新经济:市场跑赢的思维模型

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新经济市场超额收益的心智模型

The New Economy Mental Models for Market Outperformance

Presented by:

Presented by:

迈克尔·莫布森 美国首席投资策略师

Michael Mauboussin Chief U.S. Investment Strategist

(212) 325-3108

(212) 325-3108

Agenda

Agenda

一、追随现金 二、信息规则 三、今日如何操作

I. Follow the Cash II. Information Rules III. How to Play Today

Part I

Part I

理想的模式……

The ideal model...

理解经济学 · 投入资本回报率

‹ Understand Economics ‹ Return on invested capital

增量投资资本回报率

‹ Return on incremental invested capital

盈利/价值创造关系

‹ Earnings/value creation relationship

竞争优势存续期

‹ Competitive advantage period

预期量化 项目“公允”价值

‹ Expectations Quantification ‹ Project “fair” value

理解市场预期

‹ Understand market expectations

投入资本回报率与市盈率 投入资本回报率 8% 10% 15% 20% 5% 8.5 倍 10.0 倍 12.0 倍 12.9 倍

ROIC and P/E multiples Return on Invested Capital 8% 10% 15% 20% 5% 8.5x 10.0x 12.0x 12.9x

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

收益增长
  10%   5.7   10.0   15.8   18.6
  15%   0.1   10.0   23.4   29.9
  20%   NM   10.0   38.2   52.2
Earnings Growth
   10%   5.7   10.0   15.8   18.6
   15%   0.1   10.0   23.4   29.9
   20%   NM   10.0   38.2   52.2

假设全部采用权益融资;加权平均资本成本为 10%;预测期为 20 年

Assume all equity financed; 10% WACC; 20-year forecast period

First principles

First principles

(1) Cash flow

(1) Cash flow

(2) Risk Value

(2) Risk Value

(3)预测期限(CAP)

(3) Forecast horizon (CAP)

这些驱动因素在股市中属于预期层面的变量。

These drivers are expectational in the stock market

现金流定义

Cash flow defined

• Volume Sales

• Volume Sales

• Pricing

• Pricing

经营费用现金流

• Expenses Operating Cash

• 租赁业务边际利润

• Leases Margin Earnings

税务条款现金

• Tax Provision Cash

• 递延所得税 税收

• Deferred Taxes Taxes

• 税收减免

• Tax Shield minus

• A/R Δ Working

• A/R Δ Working

• Inventories Capital

• Inventories Capital

• A/P

• A/P

• 净固定资产(PP&E)资本投资 • 经营租赁支出

• Net PP&E Capital Investment •Operating Leases Expenditures

收购/剥离自由现金流

Acquisitions/ Divestitures Free Cash Flow

可用于分配给所有债权人的现金

Cash available for distribution to all claimholders

投资如何处理:传统经济 vs 新经济

How investments are treated Old Economy New Economy

投资资本化 费用化

Investments Capitalized Expensed

盈利高估了盈利,现金与现金流相似。

Earnings overstate Earnings and cash cash flow flow are similar

证据微软雅虎可口可乐沃尔玛
净利润100 美元100 美元100 美元100 美元
减去
资产负债表变动-61-752613
等于
现金流1611757487
现金流/净利润1.6 倍1.8 倍0.7 倍0.9 倍
The evidence
   Microsoft   Yahoo!   Coca-cola Wal-Mart
   Net income   $100   $100   $100   $100
   minus
   Balance sheet Δ   -61   -75   26   13
   equals
   Cash flow   161   175   74   87
   Cash flow/net income   1.6x   1.8x   0.7x   0.9x

注:采用最近一个完整财年数据;所有数字均按比例换算。

Note: most recent reported fiscal year; all figures scaled.

15% 旧经济模式下的利润率与资本周转率权衡

The margin and capital turnover tradeoff 15% Old Economy

现金盈利利润率 10%

Cash Earnings Margins 10%

15% 投入资本回报率
5%
新经济
1%
1.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 投入资本周转率
   15% ROIC
5%
   New
   Economy
1%
   1.0   5.0   10.0   15.0
   Invested Capital Turnover

原子、比特与现金

营运资本占销售额的百分比 释放出 2450 亿美元资本 固定资产占销售额的百分比 过去 10 年投入资本回报率 1988 年 9.9% 1998 年 9.4%

Atom, bits and cash ‹ Working capital as a percent of sales $245 billion in capital freed ‹ Fixed capital as a last 10 years ROIC percent of sales 1988 9.9% 1998 9.4%

商誉占销售额的并购百分比,将无形资产正式化。

‹ Goodwill as a M&A percent of sales formalizes intangible assets

微软 —— 1999 财年损益表

50 万美元 平均销售额 员工费用 营业利润 税收 期权利润 净利润(F99)

Microsoft − fiscal 1999 Income Statement $500,000 Sales average Expenses employee Operating Income Taxes option profit Net Income (F99)

现金收益 = 100 亿 ~ 5000 亿美元 资产负债表 = 975% 投入资本回报率 市值 投入资本 = 10 亿美元 流动资产 不动产、厂房及设备 其他 总资产 流动负债 810 亿美元 股东权益 员工股票期权负债 负债及股东权益

Cash earnings = $10 billion ~ $500 billion Balance Sheet = 975% ROIC market cap Invested capital = $ 1 billion Current Assets PPE Other Total Assets Current Liabilities $81 billion Equity ESO liability Liabilities & Equity

Part II

Part II

新千年的心智模型 · 网络经济学

Mental models for the new millennium ‹ Network economics

权衡取舍的终结

‹ Trumping trade-offs

比特的胜利

‹ Triumph of bits

网络经济学 实体资本世界的规模经济

Network economics Physical capital world ‹ economies of scale

供给侧驱动型(制造业,加工能力)

‹ supply-side driven (manufacturing, processing capability)

随着统治地位逐步逼近,正反馈效应也随之消散。

‹ positive feedback dissipates as dominance is approached

知识资本世界——网络效应

Knowledge capital world ‹ network effects

需求驱动型(eBay)

‹ demand-side driven (eBay)

正面反馈随着支配地位的加强而强化。

‹ positive feedback strengthens with dominance

Trumping tradeoffs

Trumping tradeoffs

“这不是什么‘笨鸟先飞’的故事,而是从一堆平庸素材中获取财富。”

et s n ’t g the as atio o n n M iz i “D ck dle” st om stu mid Richness cu Richness

Reach Reach

Reach Reach

位的胜利

Triumph of bits

原子与比特 —— 竞争性商品 —— 非竞争性商品

Atoms Bits ‹ Rival good ‹ Non-rival good

易于保护的 / 难于保护的

‹ Easy to protect ‹ Hard to protect

‹ 分销成本 ‹ 前期成本

‹ Spread costs ‹ Upfront costs

有限的规模化能力 ▪ 高可扩展性

‹ Limited scalability ‹ High scalability

产出与成本之间的关系

Relationship between output and costs

基于资本的知识型

Capital-based Knowledge-based

economies diseconomies

economies diseconomies

规模的平均单位成本

Average unit cost Average unit cost of scale of scale

恒定规模回报成本对销售额不敏感

constant return to scale costs are insensitive to sales

Output Output

Output Output

网络效应

Network effects Radial Interactive

“网络应当少而精。”

“Of networks there shall be few”

−Arthur’s Law

−Arthur’s Law

Increasing returns

Increasing returns

Network effects

Network effects

高昂的先期成本 递增的回报 率先规模化

High upfront costs Increasing returns First-to-scale

锁定(标准版)

Lock-in (standard)

互联网百强企业拓扑

Topology of the Internet 100

10-2 % sites % visits

10-2 % sites % visits

网站比例
0.1%32%前 150 只互联网股票(1999 年 12 月)
10⁻⁴1.0%56%109
5.0%75%
10⁻⁶50%95%108
网站
10⁻⁸
Proportion of sites
   0.1%   32%   Top 150 Internet Stocks (12/99)
   10-4   1.0%   56%   109
   5.0%   75%
   10-6   50%   95%   108
   Sites
   10-8

Market Capitalization ($)

Market Capitalization ($)

107

107

原件此处是表格,PDF 抽取时列结构已丢失,下面只剩按列读出的数字,行列对应关系无法还原。核对数据请打开来源正文。

10-10 100 101 102 103 104 105 用户数量 106 齐普夫 105 分布 100 Alexa

10-10 100 101 102 103 104 105 Number of users 106 Zipf 105 distribution 100 Alexa

Infoseek链接
10-2概率
10410-4
100101102103
   Infoseek
   10-2   104
   Links
Probability
   10-4
   100   101   102   103

10-6 市值排名

10-6 Market Cap. Rank

10-810-10
100101102103104105
页数
10-8
10-10
   100   101   102   103   104   105
   Number of pages

寻找什么——大幅折价,甚至免费赠送新产品

What to look for ‹ Heavily discount−or give away−new products

联系与杠杆——凸显了实物期权的价值

‹ Link and leverage−highlights the value of real options

思考适应,而非优化。

‹ Think adaptation, not optimization

第三部分 如何参与今日的游戏

Part III How to Play Today

当今传统企业的竞争之道——成功的障碍:企业文化与薪酬体系、层级化组织结构、现金薪酬与股权激励的取舍、多元化程度不足

How to Play Today Traditional businesses − barriers to success ‹ Culture and compensation ‹ hierarchical structure ‹ cash-based versus stock-based ‹ lack of diversity

渠道冲突 定价 物流差异 信息类型

‹ Channel conflict ‹ pricing ‹ varying logistics ‹ information type

红皇后效应、捕食者/猎物模型、被竞争吞噬的好处、利润率下降

‹ Red Queen effect ‹ prey/predator model ‹ benefits competed away ‹ lower margins

如何玩转当今的传统商业——行动清单

  • 贴近客户
  • 获取更可靠的信息
  • 更优的资本管理
  • 利用网络效应

How to Play Today Traditional businesses − the checklist ‹ Close to the customer ‹ more reliable information ‹ better capital management ‹ tap network effects

拆解商业模式——价值在何处被创造?

‹ Deconstruct the business model ‹ where is value created?

垂直模式易受攻击,管理者和投资者不知道价值和原因在何处产生。

‹ vertical models vulnerable ‹ managers/investors don’t know where and why value is created

资本纪律 reinvestment 率 博弈理论

‹ Capital discipline ‹ reinvestment rate ‹ game theory

如何参与其中

知识型企业

网络效应

网络的守护者

事实上的标准

How to Play Today Knowledge businesses ‹ Network effects ‹ stewards of the network ‹ de facto standards

必需品 · 基础设施 · 数字版权管理

‹ Necessities ‹ infrastructure ‹ digital rights management

全球化 · 联动与杠杆 · 重新定义本土/本国产业

‹ Globalization ‹ link and leverage ‹ redefining local/national industries

新经济时代的市场超额收益思维模型

The New Economy Mental Models for Market Outperformance

Presented by:

Presented by:

迈克尔·莫布森 首席美国投资策略师

Michael Mauboussin Chief U.S. Investment Strategist

(212) 325-3108

(212) 325-3108

Recommended Sources

Recommended Sources

‹ Finance:

‹ Finance:

创造股东价值,阿尔弗雷德·拉帕波特(自由出版社,纽约,1986 年与 1998 年)

‹ Creating Shareholder Value, Alfred Rappaport (The Free Press, New York, 1986 & 1998)

《价值评估:公司价值的衡量与管理》,汤姆·科普兰、蒂姆·科勒、杰克·默林著(约翰·威立父子公司,纽约,1995 年)

‹ Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies, Tom Copeland, Tim Koller, Jack Murin (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1995)

在《寻求价值》一书中,G. Bennett Stewart III(Harper Collins,纽约,1991)提出……

‹ The Quest for Value, G. Bennett Stewart III (Harper Collins, New York, 1991)

真实期权,玛莎·阿姆拉姆、纳林·库拉蒂拉卡合著,(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1999 年)

‹ Real Options, Martha Amram, Nalin Kulatilaka, (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1999)

Recommended Sources

Recommended Sources

‹ Strategy:

‹ Strategy:

信息规则,卡尔·夏皮罗、哈尔·R·瓦里安著(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1999 年)

‹ Information Rules, Carl Shapiro, Hal R. Varian (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1999)

克莱顿·M·克里斯坦森《创新者的窘境》(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1997)

‹ Innovator’s Dilemma, Clayton M. Christensen (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1997)

《碎片化》,菲利普·埃文斯、托马斯·S·沃斯特合著(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,2000 年)

‹ Blown to Bits, Philip Evans, Thomas S. Wurster (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 2000)

《引爆杀手级应用》,拉里·唐斯、春卡·穆伊合著(哈佛商学院出版社,剑桥,1998 年)

‹ Unleashing the Killer App, Larry Downes, Chunka Mui (Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, 1998)