致合伙人信(1969-12-05)

合伙人信 · 原文约 2022 词
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巴菲特合伙公司(BUFFETT PARTNERSHIP, LTD.)

BUFFETT PARTNERSHIP. LTD.

基威特广场 610 号

610 KIEWIT PLAZA

内布拉斯加州奥马哈 68131

OMAHA, NEBRASKA 68131

电话:042-4110

TELEPHONE 042-4110

1969 年 12 月 5 日

December 5th , 1969

致各位合伙人:

To My Partners:

写这封信,是想向各位提供一些与我们两家控股公司(及其四个主要经营板块)有关的公开信息,同时谈谈我对它们经营状况的总体看法。我的本意并非像招股说明书那样堆砌大量细节,只想说说此刻我对这几家企业的大致“感觉”。年末时,多元零售公司(Diversified Retailing Company)共有 100 万股流通股,BPL 持有其中 80 万股,第一曼哈顿公司(First Manhattan Company)和惠勒-芒格公司(Wheeler, Munger & Company)各持有 10 万股。多元零售公司此前 100% 控股巴尔的摩的霍希尔德-科恩公司(Hochschild, Kohn & Company),目前 100% 控股联合零售百货公司(Associated Retail Stores,原名联合棉制品商店)。12 月 1 日,多元零售公司把霍希尔德-科恩的全部权益卖给了超市综合公司(Supermarkets General Corp.),换来 5,045,205 美元现金,外加超市综合公司出具的两笔无息票据:一笔 200 万美元,1970 年 2 月 1 日到期;另一笔 4,540,000 美元,1971 年 2 月 1 日到期。这两笔票据的现值约为 600 万美元,因此,这笔交易实际上为多元零售公司带来约 1100 万美元。多元零售公司在出售时做出了若干担保承诺,虽然我们预计不会有人依据合同提出索赔,但只要担保仍然有效,一笔极小的或有负债便始终存在。联合零售百货公司的净资产约为 750 万美元。这是一家出色的企业,财务状况稳健,经营利润率良好,近年来销售额和利润节节上升。去年销售额约 3750 万美元,净利润约 100 万美元。今年销售额和利润有望再创新高,我估计后者在足额纳税后约为 110 万美元。多元零售公司还有 660 万美元债券在外流通(如有需要,我们可寄上一份截至 1967 年 12 月 18 日、详述该业务及债券条款的招股说明书),这批债券有一个不同寻常之处:一旦我本人或我控制的实体不再是多元零售公司的最大股东,债券持有人便有权要求公司按面值赎回。综合来看,多元零售公司每股有形净资产约为 11.50 至 12.00 美元,旗下有一家优秀的经营性企业,还握有大量资金可再投资于其他经营性企业。在此期间,这笔资金将暂投于有价证券。伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司(Berkshire Hathaway Inc.)共有 983,582 股流通股,BPL 持有其中 691,441 股。伯克希尔·哈撒韦有三大主营业务:纺织业务、保险业务(由国民赔偿公司(National Indemnity Company)和国民火灾与海事保险公司(National Fire & Marine Insurance Company)经营,二者合称保险公司),以及伊利诺伊州罗克福德的伊利诺伊国民银行与信托公司(Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Rockford, Illinois)。它还拥有《太阳报》(Sun Newspapers Inc.)、布莱克印刷公司(Blacker Printing Company),以及门户保险承保人公司(Gateway Underwriters)70% 的股权,不过这些业务相对于整体而言,在财务上无足轻重。纺织业务目前占用的资本约合每股 16 美元,我认为它相对于整个纺织行业算是有所长进,却仍称不上一门令人满意的生意。它的资本回报率不足以支撑所投入的资产,说实话,未来能否取得尚可的平均回报,胜算还不到一半。它已是我们四年半前取得控股权时该业务中最优质的部分。其余部分的资本则已

This letter is to supply you with some published information relating to our two controlled companies (and their four principal operating components), as well as to give you my general views regarding their operations. My comments are not designed to give you loads of detailed information prospectus-style, but only my general "slant" as I see the businesses at this time. At yearend, BPL will own 800,000 of 1,000,000 shares outstanding of Diversified Retailing Company. First Manhattan Company and Wheeler, Munger & Company will each own 100,000 shares. DRC previously owned 100% of Hochschild, Kohn & Company of Baltimore, and currently owns 100% of Associated Retail Stores (formerly named Associated Cotton Shops). On December 1st, DRC sold its entire interest in H-K to Supermarkets General Corp. for $5,045,205 of cash plus non-interest bearing SGC notes for $2 million due 2-170, and $4,540,000 due 2-1-71. The present value of these notes approximates $6.0 million so, effectively, DRC received about $11 million on the sale. Various warranties were made by DRC in connection with the sale, and, while we expect no claims pursuant to the contract, a remote contingent liability always exists while warranties are in force. Associated Retail Stores has a net worth of about $7.5 million. It is an excellent business with a strong financial position, good operating margins and a record of increasing sales and earnings in recent years. Last year, sales were about $37.5 million and net income about $1 million. This year should see new records in sales and earnings, with my guess on the latter to be in the area of $1.1 million after full taxes. DRC has $6.6 million in debentures outstanding (prospectus with full description of the business as of December 18th, 1967 and the debenture terms will be sent you upon request) which have one unusual feature in that if I, or an entity controlled by me, is not the largest shareholder of DRC, the debentureholders have the right to present their debentures for payment by the company at par. Thus, DRC has tangible net assets of about $11.50 - $12.00 per share, an excellent operating business and substantial funds available for reinvestment in other operating businesses. On an interim basis, such funds will be employed in marketable securities. Berkshire Hathaway Inc. has 983,582 shares outstanding, of which BPL owns 691,441. B-H has three main operating businesses, the textile operation, the insurance operation (conducted by National Indemnity Company and National Fire & Marine Insurance Company, which will be collectively called the insurance company) and the Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Rockford, Illinois. It also owns Sun Newspapers Inc, Blacker Printing Company and 70% of Gateway Underwriters, but these operations are not financially significant relative to the total. The textile operation presently employs about $16 per share in capital and, while I think it has made some progress relative to the textile industry generally, cannot be judged a satisfactory business. Its return on capital has not been sufficient to support the assets employed in the business and, realistically, an adequate return has less than an even chance of being averaged in the future. It represents the best segments of the business that existed when we purchased control four and one-half years ago. Capital from the other segments has been

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被成功地重新配置——起初暂时投入有价证券,如今则永久性地投向保险与银行业务。我很喜欢纺织业务的这批员工,在艰难处境下,他们为改善经营付出了艰辛努力;尽管回报欠佳,只要业务能维持在当前水平附近,我们仍打算把纺织业务经营下去。保险业务(伯克希尔·哈撒韦几乎 100% 控股)和银行(伯克希尔·哈撒韦持股 97.7%)的景象则要令人愉快得多。两者都是一流企业,资本回报率可观,无论以绝对标准还是横向比较来衡量经营数据,都表现优异。银行归属伯克希尔·哈撒韦的每股有形净资产约为 17 美元,保险公司约为 15 美元。我估计它们正常的当期盈利能力约为每股 4 美元(1968 年经营业务的预估数字约为每股 3.40 美元),凭借银行与保险公司合计 32 美元的有形净资产,未来增长前景可观。再加上纺织业务和其他杂项资产,扣除母公司约 700 万美元的银行债务,伯克希尔·哈撒韦的每股有形净资产约为 43 美元;若把收购银行时相对有形资产支付的溢价计入,账面价值约为 45 美元。有一点须提醒:上文谈及有形净资产时,我是把保险公司和银行持有的 7500 万美元债券按摊余成本计价的。这既符合这两个行业的标准会计惯例,也贴合它们的实际经营——这些债券在到期前被迫卖出的可能性微乎其微。然而在当前债券价格处于历史低位之际,这批债券的市值已远低于账面价值,落差大约相当于伯克希尔·哈撒韦每股 10 美元。在多元零售公司和伯克希尔·哈撒韦之下,我们共有四门主营业务,在我看来,其中三门无论用哪种常规评价标准来看,都堪称一流。这三门出色的业务,都由年过六旬、白手起家一手把摊子撑起来的人掌管。这些人勤奋、殷实、正派——而且格外能干。年龄是一处短板,却是他们身上唯一的短板。我之所以乐意把自己相当大一部分资本放在伯克希尔·哈撒韦和多元零售公司,原因之一正是掌舵这些业务的都是这样出类拔萃的人。我们手上有与控股权益相关的各类年报、审计报告、中期报告、委托书材料、招股说明书等等,各位若有需要,我们乐于奉上。我也欢迎各位书面提问,会在年底前把问题和答案一并发给全体合伙人。凡是想到的问题尽管开口,不必迟疑——你觉得不清楚的地方,别人多半也不清楚——没有理由让某件我三两句就能说明白的事,一直悬在各位心里。多元零售公司和伯克希尔·哈撒韦目前都不派息,未来若干年很可能要么不派息,要么派息极为微薄。这有几方面缘由:两家母公司都有借款;我们要为银行的存款人和保险公司的保单持有人留足保障;一些经营公司有很不错的途径来利用追加的资本;我们也盼着物色到新的业务,既分散风险,又壮大盈利能力。就我个人看法,多元零售公司和伯克希尔·哈撒韦的内在价值将在未来数年里大幅增长。谁都无法预知未来,但若这一增长达不到每年约 10%,我会感到失望。股价会围绕内在价值大幅上下摆动,可从长期看,内在价值几乎总会在某个时点体现于市场价格。因此,我认为这两只证券都是相当不错的长期持仓,我也乐于把自己净资产中相当大的一块投在它们身上。当你直接持有这些证券时,无须为短期价格波动分心,正如你从前通过 BPL 间接持有时那样淡定。我把它们当作企业来看,而不是“股票”;只要企业长期经营得当,股票自然也会如此。我要着重说明:对于各位日后持有的这些证券,我不会再以管理人或合伙人的身份与你们发生关系。将来你尽可随意处置自己的股票,我当然也一样。我

successfully redeployed - first, on an interim basis into marketable securities and, now on a permanent basis into insurance and banking. I like the textile operating people - they have worked hard to improve the business under difficult conditions - and, despite the poor return, we expect to continue the textile operation as long as it produces near current levels. The insurance operation (of which B-H owns virtually 100%) and the bank (where B-H owns 97.7%) present a much happier picture. Both are first-class businesses, earning good returns on capital and stacking up well on any absolute or comparative analysis of operating statistics. The bank has about $17 per share of net tangible assets applicable to B-H, and the insurance company approximately $15. I would estimate their normal current earning power to be about $4 per share (compared to about $3.40 from operations pro-forma in 1968), with good prospects for future growth on the combined $32 of tangible net assets in the bank and insurance company. Adding in the textile business and miscellaneous assets, and subtracting parent company bank debt of about $7 million, gives a tangible net asset value of about $43 per share for B-H, or about $45 stated book value, allowing for the premium over tangible assets paid for the bank. One caveat - when I talk above of tangible net assets. I am valuing the $75 million of bonds held by the insurance company and bank at amortized cost. This is in accord with standard accounting procedures used in those industries and also in accord with the realities of their business operations where it is quite unlikely that bonds will have to be sold before maturity. At today's historically low bond prices, however, our bonds have a market value substantially below carrying value, probably on the order of $10 per share of B-H stock. Between DRC and B-H, we have four main operating businesses with three of them in my opinion, definitely first class by any of the usual standards of evaluation. The three excellent businesses are all run by men over sixty who are largely responsible for building each operation from scratch. These men are hard working, wealthy, and good – extraordinarily good. Their age is a negative, but it is the only negative applicable to them. One of the reasons I am happy to have a large segment of my capital in B-H and DRC is because we have such excellent men in charge of the operating businesses. We have various annual reports, audits, interim reports, proxy materials prospectuses, etc… applicable to our control holdings and we will be glad to supply you with any item you request. I also solicit your written questions and will send to all partners the questions and answers shortly before yearend. Don't hesitate to ask any question at all that comes to mind - if it isn't clear to you, it probably isn't clear to others - and there is no reason for any of you to be wondering about something that I might clear up. DRC and B-H presently pay no dividends and will probably pay either no dividends or very modest dividends for some years to come. There are a number of reasons for this. Both parent companies have borrowed money we want to maintain a good level of protection for depositors at the bank and policyholders at the insurance company - some of the operating companies have very satisfactory ways to utilize additional capital - and we are hopeful of finding new businesses to both diversify and augment our earning power. My personal opinion is that the intrinsic value of DRC and B-H will grow substantially over the years. While no one knows the future, I would be disappointed if such growth wasn't at a rate of approximately 10% per annum. Market prices for stocks fluctuate at great amplitudes around intrinsic value but, over the long term, intrinsic value is virtually always reflected at some point in market price. Thus, I think both securities should be very decent long-term holdings and I am happy to have a substantial portion of my net worth invested in them. You should be unconcerned about short-term price action when you own the securities directly, just as you were unconcerned when you owned them indirectly through BPL. I think about them as businesses, not “stocks”, and if the business does all right over the long term, so will the stock. I want to stress that I will not be in a managerial or partnership status with you regarding your future holdings of such securities. You will be free to do what you wish with your stock in the future and so, of course, will I. I

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我认为,自己极有可能会长期持有多元零售公司(DRC)和伯克希尔·哈撒韦(B-H)的股票,但我不愿为此背负任何隐含的道义承诺,也不愿在遥无期限的未来就他人如何处置持股给出建议。这两家公司自然会持续向全体股东通报经营动态,各位也会收到它们发布的报告,大概每半年一次。倘若我一如所料继续持有这些证券,那么我介入其事务的程度将视我其他方面的关注点而定。多数情况下,我会在政策问题上持有重要立场,但一旦我的兴趣转向别处,我除做一名被动股东外,不希望承担任何道义责任。我们目前计划在 1 月 5 日进行 BPL 的首次现金分配,分配金额现在将达到 1969 年 1 月 1 日资本的至少 64%,再扣除各位自 1969 年 1 月 1 日以来从我们这里收到的任何分配(含月度付款)。目前,由美林公司(Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith)牵头的一项公开发行正在推进中,标的是我们持有的蓝筹印花股票;如果这项发行如预期在本月完成,上述比例应至少升至 70%。如果各位希望比尔和我在 3 月就债券提供想法,请用 1 月 5 日分配款中的相应部分买入 3 月下旬到期的美国国库券,然后在 2 月最后一周告知我们你打算投入债券的金额,我们会把想法奉告。1 月中旬前后(一旦具体数额计算完毕,且股票由过户代理人登记在各位名下后送达),我们会将对应你合伙权益的 DRC 和 B-H 股票分配给你,随后告知你这些股票的计税基础和取得日期。此类股票将按随函所附莫嫩–赛德勒–瑞安律所(Monen, Seidler & Ryan)来函所述被“标注限制性字样”。这些股票凭证价值不菲,应妥善保管。

在前几封信中,我曾表示希望 BPL 能提供一套机制,使各位在愿意时可以自动将 DRC 和 B-H 股票转换为现金。我已请两家律师事务所就清算后这些股份在各位手中的法律地位进行了详尽研究,随函所附的信件(应连同股票一并保存)给出了他们的结论。如你所见,这一领域难以得出简单、明确的指引。我看不到有什么审慎的办法能落实我此前一直在考虑的那些替代方案。因此,各位若想处置手中股份,就必须遵循他们列出的指引。你大概也能看出,日后转售所受的限制对苏茜和我(因为我持续处于“内部人”身份)可能比对你们更为严格。大量证券常常通过该法律意见书第(3)段所述的“私下出售”方式成交。日后如果相关规则变得更清晰或更简明,我一定会通知各位。

在分配 DRC 和 B-H 股票时,我会告知这些股份在 1969 年年末所采用的估值。各位将在 1 月底左右收到我们的审计与税务函件。目前来看,蓝筹印花股票的出售,加上 DRC 和 B-H 价值的大幅提升,将使我们全年的整体收益率略高于 6%。

我的下一封信将在 12 月下旬发出,届时将汇总关于 DRC 和 B-H 的问答,并提供 1 月 5 日现金分配的最终估算。

think that there is a very high probability that I will maintain my investment in DRC and B-H for a very long period, but I want no implied moral commitment to do so nor do so nor do I wish to advise others over an indefinite future period regarding their holdings. The companies, of course, will keep all shareholders advised of their activities and you will receive reports as issued by them, probably on a semi-annual basis. Should I continue to hold the securities, as I fully expect to do, my degree of involvement in their activities may vary depending upon my other interests. The odds are that I will take an important position on matters of policy, but I want no moral obligation to be other than a passive shareholder, should my interests develop elsewhere. We presently plan to make the initial BPL cash distribution on January 5th, which will now come to at least 64% of January 1, 1969 capital less any distributions (including monthly payments) you have received from us since January 1, 1969. There is now pending a public offering, headed by Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, of our Blue Chip Stamps holdings which, if completed this month as expected, should bring the figure to at least 70%. If you wish Bill and me to give you our ideas regarding bonds in March, you should purchase U.S. Treasury Bills maturing in late March with the applicable portion of the January 5th distribution. Then advise us in the last week of February of the amount you wish to invest in bonds and we will let you know our thoughts. About the middle of January (as soon as the exact amounts are figured and shares are received from the Transfer Agent after having been registered in your name) we will distribute the DRC and B-H stock applicable to your partnership interest and subsequently advise you of your tax basis and acquisition date attributable to the stock. Such shares will be "legended" as described in the enclosed letter from Monen, Seidler & Ryan. These stock certificates are valuable and should be kept in a safe place. In past letters I had expressed the hope that BPL could supply a mechanism whereby you could, if you wished, automatically convert your DRC and B-H to cash. I have had two law firms consider extensively the status of these shares in your hands following the liquidation and the accompanying letters (which should be saved and kept with the shares) give their conclusions. As you can see, it is not an area that produces simple, clear-cut guidelines. I see no prudent way to implement the alternatives I had previously been considering. Therefore, you must follow the guidelines they set forth if you wish to dispose of your shares. As you probably realize, the restrictions on subsequent sale apply more severely to Susie and me (because of my continued "insider" position) than they probably do to you. Substantial quantities of securities often are sold via the "private sale" option described in paragraph (3) of the opinion. If the rules become clearer or more simplified in the future, I will be sure to let you know. At the time of distribution of DRC and B-H, I will advise you of the values applied to such shares at 1969 yearend. You will receive our audit and tax letter about the end of January. It presently appears that sale of our Blue Chip shares and a substantial increase in value of DRC and B- H will bring our overall gain for the year to slightly over 6%. My next letter will be in late December, summarizing the questions and answers regarding DRC and B-H. and also supplying a final estimate on the January 5th cash distribution.

沃伦·E·巴菲特

Warren E. Buffett

WEBI glk

WEBI glk

附件:

Enclosures:

法律意见书,莫嫩–赛德勒–瑞安律所(Monen, Seidler & Ryan)

Legal opinion. Monen, Seidler & Ryan

附议意见书,芒格–托尔斯–希尔斯–里克斯豪泽律所(Munger, Tolles, Hills & Rickershauser)。伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司 1968 年年报。伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司 1969 年半年报。伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司 1969 年 4 月 3 日致股东信。多元零售公司(Diversified Retailing Company, Inc.)1968 年年报。

Concurring opinion, Munger, Tolles. Hills & Rickershauser 1968 Annual Report. Berkshire Hathaway. Inc. 1969 Semi-Annual Report. Berkshire Hathaway. Inc. April 3. 1969 letter to Shareholders. Berkshire Hathaway. Inc. 1968 Annual Report. Diversified Retailing

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联合零售商店公司(Associated Retail Stores, Inc.)财务信息。伊利诺伊国民银行与信托公司(Illinois National Bank & Trust Co.)财务信息。国民赔偿公司(National Indemnity Company)1969 年《贝氏报告》(Best's Report)。国民火灾与海事保险公司(National Fire & Marine Insurance Company)1969 年《贝氏报告》。

Company. Inc. Financial information regarding Associated Retail Stores. Inc. Financial information regarding Illinois National Bank & Trust Co. 1969 Best's Report. National Indemnity Company 1969 Best's Report. National Fire & Marine Insurance Company

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