲电气公司(“新美洲电气”)

1993 年离开我们公司集团的不仅仅是西科的储蓄和贷款特权。西科自 1988 年起持有约 80% 股权的新美洲电气公司,于 1993 年将其业务出售给了一家历史悠久、品质优良的中西部公司,该公司从事类似业务。1993 年,在业务出售前的六个月期间,西科承担的净亏损为 19.2 万美元,此外,西科在最终处置其权益时还实现了 160 万美元的税后损失(每股西科股票 0.23 美元)。

出售决定完全由新美洲电气首席执行官兼 20% 股东格伦·米切尔做出。他在忍受了多年自 20 世纪 30 年代以来最恶劣的商业环境后,通过几次痛苦的裁员来适应,但他不愿再等待商业建筑行业的最终回升。西科在此时进入电气设备领域的糟糕时机,完全是笔者判断失误的结果,这源于一种强烈的、几乎持续终生的偏好,即预测商业和人的素质带来的相对结果,而不尝试预测商业周期。

考虑到后来我们遇到的非常恶劣的商业环境,格伦·米切尔始终将新美洲电气的业务管理得极其出色,他的奉献精神和技能使我们没有损失更多。造成西科损失的是笔者,不是格伦·米切尔。

以上评论逐字重复了西科 1993 年年报中的内容。笔者作为新美洲电气的一位少数出售股东,在 1988 年西科收购新美洲电气 80% 股权时(该交易经伯克希尔·哈撒韦董事长沃伦·巴菲特和西科的非芒格董事批准,他们均未持有新美洲电气股份),实现了其按比例应占的所有出售股东的利润。在这种情况下,笔者的鼻子在这次西科的糟糕结果中再次被公开摩擦,是合情合理的。

合并资产负债表及相关讨论

正如随附财务报表所示,按会计师在其惯例下的计算,西科的净资产从 1993 年末的 6.261 亿美元(约每股西科股票 95 美元)增加到 1994 年末的 6.781 亿美元(约每股 95 美元)。1994 年报告的净资产增加 5200 万美元是三个因素的结果:(1)扣除未来资本利得税准备金后,投资持续净增值产生的 3650 万美元;(2)1994 年净利润扣除已付股息后的留存收益 1200 万美元;(3)我们在 1994 年初决定将固定期限投资证券的会计处理方式与我们对应税权益证券的会计处理方式保持一致,由此产生的 350 万美元,结果是我们现在以市值在合并资产负债表中列示这些证券。

上述每股 95 美元的账面价值,假设西科所有非证券资产在税后以账面价值清算,则近似于清算价值。很可能,这个假设过于保守。但我们计算出的清算价值不太可能比每股西科股票的实际值低估超过几美元,因为:(1)西科合并房地产业持的清算价值(目前有趣的可能性几乎完全在于西科在帕萨迪纳办公楼物业的股权)远低于其前高点;(2)其他资产(主要是精密钢铁公司)的未实现增值,相对于西科的整体规模,不会很大地改变税后清算价值的整体计算。

当然,只要西科不清算,也不出售任何已增值资产,它实际上就从政府那里获得了一笔无息“贷款”,金额等于其未实现收益上的递延所得税(在确定净资产时已扣除)。这笔来自政府的无息“贷款”目前正为西科股东服务,在 1994 年末相当于每股西科股票约 27 美元。

然而,总有一天,也许很快,随着资产被出售,必须偿还这笔无息“贷款”的大部分。因此,西科股东不会拥有创造每股 27 美元价值的永久优势。相反,西科股东优势的现值,逻辑上必然远低于每股西科股票 27 美元。在笔者看来,西科从其暂时性的无息“贷款”中所获优势的价值,在 1994 年末可能约为每股西科股票 9 美元。

在估计了蕴含在无息“贷款”中的优势价值之后,就可以合理近似地估算出西科的每股内在价值。这种近似计算只需简单地将(1)每股西科股票来自无息“贷款”的优势价值和(2)每股西科股票的清算价值相加即可。其他人可能有不同看法,但笔者认为上述方法作为估算西科每股内在价值的一种方式,是合理的。

因此,如果 1994 年末来自无息税款递延“贷款”的优势价值为每股西科股票 9 美元,而当时的税后清算价值约为每股 95 美元(这个数字对笔者来说已经相当高了),那么 1994 年末西科的每股内在价值将仅为约 104 美元,比 1993 年末类似计算中猜想的每股内在价值增长了 4%。最后,这个在笔者看来合理的、每股西科股票 104 美元的内在价值估算,应与 1994 年 12 月 31 日西科股票的交易价格每股 115.12 美元进行比较。这一比较表明,西科股票当时的交易价格比内在价值高出约 11%。

3%-of-premiums ceding commission. Finally, two conditions must be satisfied: (1) Wes-FIC must get 20% or less of the risk (before taking into account effects from the ceding commission) and (2) wholly owned Berkshire Hathaway subsidiaries must retain at least 80% of the identical risk (again, without taking into account effects from the ceding commission). We will not ordinarily describe individual super-cat reinsurance contracts in full detail to Wesco shareholders. That would be contrary to our competitive interest. Instead, we will try to summarize reasonably, more or less as we have done here. Will more reinsurance be later available to Wes-FIC through Berkshire Hathaway subsidiaries on the basis and using the automatic procedure we have above described? Well, we have often proved poor prognosticators. We can only say that we hope so and that more reinsurance should come, albeit irregularly and with long intermissions, if buyers of super-cat coverage are rational. We continue to examine other possible insurance-writing opportunities, and also insurance company acquisitions, not involving Berkshire Hathaway. Wes-FIC is now a very strong insurance company, with very low costs, and, one way or another, in the future as in the past, we expect to continue to find and seize at least a few sensible insurance opportunities. On super-cat reinsurance accepted by Wes-FIC to date (March 9, 1995) there has been no loss whatsoever that we know of. However, no underwriting profit flowed through Wesco's books in 1994 because none of its super-cat contracts expired in 1994, and our accounting policy requires contract expiration before super-cat underwriting profit is recognized. Needless to say, we would not have similar reticence to report losses before contract expirations. Our super-cat account- ing policy is not irrationally super-conservative, although it may amount to "best- practice' accounting. All Other "Normal" Net Operating Income All other "normal" net operating income, net of interest paid and general corporate expenses, decreased to $177,000 in 1994 from $3,301,000 in 1993. Sources were (1) rents ($3,050,000 gross) from Wesco's Pasadena office property (leased almost entirely to outsiders and with CENFED as the ground floor tenant), and (2) interest and dividends from cash equivalents and marketable securities held outside the insurance subsidiary, mostly offset in 1994 by certain costs and expenses that had not previously been charged against this category - namely, the costs and expenses of liquidating the delinquent loans and foreclosed real estate, including additions to loss reserves, that in prior years had been charged against Mutual Savings. The 1994 figure also includes an intercompany charge for interest expense ($826,000 after taxes) on borrowings from Wes-FIC made late in 1993 principally to facilitate the transfer of loans and foreclosed properties to MS Property. This intercompany interest expense does not affect Wesco's consolidated net income 7 inasmuch as the same amount is included as interest income in Wes-FIC's normal net operating income. Net Securities Gains and Losses Wesco's earnings in 1994 contain securities gains of $163,000, after income taxes, and also reflect the after-tax effect of a writedown of an investment in preferred stock of USAir Group, Inc. by $5,850,000, described in the section Convertible Preferred Stockholdings below. Earnings for 1993 include securities gains of $1,156,000, after income taxes. Convertible Preferred Stockholdings At the end of 1994, Wesco and its subsidiaries owned $135 million, at original cost, in convertible preferred stocks, all requiring redemption at par value within ten years or so from date of acquisition. The investments are carried on Wesco's consolidated balance sheet at fair market value and, with the exception of the investment in preferred stock of USAir Group, Inc. ("USAir"), any differences between historical cost and market value are included in shareholders' equity, net of income tax effect, without affecting reported net income, according to accounting convention. The investment in USAir, however, was written down to fair market value effective at 1994 yearend, and the resulting $5.9 million after-tax loss on the writedown, is shown as a separate charge on Wesco's accompanying 1994 statement of income. Following is a summary of these investments: Conversion Price at Which Par Market Price 12/31/94 Yearend Preferred Security Dividend Par Value Rafe Holding of Value May B xchanged fo of Common Stock on Value of Carrying Common Stock 12/31/94 Holding Salomon Inc... 9.00% $100 Million $38.00 $37.50 $ 105 Million USAir Group, Inc. 9.25% 12 Million 38.74 4.25 3 Million Champion International Corporation 9.25% 23 Million 38.00 36.50 24.2 Million These preferred stocks were purchased at the same time Wesco's parent corporation, Berkshire Hathaway, purchased additional amounts of the same stocks at the same price per share. In previous years we noted that "few, if any, investors have ever prospered mightily from investing in convertible preferred stocks of leading corporations. " Our three holdings at yearend 1994 appear to bear this out. We estimate that (1) our $100 million Salomon holding was worth about 5% more than we paid for it, and (2) our $23 million Champion holding was worth about 5% more than we paid for it. These figures when combined created $6.2 million in pre-tax appreciation, versus the $9 million pre-tax loss just recorded on our investment in USAir. Readers should bear in mind, however, that Wesco's experience to date has been good in an investment in convertible preferred stock of The Gillette Company, made in 1989 at cost of $40 million, and converted into Gillette common stock in 1991. This investment is 8 carried at a $119.8 million yearend market value in Wesco's consolidated 1994 balance sheet, $79.8 million higher than the investment cost. However, even with the good Gillette experience factored in, our overall investment returns from convertible preferred stockholdings have been unexciting, just as we have predicted. New America Electrical Corporation ("New America Electric") It was not just Wesco's savings and loan privileges that left our corporate fold in 1993. New America Electric, of which Wesco has owned about 80% since 1988, sold its business in 1993 to a long-established and high-quality Midwestern firm engaged in similar businesses. During 1993, Wesco's share of net loss was $192,000 for the six-month period preceding sale of the business, and Wesco realized an additional after-tax : loss of $1.6 million ($.23 per Wesco share) on final disposition of its interest. The sale decision was made entirely by Glen Mitchel, New America Electric's CEO and 20% owner, who did not wish to wait for an eventual upturn in commercial construction after years of enduring a worst-since-the-1930s business climate to which he had adjusted through several painful downsizings. The bad timing of Wesco in entering the electrical equipment field when it did was entirely the result of misjudgment by the writer, caused by a strong, near-lifelong preference for predict- ing relative consequences from business and human quality while not attempting to predict business cycles. Considering the very hostile business climate we later encountered, New America Electric's business was always run extremely well by Glen Mitchel, and his dedication and skill prevented us from losing much more than we did. The writer caused Wesco's loss, not Glen Mitchel. The foregoing comments were repeated verbatim from Wesco's 1993 report. The writer, as a minority selling shareholder of New America Electric, realized his pro rata share of profit made by all selling shareholders when Wesco bought 80% of New America Electric in 1988 in a transaction approved by Warren Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway's chairman, and non-Munger directors of Wesco, none of whom owned any shares in New America Electric. Under these circumstances, it is only fitting that the writer's nose be again publicly rubbed in the ensuing bad result for Wesco. Consolidated Balance Sheet And Related Discussion As indicated in the accompanying financial statements, Wesco increased its net worth, as accountants compute it under their conventions, to $678.1 million at yearend 1994, or about $95 per Wesco share, from $626.1 million at yearend 1993. The $52 million increase in reported net worth in 1994 was the result of three factors: (1) $36.5 million resulting from continued net appreciation of investments after provision for future taxes on capital gains; (2) $12.0 million from retention of 1994 net income after deduction of dividends paid; (3) $3.5 million resulting from our decision at the beginning of 1994 to conform our accounting for investments in 9 securities with fixed maturities to our accounting for marketable equity securities, with the result that we now carry them on the consolidated balance sheet at market value. The foregoing $95-per-share book value approximates liquidation value assum- ing that all Wesco's non-security assets would liquidate, after taxes, at book value. Probably, this assumption is too conservative. But our computation of liquidation value is unlikely to be too low by more than a couple of dollars per Wesco share, because (1) the liquidation value of Wesco's consolidated real estate holdings (where interesting potential now lies almost entirely in Wesco's equity in its office property in Pasadena) is now far below its former high, and (2) unrealized appreciation in other assets (primarily Precision Steel) cannot be large enough, in relation to Wesco's overall size, to change very much the overall computation of after-tax liquidating value. Of course, so long as Wesco does not liquidate, and does not sell any appreciated assets, it has, in effect, an interest-free "loan" from the government equal to its deferred income taxes on unrealized gains, subtracted in determining its net worth. This interest-free "loan" from the government is at this moment working for Wesco shareholders and amounted to about $27 per Wesco share at yearend 1994. However, some day, perhaps soon, major parts of the interest-free "loan" must be paid as assets are sold. Therefore, Wesco's shareholders have no perpetual advantage creating value for them of $27 per Wesco share. Instead, the present value of Wesco's shareholders' advantage must logically be much lower than $27 per Wesco share. In the writer's judgment, the value of Wesco's advantage from its temporary, interest-free "loan" was probably about $9 per Wesco share at yearend 1994. After the value of the advantage inhering in the interest-free "loan" is estimated, a reasonable approximation can be made of Wesco's intrinsic value per share. This approximation is made by simply adding (1) the value of the advantage from the interest-free "loan" per Wesco share and (2) liquidating value per Wesco share. Others may think differently, but the foregoing approach seems reasonable to the writer as a way of estimating intrinsic value per Wesco share. Thus, if the value of the advantage from the interest-free tax-deferral "loan" present was $9 per Wesco share at yearend 1994, and after-tax liquidating value was then about $95 per share (figures that seem plenty high to the writer), Wesco's intrinsic value per share would become only about $104 per share at yearend 1994, up 4% from intrinsic value as guessed in a similar calculation at the end of 1993. And, finally, this reasonable-to-this-writer, $104-per-share figure for intrinsic per share value of Wesco stock should be compared with the $115.12 per share price at which Wesco stock was selling on December 31, 1994. This comparison indicates that Wesco stock was then selling about 11% above intrinsic value. 10 ....

综合考虑各方面因素,西科金融的业务质量和人员素质都远不及伯克希尔·哈撒韦。在此需要指出的是,本人在西科的决策中不仅造成了新美洲电力(New America Electric)的亏损,还导致了另外两个不良后果:(1)在圣巴巴拉蒙特西托(Montecito)地区开发法拍的海滨地产,若考虑机会成本,最终财务结果将明显不佳;(2)近期还因房地产繁荣时期的住宅抵押贷款遭受了一些损失。在本人的领导下,西科金融成功地在加州房地产崩盘中以三种不同方式遭受重创,尽管这些类别的资产仅占西科总资产的极小比例。

西科并非一个规模更小但同样优秀的伯克希尔·哈撒韦,更不应因其规模小就认为增长更容易而显得更好。相反,西科金融的每一美元账面价值所代表的内在价值,明显低于伯克希尔·哈撒韦同等金额的账面价值。

尽管如此,我们并不会基于当前股市报价来评估西科与伯克希尔·哈撒韦股票之间的相对投资吸引力。

1995 年 1 月 18 日,西科金融将常规股息从每股 24.5 美分提高至每股 25.5 美分,将于 1995 年 3 月 8 日支付给 1995 年 2 月 8 日营业结束时登记在册的股东。

本年度报告包含提交给美国证券交易委员会(SEC)的 10-K 表格,详细介绍了西科金融及其子公司的信息,以及附有大量注释的经审计财务报表。与往常一样,希望各位股东认真关注这些内容。

查尔斯·T·芒格

董事会主席

1995 年 3 月 9 日

Business and human quality in place at Wesco continues to be not nearly as good, all factors considered, as that in place at Berkshire Hathaway. In this connec- tion, it should be noted that the writer caused or helped cause not only Wesco's New America Electric loss but also (1) what will now plainly turn out to be a bad -.. financial result, opportunity cost considered, from development of foreclosed mostly-seaside land in the Montecito district of Santa Barbara and (2) some recent losses from boom-time mortgage loans on residences. Wesco, under the writer's leadership, has managed to be clobbered in three different ways by the California real estate crash, albeit in categories employing a very small portion of Wesco's assets. Wesco is not an equally-good-but-smaller version of Berkshire Hathaway, better because its small size makes growth easier. Instead, each dollar of book value at Wesco continues plainly to provide much less intrinsic value than a similar dollar of book value at Berkshire Hathaway. All that said, we make no attempt to appraise relative attractiveness for invest- ment of Wesco versus Berkshire Hathaway stock at present stock-market quotations. On January 18, 1995 Wesco increased its regular dividend from 24%½ cents per share to 25½ cents per share, payable March 8, 1995, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on February 8, 1995. This annual report contains Form 10-K, a report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and includes detailed information about Wesco and its subsidiaries as well as audited financial statements bearing extensive footnotes. As usual, your careful attention is sought with respect to these items. CharlesT manger Charles T. Munger Chairman of the Board March 9, 1995