新经济:市场跑赢的思维模型
新经济市场超额收益的心智模型
The New Economy Mental Models for Market Outperformance
Presented by:
Presented by:
迈克尔·莫布森 美国首席投资策略师
Michael Mauboussin Chief U.S. Investment Strategist
(212) 325-3108
(212) 325-3108
Agenda
Agenda
一、追随现金 二、信息规则 三、今日如何操作
I. Follow the Cash II. Information Rules III. How to Play Today
Part I
Part I
理想的模式……
The ideal model...
理解经济学 · 投入资本回报率
Understand Economics Return on invested capital
增量投资资本回报率
Return on incremental invested capital
盈利/价值创造关系
Earnings/value creation relationship
竞争优势存续期
Competitive advantage period
预期量化 项目“公允”价值
Expectations Quantification Project “fair” value
理解市场预期
Understand market expectations
投入资本回报率与市盈率 投入资本回报率 8% 10% 15% 20% 5% 8.5 倍 10.0 倍 12.0 倍 12.9 倍
ROIC and P/E multiples Return on Invested Capital 8% 10% 15% 20% 5% 8.5x 10.0x 12.0x 12.9x
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
收益增长 10% 5.7 10.0 15.8 18.6 15% 0.1 10.0 23.4 29.9 20% NM 10.0 38.2 52.2
Earnings Growth 10% 5.7 10.0 15.8 18.6 15% 0.1 10.0 23.4 29.9 20% NM 10.0 38.2 52.2
假设全部采用权益融资;加权平均资本成本为 10%;预测期为 20 年
Assume all equity financed; 10% WACC; 20-year forecast period
First principles
First principles
(1) Cash flow
(1) Cash flow
(2) Risk Value
(2) Risk Value
(3)预测期限(CAP)
(3) Forecast horizon (CAP)
这些驱动因素在股市中属于预期层面的变量。
These drivers are expectational in the stock market
现金流定义
Cash flow defined
• Volume Sales
• Volume Sales
• Pricing
• Pricing
经营费用现金流
• Expenses Operating Cash
• 租赁业务边际利润
• Leases Margin Earnings
税务条款现金
• Tax Provision Cash
• 递延所得税 税收
• Deferred Taxes Taxes
• 税收减免
• Tax Shield minus
• A/R Δ Working
• A/R Δ Working
• Inventories Capital
• Inventories Capital
• A/P
• A/P
• 净固定资产(PP&E)资本投资 • 经营租赁支出
• Net PP&E Capital Investment •Operating Leases Expenditures
收购/剥离自由现金流
Acquisitions/ Divestitures Free Cash Flow
可用于分配给所有债权人的现金
Cash available for distribution to all claimholders
投资如何处理:传统经济 vs 新经济
How investments are treated Old Economy New Economy
投资资本化 费用化
Investments Capitalized Expensed
盈利高估了盈利,现金与现金流相似。
Earnings overstate Earnings and cash cash flow flow are similar
| 证据 | 微软 | 雅虎 | 可口可乐 | 沃尔玛 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 净利润 | 100 美元 | 100 美元 | 100 美元 | 100 美元 |
| 减去 | ||||
| 资产负债表变动 | -61 | -75 | 26 | 13 |
| 等于 | ||||
| 现金流 | 161 | 175 | 74 | 87 |
| 现金流/净利润 | 1.6 倍 | 1.8 倍 | 0.7 倍 | 0.9 倍 |
The evidence Microsoft Yahoo! Coca-cola Wal-Mart Net income $100 $100 $100 $100 minus Balance sheet Δ -61 -75 26 13 equals Cash flow 161 175 74 87 Cash flow/net income 1.6x 1.8x 0.7x 0.9x
注:采用最近一个完整财年数据;所有数字均按比例换算。
Note: most recent reported fiscal year; all figures scaled.
15% 旧经济模式下的利润率与资本周转率权衡
The margin and capital turnover tradeoff 15% Old Economy
现金盈利利润率 10%
Cash Earnings Margins 10%
| 15% 投入资本回报率 |
|---|
| 5% |
| 新经济 |
| 1% |
| 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 投入资本周转率 |
15% ROIC 5% New Economy 1% 1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Invested Capital Turnover
原子、比特与现金
营运资本占销售额的百分比 释放出 2450 亿美元资本 固定资产占销售额的百分比 过去 10 年投入资本回报率 1988 年 9.9% 1998 年 9.4%
Atom, bits and cash Working capital as a percent of sales $245 billion in capital freed Fixed capital as a last 10 years ROIC percent of sales 1988 9.9% 1998 9.4%
商誉占销售额的并购百分比,将无形资产正式化。
Goodwill as a M&A percent of sales formalizes intangible assets
微软 —— 1999 财年损益表
50 万美元 平均销售额 员工费用 营业利润 税收 期权利润 净利润(F99)
Microsoft − fiscal 1999 Income Statement $500,000 Sales average Expenses employee Operating Income Taxes option profit Net Income (F99)
现金收益 = 100 亿 ~ 5000 亿美元 资产负债表 = 975% 投入资本回报率 市值 投入资本 = 10 亿美元 流动资产 不动产、厂房及设备 其他 总资产 流动负债 810 亿美元 股东权益 员工股票期权负债 负债及股东权益
Cash earnings = $10 billion ~ $500 billion Balance Sheet = 975% ROIC market cap Invested capital = $ 1 billion Current Assets PPE Other Total Assets Current Liabilities $81 billion Equity ESO liability Liabilities & Equity
Part II
Part II
新千年的心智模型 · 网络经济学
Mental models for the new millennium Network economics
权衡取舍的终结
Trumping trade-offs
比特的胜利
Triumph of bits
网络经济学 实体资本世界的规模经济
Network economics Physical capital world economies of scale
供给侧驱动型(制造业,加工能力)
supply-side driven (manufacturing, processing capability)
随着统治地位逐步逼近,正反馈效应也随之消散。
positive feedback dissipates as dominance is approached
知识资本世界——网络效应
Knowledge capital world network effects
需求驱动型(eBay)
demand-side driven (eBay)
正面反馈随着支配地位的加强而强化。
positive feedback strengthens with dominance
Trumping tradeoffs
Trumping tradeoffs
“这不是什么‘笨鸟先飞’的故事,而是从一堆平庸素材中获取财富。”
et s n ’t g the as atio o n n M iz i “D ck dle” st om stu mid Richness cu Richness
Reach Reach
Reach Reach
位的胜利
Triumph of bits
原子与比特 —— 竞争性商品 —— 非竞争性商品
Atoms Bits Rival good Non-rival good
易于保护的 / 难于保护的
Easy to protect Hard to protect
分销成本 前期成本
Spread costs Upfront costs
有限的规模化能力 ▪ 高可扩展性
Limited scalability High scalability
产出与成本之间的关系
Relationship between output and costs
基于资本的知识型
Capital-based Knowledge-based
economies diseconomies
economies diseconomies
规模的平均单位成本
Average unit cost Average unit cost of scale of scale
恒定规模回报成本对销售额不敏感
constant return to scale costs are insensitive to sales
Output Output
Output Output
网络效应
Network effects Radial Interactive
“网络应当少而精。”
“Of networks there shall be few”
−Arthur’s Law
−Arthur’s Law
Increasing returns
Increasing returns
Network effects
Network effects
高昂的先期成本 递增的回报 率先规模化
High upfront costs Increasing returns First-to-scale
锁定(标准版)
Lock-in (standard)
互联网百强企业拓扑
Topology of the Internet 100
10-2 % sites % visits
10-2 % sites % visits
| 网站比例 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1% | 32% | 前 150 只互联网股票(1999 年 12 月) | |
| 10⁻⁴ | 1.0% | 56% | 109 |
| 5.0% | 75% | ||
| 10⁻⁶ | 50% | 95% | 108 |
| 网站 | |||
| 10⁻⁸ |
Proportion of sites 0.1% 32% Top 150 Internet Stocks (12/99) 10-4 1.0% 56% 109 5.0% 75% 10-6 50% 95% 108 Sites 10-8
Market Capitalization ($)
Market Capitalization ($)
107
107
原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。
10-10 100 101 102 103 104 105 用户数量 106 齐普夫 105 分布 100 Alexa
10-10 100 101 102 103 104 105 Number of users 106 Zipf 105 distribution 100 Alexa
| Infoseek | 链接 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2 | 概率 | ||
| 104 | 10-4 | ||
| 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 |
Infoseek 10-2 104 Links Probability 10-4 100 101 102 103
10-6 市值排名
10-6 Market Cap. Rank
| 10-8 | 10-10 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 | 105 |
| 页数 |
10-8 10-10 100 101 102 103 104 105 Number of pages
寻找什么——大幅折价,甚至免费赠送新产品
What to look for Heavily discount−or give away−new products
联系与杠杆——凸显了实物期权的价值
Link and leverage−highlights the value of real options
思考适应,而非优化。
Think adaptation, not optimization
第三部分 如何参与今日的游戏
Part III How to Play Today
当今传统企业的竞争之道——成功的障碍:企业文化与薪酬体系、层级化组织结构、现金薪酬与股权激励的取舍、多元化程度不足
How to Play Today Traditional businesses − barriers to success Culture and compensation hierarchical structure cash-based versus stock-based lack of diversity
渠道冲突 定价 物流差异 信息类型
Channel conflict pricing varying logistics information type
红皇后效应、捕食者/猎物模型、被竞争吞噬的好处、利润率下降
Red Queen effect prey/predator model benefits competed away lower margins
如何玩转当今的传统商业——行动清单
- 贴近客户
- 获取更可靠的信息
- 更优的资本管理
- 利用网络效应
How to Play Today Traditional businesses − the checklist Close to the customer more reliable information better capital management tap network effects
拆解商业模式——价值在何处被创造?
Deconstruct the business model where is value created?
垂直模式易受攻击,管理者和投资者不知道价值和原因在何处产生。
vertical models vulnerable managers/investors don’t know where and why value is created
资本纪律 reinvestment 率 博弈理论
Capital discipline reinvestment rate game theory
如何参与其中
知识型企业
网络效应
网络的守护者
事实上的标准
How to Play Today Knowledge businesses Network effects stewards of the network de facto standards
必需品 · 基础设施 · 数字版权管理
Necessities infrastructure digital rights management
全球化 · 联动与杠杆 · 重新定义本土/本国产业
Globalization link and leverage redefining local/national industries
新经济时代的市场超额收益思维模型
The New Economy Mental Models for Market Outperformance
Presented by:
Presented by:
迈克尔·莫布森 首席美国投资策略师
Michael Mauboussin Chief U.S. Investment Strategist
(212) 325-3108
(212) 325-3108
Recommended Sources
Recommended Sources
Finance:
Finance:
创造股东价值,阿尔弗雷德·拉帕波特(自由出版社,纽约,1986 年与 1998 年)
Creating Shareholder Value, Alfred Rappaport (The Free Press, New York, 1986 & 1998)
《价值评估:公司价值的衡量与管理》,汤姆·科普兰、蒂姆·科勒、杰克·默林著(约翰·威立父子公司,纽约,1995 年)
Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies, Tom Copeland, Tim Koller, Jack Murin (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1995)
在《寻求价值》一书中,G. Bennett Stewart III(Harper Collins,纽约,1991)提出……
The Quest for Value, G. Bennett Stewart III (Harper Collins, New York, 1991)
真实期权,玛莎·阿姆拉姆、纳林·库拉蒂拉卡合著,(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1999 年)
Real Options, Martha Amram, Nalin Kulatilaka, (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1999)
Recommended Sources
Recommended Sources
Strategy:
Strategy:
信息规则,卡尔·夏皮罗、哈尔·R·瓦里安著(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1999 年)
Information Rules, Carl Shapiro, Hal R. Varian (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1999)
克莱顿·M·克里斯坦森《创新者的窘境》(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1997)
Innovator’s Dilemma, Clayton M. Christensen (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1997)
《碎片化》,菲利普·埃文斯、托马斯·S·沃斯特合著(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,2000 年)
Blown to Bits, Philip Evans, Thomas S. Wurster (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 2000)
《引爆杀手级应用》,拉里·唐斯、春卡·穆伊合著(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1998 年)
Unleashing the Killer App, Larry Downes, Chunka Mui (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1998)